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Mansour AM, Khaled RM, Ferraro G, Shehab OR, Merlino A. Metal-based carbon monoxide releasing molecules with promising cytotoxic properties. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9612-9656. [PMID: 38808485 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide, the "silent killer" gas, is increasingly recognised as an important signalling molecule in human physiology, which has beneficial biological properties. A particular way of achieving controlled CO administration is based on the use of biocompatible molecules that only release CO when triggered by internal or external factors. These approaches include the development of pharmacologically effective prodrugs known as CO releasing molecules (CORMs), which can supply biological systems with CO in well-regulated doses. An overview of transition metal-based CORMs with cytotoxic properties is here reported. The mechanisms at the basis of the biological activities of these molecules and their potential therapeutical applications with respect to their stability and CO releasing properties have been discussed. The activation of metal-based CORMs is determined by the type of metal and by the nature and features of the auxiliary ligands, which affect the metal core electronic density and therefore the prodrug resistance towards oxidation and CO release ability. A major role in regulating the cytotoxic properties of these CORMs is played by CO and/or CO-depleted species. However, several mysteries concerning the cytotoxicity of CORMs remain as intriguing questions for scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rabaa M Khaled
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma Street, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Ola R Shehab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Gamma Street, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
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2
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Scaccaglia M, Birbaumer MP, Pinelli S, Pelosi G, Frei A. Discovery of antibacterial manganese(i) tricarbonyl complexes through combinatorial chemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3907-3919. [PMID: 38487233 PMCID: PMC10935722 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous rise of antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to human health and already causing hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. While natural products and synthetic organic small molecules have provided the majority of our current antibiotic arsenal, they are falling short in providing new drugs with novel modes of action able to treat multidrug resistant bacteria. Metal complexes have recently shown promising results as antimicrobial agents, but the number of studied compounds is still vanishingly small, making it difficult to identify promising compound classes or elucidate structure-activity relationships. To accelerate the pace of discovery we have applied a combinatorial chemistry approach to the synthesis of metalloantibiotics. Utilizing robust Schiff-base chemistry and combining 7 picolinaldehydes with 10 aniline derivatives, and 6 axial ligands, either imidazole/pyridine-based or solvent, we have prepared a library of 420 novel manganese tricarbonyl complexes. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial properties and 10 lead compounds were identified, re-synthesised and fully characterised. All 10 compounds showed high and broad activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The best manganese complex displayed low toxicity against human cells with a therapeutic index of >100. In initial mode of action studies, we show that it targets the bacterial membrane without inducing pore formation or depolarisation. Instead, it releases its carbon monoxide ligands around the membrane and inhibits the bacterial respiratory chain. This work demonstrates that large numbers of metal complexes can be accessed through combinatorial synthesis and evaluated for their antibacterial potential, allowing for the rapid identification of promising metalloantibiotic lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Scaccaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 43124 Parma Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Michael P Birbaumer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma Via Gramsci 14 43126 Parma Italy
| | - Giorgio Pelosi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Angelo Frei
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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3
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Nastasi MR, Borisov VB, Forte E. Membrane-Bound Redox Enzyme Cytochrome bd-I Promotes Carbon Monoxide-Resistant Escherichia coli Growth and Respiration. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1277. [PMID: 38279276 PMCID: PMC10815991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The terminal oxidases of bacterial aerobic respiratory chains are redox-active electrogenic enzymes that catalyze the four-electron reduction of O2 to 2H2O taking out electrons from quinol or cytochrome c. Living bacteria often deal with carbon monoxide (CO) which can act as both a signaling molecule and a poison. Bacterial terminal oxidases contain hemes; therefore, they are potential targets for CO. However, our knowledge of this issue is limited and contradictory. Here, we investigated the effect of CO on the cell growth and aerobic respiration of three different Escherichia coli mutants, each expressing only one terminal quinol oxidase: cytochrome bd-I, cytochrome bd-II, or cytochrome bo3. We found that following the addition of CO to bd-I-only cells, a minimal effect on growth was observed, whereas the growth of both bd-II-only and bo3-only strains was severely impaired. Consistently, the degree of resistance of aerobic respiration of bd-I-only cells to CO is high, as opposed to high CO sensitivity displayed by bd-II-only and bo3-only cells consuming O2. Such a difference between the oxidases in sensitivity to CO was also observed with isolated membranes of the mutants. Accordingly, O2 consumption of wild-type cells showed relatively low CO sensitivity under conditions favoring the expression of a bd-type oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina R. Nastasi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Cao L, Lin X, Liu X, Wu M, Liu S, Wang T, Mao D, Liu B. Type-I Photosensitizer-Triggered Controllable Carbon Monoxide Release for Effective Treatment of Staph Skin Infection. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9769-9777. [PMID: 37616496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is a major infectious skin disease that is highly resistant to conventional antibiotic treatment and host immune defense, leading to recurrence and exacerbation of bacterial infection. Herein, we developed a photoresponsive carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing nanocomposite by integrating anion-π+ type-I photosensitizer (OMeTBP) and organometallic complex (FeCO) for the treatment of planktonic S. aureus and biofilm-associated infections. After optimizing the molar ratio of FeCO and OMeTBP, the prepared nanoparticles, OMeTBP@FeCONPs, not only ensured sufficient loading of CO donors and efficient CO generation but also showed negligible free ROS leakage under light irradiation, which helped to avoid tissue damage caused by excessive ROS. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that OMeTBP@FeCONPs could effectively inhibit S. aureus methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and bacterial biofilm. Our design has the potential to overcome the resistance of conventional antibiotic treatment and provide a more effective option for bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Xuan Lin
- Precision Medicine Institute The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010017, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Min Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitai Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Duo Mao
- Precision Medicine Institute The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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Wickham-Smith C, Malys N, Winzer K. Improving carbon monoxide tolerance of Cupriavidus necator H16 through adaptive laboratory evolution. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1178536. [PMID: 37168609 PMCID: PMC10164946 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1178536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The toxic gas carbon monoxide (CO) is abundantly present in synthesis gas (syngas) and certain industrial waste gases that can serve as feedstocks for the biological production of industrially significant chemicals and fuels. For efficient bacterial growth to occur, and to increase productivity and titres, a high resistance to the gas is required. The aerobic bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16 can grow on CO2 + H2, although it cannot utilise CO as a source of carbon and energy. This study aimed to increase its CO resistance through adaptive laboratory evolution. Results: To increase the tolerance of C. necator to CO, the organism was continually subcultured in the presence of CO both heterotrophically and autotrophically. Ten individual cultures were evolved heterotrophically with fructose in this manner and eventually displayed a clear growth advantage over the wild type strain. Next-generation sequencing revealed several mutations, including a single point mutation upstream of a cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase operon (cydA2B2), which was present in all evolved isolates. When a subset of these mutations was engineered into the parental H16 strain, only the cydA2B2 upstream mutation enabled faster growth in the presence of CO. Expression analysis, mutation, overexpression and complementation suggested that cydA2B2 transcription is upregulated in the evolved isolates, resulting in increased CO tolerance under heterotrophic but not autotrophic conditions. However, through subculturing on a syngas-like mixture with increasing CO concentrations, C. necator could also be evolved to tolerate high CO concentrations under autotrophic conditions. A mutation in the gene for the soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase subunit hoxH was identified in the evolved isolates. When the resulting amino acid change was engineered into the parental strain, autotrophic CO resistance was conferred. A strain constitutively expressing cydA2B2 and the mutated hoxH gene exhibited high CO tolerance under both heterotrophic and autotrophic conditions. Conclusion: C. necator was evolved to tolerate high concentrations of CO, a phenomenon which was dependent on the terminal respiratory cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase when grown heterotrophically and the soluble [NiFe]-hydrogenase when grown autotrophically. A strain exhibiting high tolerance under both conditions was created and presents a promising chassis for syngas-based bioproduction processes.
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Water-Soluble Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules (CORMs). Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 381:3. [PMID: 36515756 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are promising candidates for producing carbon monoxide in the mammalian body for therapeutic purposes. At higher concentrations, CO has a harmful effect on the mammalian organism. However, lower doses at a controlled rate can provide cellular signaling for mandatory pharmacokinetic and pathological activities. To date, exploring the therapeutic implications of CO dose as a prodrug has attracted much attention due to its therapeutic significance. There are two different methods of CO insertion, i.e., indirect and direct exogenous insertion. Indirect exogenous insertion of CO suggests an advantage of reduced toxicity over direct exogenous insertion. For indirect exogenous insertion, researchers are facing the issue of tissue selectivity. To solve this issue, developers have considered the newly produced CORMs. Herein, metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) are covalently linked with CO molecules to produce different CORMs such as CORM-1, CORM-2, and CORM-3, etc. All these CORMs required exogenous CO insertion to achieve the therapeutic targets at the optimized rate under peculiar conditions or/and triggering. Meanwhile, the metal residue was generated from i-CORMs, which can propagate toxicity. Herein, we explain CO administration, water-soluble CORMs, tissue accumulation, and cytotoxicity of depleted CORMs and the kinetic profile of CO release.
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Cheng J, Hu J. Recent Advances on Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecules for Antibacterial Applications. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3628-3634. [PMID: 34613654 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has been known as an endogenous signaling molecule in addition to an air pollutant. It plays a critical role in many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, CO has been recognized as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of numerous diseases such as cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, and so on. Instead of direct CO inhalation, two main categories of CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) (i. e., metal carbonyls and nonmetallic CO donors) have been developed to safely and locally deliver CO to target tissues. In this minireview, we summarize the recent achievements of CORMs on antibacterial applications. It appears that the antibacterial activity of CORMs is different from CO gas, which is tightly correlated to not only the types of CORMs applied but also the tested bacterial strains. In some circumstances, the antibacterial mechanisms are debated and need to be clarified. We hope more attention can be paid to this emerging field and new antibacterial agents with a low risk of drug resistance can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Anhui 230026, Hefei, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Anhui 230026, Hefei, China
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Gonzaga de França Lopes L, Gouveia Júnior FS, Karine Medeiros Holanda A, Maria Moreira de Carvalho I, Longhinotti E, Paulo TF, Abreu DS, Bernhardt PV, Gilles-Gonzalez MA, Cirino Nogueira Diógenes I, Henrique Silva Sousa E. Bioinorganic systems responsive to the diatomic gases O2, NO, and CO: From biological sensors to therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Liu J, Li RS, He M, Xu Z, Xu LQ, Kang Y, Xue P. Multifunctional SGQDs-CORM@HA nanosheets for bacterial eradication through cascade-activated "nanoknife" effect and photodynamic/CO gas therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121084. [PMID: 34454374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infection associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has become a serious threat to public health, and there is an urgent demand of developing new antibiotics that offer combinatorial therapy to effectively combat MDR. Herein, a multifunctional two-dimensional nanoantibiotic was facilely designed and established on the basis of the covalent conjugation of CO-releasing molecule (CORM-401) and electrostatic adsorption of hyaluronic acid (HA) onto single-layered graphene quantum dots (SGQDs) to assemble SGQDs-CORM@HA nanosheets, abbreviated as SCH. Upon the enrichment of as-prepared nanoantibiotics in the community of targeted microbe, bacterial-secreted hyaluronidase (HAase) would cleave HA on SCH, and the sharp edges as well as the reactive sites on SGQDs-CORM nanosheets were exposed for cascade activation of synergistic antibacterial effects. Specifically, ultrathin SGQDs-CORM nanosheets can penetrate into bacterial cells deemed as the unique "nanoknife" effect. Under white light irradiation, SGQDs-CORM nanosheets can act as a high-efficient photosensitizer to generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2), as a well-recognized reactive oxygen species (ROS), to produce high oxidative stress and damage bacteria. As a complementary to photodynamic therapy (PDT), the accumulation of local ROS further triggered the release of CO to hinder the bacterial growth via causing plasma membrane damage and inducing metabolic disorders. Such synergistic treatment regimen arising from cascade-activated "nanoknife" effect and photodynamic/CO gas therapy, was devoted to outstanding on-demand antibacterial performance both in vitro and in vivo. Fascinatingly, the nanoplatform showed good biocompatibility toward both normal somatic cells and non-targeted bacteria. The remarkable antibacterial capability and admirable biocompatibility endow SCH with great potential to fight against MDR pathogens for in-coming clinical translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Rong Sheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengting He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Li Qun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yuejun Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Peng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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Yang X, Lu W, Hopper CP, Ke B, Wang B. Nature's marvels endowed in gaseous molecules I: Carbon monoxide and its physiological and therapeutic roles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1434-1445. [PMID: 34221861 PMCID: PMC8245769 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has endowed gaseous molecules such as O2, CO2, CO, NO, H2S, and N2 with critical and diverse roles in sustaining life, from supplying energy needed to power life and building blocks for life's physical structure to mediating and coordinating cellular functions. In this article, we give a brief introduction of the complex functions of the various gaseous molecules in life and then focus on carbon monoxide as a specific example of an endogenously produced signaling molecule to highlight the importance of this class of molecules. The past twenty years have seen much progress in understanding CO's mechanism(s) of action and pharmacological effects as well as in developing delivery methods for easy administration. One remarkable trait of CO is its pleiotropic effects that have few parallels, except perhaps its sister gaseous signaling molecules such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. This review will delve into the sophistication of CO-mediated signaling as well as its validated pharmacological functions and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Christopher P. Hopper
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Institut für Experimentelle Biomedizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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11
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Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Paiardini A, Hoogewijs D, Forte E, Giuffrè A, Poole RK. Bacterial Oxidases of the Cytochrome bd Family: Redox Enzymes of Unique Structure, Function, and Utility As Drug Targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1280-1318. [PMID: 32924537 PMCID: PMC8112716 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cytochrome bd is a ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase of many prokaryotic respiratory chains with a unique structure and functional characteristics. Its primary role is to couple the reduction of molecular oxygen, even at submicromolar concentrations, to water with the generation of a proton motive force used for adenosine triphosphate production. Cytochrome bd is found in many bacterial pathogens and, surprisingly, in bacteria formally denoted as anaerobes. It endows bacteria with resistance to various stressors and is a potential drug target. Recent Advances: We summarize recent advances in the biochemistry, structure, and physiological functions of cytochrome bd in the light of exciting new three-dimensional structures of the oxidase. The newly discovered roles of cytochrome bd in contributing to bacterial protection against hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and hydrogen sulfide are assessed. Critical Issues: Fundamental questions remain regarding the precise delineation of electron flow within this multihaem oxidase and how the extraordinarily high affinity for oxygen is accomplished, while endowing bacteria with resistance to other small ligands. Future Directions: It is clear that cytochrome bd is unique in its ability to confer resistance to toxic small molecules, a property that is significant for understanding the propensity of pathogens to possess this oxidase. Since cytochrome bd is a uniquely bacterial enzyme, future research should focus on harnessing fundamental knowledge of its structure and function to the development of novel and effective antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Siletsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Yuan Z, Lin C, Dai L, He Y, Hu J, Xu K, Tao B, Liu P, Cai K. Near-Infrared Light-Activatable Dual-Action Nanoparticle Combats the Established Biofilms of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Its Accompanying Inflammation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007522. [PMID: 33690998 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Clinically, inhibition of both bacterial infection and excessive inflammation is a crucial step for improved wound treatments. Herein, the fabrication of near-infrared-light (NIR)-activatable deoxyribonuclease (DNase)-carbon monoxide (CO)@mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles (MPDA NPs) is demonstrated for efficient elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms and the following anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, thermosensitive CO-gas-releasing donors (CO releasing molecules, FeCO) are first encapsulated into MPDA NPs, followed by covalently immobilizing deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) on the surfaces of MPDA NPs. DNase I can degrade the extracellular DNA in biofilms, which site specifically destroys the compactness of the biofilms. With NIR irradiation, DNase-CO@MPDA NPs display great photothermal ability, and further trigger on-demand delivery of bactericidal CO gas that can adequately permeate the impaired biofilms. Eventually, they achieve effective MRSA biofilm elimination in virtue of the synergistic effects of both DNase I participation and CO-gas-potentiated photothermal therapy. Importantly, the inflammatory responses of DNase-CO@MPDA NPs and NIR-treated wounds are simultaneously alleviated owing to the anti-inflammatory features of released CO. Finally, NIR-activatable DNase-CO@MPDA NPs accelerate the healing process of MRSA-biofilm-infected cutaneous wounds. Taken together, this phototherapeutic strategy displays great therapeutic potential in treating the formidable clinical problems caused by MRSA biofilms and the accompanying inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Yuan
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Chuanchuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Dai
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Ye He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Kun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Bailong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
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13
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McMahon S, Rajagopal A, Amirjalayer S, Halpin Y, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Buma WJ, Woutersen S, Long C, Pryce MT. Photo-activated CO-release in the amino tungsten Fischer carbene complex, [(CO) 5WC(NC 4H 8)Me], picosecond time resolved infrared spectroscopy, time-dependent density functional theory, and an antimicrobial study. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111071. [PMID: 32434119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy was used to probe the photo-induced early state dynamics preceding CO loss in the Fischer carbene complex, [(CO)5WC(NC4H8)CH3]. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were employed to help in understanding the photochemical and photophysical processes leading to CO-loss. Electrochemical initiated CO release was quantified using gas chromatography. The potential of [(CO)5WC(NC4H8)CH3], as an antimicrobial agent under irradiation conditions was studied using a Staphylococcus aureus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne McMahon
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Ashwene Rajagopal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland; Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education and Research, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut, Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Halpin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Fitzgerald-Hughes
- Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education and Research, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- University of Amsterdam, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor Long
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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14
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Recent Studies on the Antimicrobial Activity of Transition Metal Complexes of Groups 6–12. CHEMISTRY-SWITZERLAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry2020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires innovative solutions to counteract new resistance mechanisms emerging and spreading globally in infectious pathogens. Classic organic antibiotics are rapidly exhausting the structural variations available for an effective antimicrobial drug and new compounds emerging from the industrial pharmaceutical pipeline will likely have a short-term and limited impact before the pathogens can adapt. Inorganic and organometallic complexes offer the opportunity to discover and develop new active antimicrobial agents by exploiting their wide range of three-dimensional geometries and virtually infinite design possibilities that can affect their substitution kinetics, charge, lipophilicity, biological targets and modes of action. This review describes recent studies on the antimicrobial activity of transition metal complexes of groups 6–12. It focuses on the effectiveness of the metal complexes in relation to the rich structural chemical variations of the same. The aim is to provide a short vade mecum for the readers interested in the subject that can complement other reviews.
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15
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Yan H, Du J, Zhu S, Nie G, Zhang H, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Emerging Delivery Strategies of Carbon Monoxide for Therapeutic Applications: from CO Gas to CO Releasing Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904382. [PMID: 31663244 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) therapy has emerged as a hot topic under exploration in the field of gas therapy as it shows the promise of treating various diseases. Due to the gaseous property and the high affinity for human hemoglobin, the main challenges of administrating medicinal CO are the lack of target selectivity as well as the toxic profile at relatively high concentrations. Although abundant CO releasing molecules (CORMs) with the capacity to deliver CO in biological systems have been developed, several disadvantages related to CORMs, including random diffusion, poor solubility, potential toxicity, and lack of on-demand CO release in deep tissue, still confine their practical use. Recently, the advent of versatile nanomedicine has provided a promising chance for improving the properties of naked CORMs and simultaneously realizing the therapeutic applications of CO. This review presents a brief summarization of the emerging delivery strategies of CO based on nanomaterials for therapeutic application. First, an introduction covering the therapeutic roles of CO and several frequently used CORMs is provided. Then, recent advancements in the synthesis and application of versatile CO releasing nanomaterials are elaborated. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of these important delivery strategies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Yan
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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16
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Faizan M, Muhammad N, Niazi KUK, Hu Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Sun H, Liu R, Dong W, Zhang W, Gao Z. CO-Releasing Materials: An Emphasis on Therapeutic Implications, as Release and Subsequent Cytotoxicity Are the Part of Therapy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1643. [PMID: 31137526 PMCID: PMC6566563 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CO-releasing materials (CORMats) are used as substances for producing CO molecules for therapeutic purposes. Carbon monoxide (CO) imparts toxic effects to biological organisms at higher concentration. If this characteristic is utilized in a controlled manner, it can act as a cell-signaling agent for important pathological and pharmacokinetic functions; hence offering many new applications and treatments. Recently, research on therapeutic applications using the CO treatment has gained much attention due to its nontoxic nature, and its injection into the human body using several conjugate systems. Mainly, there are two types of CO insertion techniques into the human body, i.e., direct and indirect CO insertion. Indirect CO insertion offers an advantage of avoiding toxicity as compared to direct CO insertion. For the indirect CO inhalation method, developers are facing certain problems, such as its inability to achieve the specific cellular targets and how to control the dosage of CO. To address these issues, researchers have adopted alternative strategies regarded as CO-releasing molecules (CORMs). CO is covalently attached with metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs), which generate various CORMs such as CORM-1, CORM-2, CORM-3, ALF492, CORM-A1 and ALF186. When these molecules are inserted into the human body, CO is released from these compounds at a controlled rate under certain conditions or/and triggers. Such reactions are helpful in achieving cellular level targets with a controlled release of the CO amount. However on the other hand, CORMs also produce a metal residue (termed as i-CORMs) upon degradation that can initiate harmful toxic activity inside the body. To improve the performance of the CO precursor with the restricted development of i-CORMs, several new CORMats have been developed such as micellization, peptide, vitamins, MOFs, polymerization, nanoparticles, protein, metallodendrimer, nanosheet and nanodiamond, etc. In this review article, we shall describe modern ways of CO administration; focusing primarily on exclusive features of CORM's tissue accumulations and their toxicities. This report also elaborates on the kinetic profile of the CO gas. The comprehension of developmental phases of CORMats shall be useful for exploring the ideal CO therapeutic drugs in the future of medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faizan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | | | - Yongxia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Ya Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Huaming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wensheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Soboleva T, Berreau LM. 3-Hydroxyflavones and 3-Hydroxy-4-oxoquinolines as Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules. Molecules 2019; 24:E1252. [PMID: 30935018 PMCID: PMC6479552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) that enable the delivery of controlled amounts of CO are of strong current interest for applications in biological systems. In this review, we examine the various conditions under which CO is released from 3-hydroxyflavones and 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinolines to advance the understanding of how these molecules, or derivatives thereof, may be developed as CORMs. Enzymatic pathways from quercetin dioxygenases and 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinoline dioxygenases leading to CO release are examined, along with model systems for these enzymes. Base-catalyzed and non-redox-metal promoted CO release, as well as UV and visible light-driven CO release from 3-hydroxyflavones and 3-hydroxy-4-oxoquinolines, are summarized. The visible light-induced CO release reactivity of recently developed extended 3-hydroxyflavones and a 3-hydroxybenzo[g]quinolone, and their uses as intracellular CORMs, are discussed. Overall, this review provides insight into the chemical factors that affect the thermal and photochemical dioxygenase-type CO release reactions of these heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Soboleva
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
| | - Lisa M Berreau
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
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18
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Ward JS, De Palo A, Aucott BJ, Moir JWB, Lynam JM, Fairlamb IJS. A biotin-conjugated photo-activated CO-releasing molecule (biotinCORM): efficient CO-release from an avidin–biotinCORM protein adduct. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16233-16241. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03429c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A biotinylated carbon monoxide-releasing molecule (BiotinCORM) releases CO by photoirradiation at 400 nm; an avidin–biotinCORM adduct is an effective CO-releasing molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice De Palo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- Heslington
- UK
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19
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Abstract
Inhalation of high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) is known to lead to serious systemic complications and neuronal disturbances. However, it has been found that not only is CO produced endogenously, but also that low concentrations can bestow beneficial effects which may be of interest in biology and medicine. As translocation of CO through the human organism is difficult, small molecules known as CO-releasing molecules (CORMs) deliver controlled amounts of CO to biological systems, and these are of great interest from a medical point of view. These actions may prevent vascular dysfunction, regulate blood pressure, inhibit blood platelet aggregation or have anti-inflammatory effects. This review summarizes the functions of various CO-releasing molecules in biology and medicine.
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20
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Gas Signaling Molecules and Mitochondrial Potassium Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103227. [PMID: 30340432 PMCID: PMC6214077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, gaseous signaling molecules, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which were previously considered to be highly toxic, have been of increasing interest due to their beneficial effects at low concentrations. These so-called gasotransmitters affect many cellular processes, such as apoptosis, proliferation, cytoprotection, oxygen sensing, ATP synthesis, and cellular respiration. It is thought that mitochondria, specifically their respiratory complexes, constitute an important target for these gases. On the other hand, increasing evidence of a cytoprotective role for mitochondrial potassium channels provides motivation for the analysis of the role of gasotransmitters in the regulation of channel function. A number of potassium channels have been shown to exhibit activity within the inner mitochondrial membrane, including ATP-sensitive potassium channels, Ca2+-activated potassium channels, voltage-gated Kv potassium channels, and TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel 3 (TASK-3). The effects of these channels include the regulation of mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential. Additionally, they may modulate the synthesis of reactive oxygen species within mitochondria. The opening of mitochondrial potassium channels is believed to induce cytoprotection, while channel inhibition may facilitate cell death. The molecular mechanisms underlying the action of gasotransmitters are complex. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of H2S, NO, and CO on potassium channels present within mitochondria.
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