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Liu HH, Wei W, Wu FF, Cao L, Yang BJ, Fu JN, Li JX, Liang XY, Dong HY, Heng YY, Zhang PF. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate protects vascular relaxation in ApoE-knockout mice by inhibiting the SYK-NLRP3 inflammasome-MMP2/9 pathway. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:354. [PMID: 38992615 PMCID: PMC11241843 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia damages vascular wall and serves as a foundation for diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension and stiffness. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is implicated in vascular dysfunction associated with hyperlipidemia-induced vascular injury. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS), a well-established cardiovascular protective drug with recognized anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vasodilatory properties, is yet to be thoroughly investigated for its impact on vascular relaxant imbalance induced by hyperlipidemia. METHODS In this study, we treated ApoE-knockout (ApoE-/-) mouse with STS and assessed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, expression of MMP2/9, integrity of elastic fibers, and vascular constriction and relaxation. RESULTS Our findings reveal that STS intervention effectively preserves elastic fibers, significantly restores aortic relaxation function in ApoE-/- mice, and reduces their excessive constriction. Furthermore, STS inhibits the phosphorylation of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reduces MMP2/9 expression. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that STS protects vascular relaxation against hyperlipidemia-induced damage through modulation of the SYK-NLRP3 inflammasome-MMP2/9 pathway. This research provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying vascular relaxation impairment in a hyperlipidemic environment and uncovers a unique mechanism by which STS preserves vascular relaxation, offering valuable foundational research evidence for its clinical application in promoting vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yan'an South Road, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yan'an South Road, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Changzhi Medical College, No.161, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China.
- Department of Clinical Center Laboratory, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yan'an South Road, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fei-Fei Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yan'an South Road, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yan'an South Road, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Bing-Jie Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Changzhi Medical College, No.161, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jia-Ning Fu
- Department of Stomatology, Changzhi Medical College, No.161, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing-Xia Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Changzhi Medical College, No.161, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liang
- Department of Medical Imageology, Changzhi Medical College, No.161, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Hao-Yu Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yan'an South Road, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Yan Heng
- Department of Nephrology Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yanan Road South, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology Heping Hospital, Changzhi Medical College, No.110, Yanan Road South, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, China
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Hai S, Li X, Xie E, Wu W, Gao Q, Yu B, Hu J, Xu F, Zheng X, Zhang BH, Wu D, Yan W, Ning Q, Wang X. Intestinal IL-33 promotes microbiota-derived trimethylamine N -oxide synthesis and drives metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression by exerting dual regulation on HIF-1α. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00950. [PMID: 38985971 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gut microbiota plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). IL-33 is highly expressed at mucosal barrier sites and regulates intestinal homeostasis. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of intestinal IL-33 in MASLD. APPROACH AND RESULTS In both humans and mice with MASLD, hepatic expression of IL-33 and its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) showed no significant change compared to controls, while serum soluble ST2 levels in humans, as well as intestinal IL-33 and ST2 expression in mice were significantly increased in MASLD. Deletion of global or intestinal IL-33 in mice alleviated metabolic disorders, inflammation, and fibrosis associated with MASLD by reducing intestinal barrier permeability and rectifying gut microbiota dysbiosis. Transplantation of gut microbiota from IL-33 deficiency mice prevented MASLD progression in wild-type mice. Moreover, IL-33 deficiency resulted in a decrease in the abundance of trimethylamine N -oxide-producing bacteria. Inhibition of trimethylamine N -oxide synthesis by 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol mitigated hepatic oxidative stress in mice with MASLD. Nuclear IL-33 bound to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and suppressed its activation, directly damaging the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Extracellular IL-33 destroyed the balance of intestinal Th1/Th17 and facilitated Th1 differentiation through the ST2- Hif1a - Tbx21 axis. Knockout of ST2 resulted in a diminished MASLD phenotype resembling that observed in IL-33 deficiency mice. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal IL-33 enhanced gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine N -oxide synthesis and aggravated MASLD progression through dual regulation on hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. Targeting IL-33 and its associated microbiota may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for managing MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Hai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xitang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Erliang Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Binghui Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjian Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyang Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizhe Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin-Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Hepatic Surgery Center, Institute of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wei H, Wu J, Wang H, Huang J, Li C, Zhang Y, Song Y, Zhou Z, Sun Y, Xiao L, Peng L, Chen C, Zhao C, Wang DW. Increased circulating phenylacetylglutamine concentration elevates the predictive value of cardiovascular event risk in heart failure patients. J Intern Med 2023; 294:515-530. [PMID: 37184278 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln)-a newly discovered microbial metabolite produced by phenylalanine metabolism-is reportedly associated with cardiovascular events via adrenergic receptors. Nonetheless, its association with cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure (HF) patients remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to prospectively investigate the prognostic value of PAGln for HF. METHODS Plasma PAGln levels were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We first assessed the association between plasma PAGln levels and the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in 3152 HF patients (including HF with preserved and reduced ejection fraction) over a median follow-up period of 2 years. The primary endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular death or heart transplantation. We then assessed the prognostic role of PAGln in addition to the classic biomarker N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). The correlation between PAGln levels and β-blocker use was also investigated. RESULTS In total, 520 cardiovascular deaths or heart transplantations occurred in the HF cohort. Elevated PAGln levels were independently associated with a higher risk of the primary endpoint in a dose-response manner, regardless of HF subtype. Concurrent assessment of PAGln and NT-proBNP levels enhanced risk stratification among HF patients. PAGln further showed prognostic value at low NT-proBNP levels. Additionally, the interaction effects between PAGln and β-blocker use were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PAGln levels are an independent predictor of an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events in HF. Our work could provide joint and complementary prognostic value to NT-proBNP levels in HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfang Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenze Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Myocardial Injury and Repair, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaonan Song
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhitong Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyuan Peng
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Wuhan, China
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Jing J, Guo J, Dai R, Zhu C, Zhang Z. Targeting gut microbiota and immune crosstalk: potential mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1252907. [PMID: 37719851 PMCID: PMC10504665 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1252907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory reaction that primarily affects large and medium-sized arteries. It is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and peripheral arterial occlusive disease. The pathogenesis of AS involves specific structural and functional alterations in various populations of vascular cells at different stages of the disease. The immune response is involved throughout the entire developmental stage of AS, and targeting immune cells presents a promising avenue for its treatment. Over the past 2 decades, studies have shown that gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide, have a significant impact on the progression of AS. Interestingly, it has also been reported that there are complex mechanisms of action between GM and their metabolites, immune responses, and natural products that can have an impact on AS. GM and its metabolites regulate the functional expression of immune cells and have potential impacts on AS. Natural products have a wide range of health properties, and researchers are increasingly focusing on their role in AS. Now, there is compelling evidence that natural products provide an alternative approach to improving immune function in the AS microenvironment by modulating the GM. Natural product metabolites such as resveratrol, berberine, curcumin, and quercetin may improve the intestinal microenvironment by modulating the relative abundance of GM, which in turn influences the accumulation of GM metabolites. Natural products can delay the progression of AS by regulating the metabolism of GM, inhibiting the migration of monocytes and macrophages, promoting the polarization of the M2 phenotype of macrophages, down-regulating the level of inflammatory factors, regulating the balance of Treg/Th17, and inhibiting the formation of foam cells. Based on the above, we describe recent advances in the use of natural products that target GM and immune cells crosstalk to treat AS, which may bring some insights to guide the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Jing
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Dai
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaojun Zhu
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Institute of TCM Ulcers, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Surgical Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Lin CP, Huang PH, Chen CY, Tzeng IS, Wu MY, Chen JS, Chen JW, Lin SJ. Tributyrin Intake Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in LDLR-/- Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098008. [PMID: 37175712 PMCID: PMC10178859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a multifactorial cardiovascular disease with a high risk of death, and it occurs in the infrarenal aorta with vascular dilatation. High blood pressure acts on the aortic wall, resulting in rupture and causing life-threatening intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysregulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, especially elastin breaks, contribute to structural changes in the aortic wall. The pathogenesis of AAA includes the occurrence of oxidative stress, inflammatory cell infiltration, elastic fiber fragmentation, VSMC apoptosis, and phenotypic transformation. Tributyrin (TB) is decomposed by intestinal lipase and has a function similar to that of butyrate. Whether TB has a protective effect against AAA remains uncertain. In the present study, we established an AAA murine model by angiotensin II (AngII) induction in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) mice and investigated the effects of orally administered TB on the AAA size, ratio of macrophage infiltration, levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and epigenetic regulation. TB attenuates AngII-induced AAA size and decreases elastin fragmentation, macrophage infiltration, and MMP expression in the medial layer of the aorta and reduces the levels of SBP (systolic blood pressure, p < 0.001) and MMP-2 (p < 0.02) in the serum. TB reduces the AngII-stimulated expression levels of MMP2 (p < 0.05), MMP9 (p < 0.05), MMP12, and MMP14 in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, TB and valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, suppress AngII receptor type 1 (AT1R, p < 0.05) activation and increase the expression of acetyl histone H3 by HDAC activity inhibition (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that TB exerts its protective effect by suppressing the activation of HDAC to attenuate the AngII-induced AT1R signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Pei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Critical Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - I-Shiang Tzeng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yu Wu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shiong Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Division of Cardiology & Healthcare and Management Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Lin
- Division of Cardiology & Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan
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Gut Microbiota and Coronary Artery Disease: Current Therapeutic Perspectives. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020256. [PMID: 36837875 PMCID: PMC9963624 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is the community of microorganisms living in the human gut. This microbial ecosystem contains bacteria beneficial to their host and plays important roles in human physiology, participating in energy harvest from indigestible fiber, vitamin synthesis, and regulation of the immune system, among others. Accumulating evidence suggests a possible link between compositional and metabolic aberrations of the gut microbiota and coronary artery disease in humans. Manipulating the gut microbiota through targeted interventions is an emerging field of science, aiming at reducing the risk of disease. Among the interventions with the most promising results are probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) inhibitors. Contemporary studies of probiotics have shown an improvement of inflammation and endothelial cell function, paired with attenuated extracellular matrix remodeling and TMAO production. Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Bacteroides are some of the most well studied probiotics in experimental and clinical settings. Prebiotics may also decrease inflammation and lead to reductions in blood pressure, body weight, and hyperlipidemia. Synbiotics have been associated with an improvement in glucose homeostasis and lipid abnormalities. On the contrary, no evidence yet exists on the possible benefits of postbiotic use, while the use of antibiotics is not warranted, due to potentially deleterious effects. TMAO inhibitors such as 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, iodomethylcholine, and fluoromethylcholine, despite still being investigated experimentally, appear to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties. Finally, fecal transplantation carries conflicting evidence, mandating the need for further research. In the present review we summarize the links between the gut microbiota and coronary artery disease and elaborate on the varied therapeutic measures that are being explored in this context.
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Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorated High Choline-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Inhibiting cGAS-STING-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1392896. [PMID: 35910846 PMCID: PMC9337966 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1392896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is an essential nutrient, high choline intake directly or indirectly via its metabolite is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. The present study was performed to investigate whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was involved in high choline-induced cardiac dysfunction and explore the potential mechanisms. We found that ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS), the indicators of cardiac function measured by echocardiography, were significantly decreased in mice fed a diet containing 1.3% choline for 4 months as compared to the control, while applying 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) to suppress trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, a metabolite of choline) generation ameliorated the cardiac function. Subsequently, we found that feeding choline or TMAO significantly increased the protein levels of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared to the control, which indicated the activation of cGAS-STING-NLRP3 inflammasome axis. Moreover, the protein expression of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the main enzyme for H2S production in the cardiovascular system, was significantly increased after dietary supplementation with choline, but the plasma H2S levels were significantly decreased. To observe the effect of endogenous H2S, CSE knockout (KO) mice were used, and we found that the EF, FS, and plasma H2S levels in WT mice were significantly decreased after dietary supplementation with choline, while there was no difference between CSE KO + control and CSE KO + choline group. To observe the effect of exogenous H2S, mice were intraperitoneally injected with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) for 4 months, and we found that NaHS improved the cardiac function and reduced the protein levels of cGAS, STING, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β in mice receiving dietary choline. In conclusion, our studies revealed that high choline diet decreased plasma H2S levels and induced cardiac dysfunction via cGAS-STING-NLRP3 inflammasome axis while H2S treatment could restore the cardiac function by inhibiting cGAS-STING-NLRP3 inflammasome axis.
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