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Rubio-Sánchez R, O'Flaherty DK, Wang A, Coscia F, Petris G, Di Michele L, Cicuta P, Bonfio C. Thermally Driven Membrane Phase Transitions Enable Content Reshuffling in Primitive Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16589-16598. [PMID: 34597506 PMCID: PMC8607435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
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Self-assembling single-chain amphiphiles
available in the prebiotic
environment likely played a fundamental role in the advent of primitive
cell cycles. However, the instability of prebiotic fatty acid-based
membranes to temperature and pH seems to suggest that primitive cells
could only host prebiotically relevant processes in a narrow range
of nonfluctuating environmental conditions. Here we propose that membrane
phase transitions, driven by environmental fluctuations, enabled the
generation of daughter protocells with reshuffled content. A reversible
membrane-to-oil phase transition accounts for the dissolution of fatty
acid-based vesicles at high temperatures and the concomitant release
of protocellular content. At low temperatures, fatty acid bilayers
reassemble and encapsulate reshuffled material in a new cohort of
protocells. Notably, we find that our disassembly/reassembly cycle
drives the emergence of functional RNA-containing primitive cells
from parent nonfunctional compartments. Thus, by exploiting the intrinsic
instability of prebiotic fatty acid vesicles, our results point at
an environmentally driven tunable prebiotic process, which supports
the release and reshuffling of oligonucleotides and membrane components,
potentially leading to a new generation of protocells with superior
traits. In the absence of protocellular transport machinery, the environmentally
driven disassembly/assembly cycle proposed herein would have plausibly
supported protocellular content reshuffling transmitted to primitive
cell progeny, hinting at a potential mechanism important to initiate
Darwinian evolution of early life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Rubio-Sánchez
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Derek K O'Flaherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 1Y4, Canada
| | - Anna Wang
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Francesca Coscia
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K.,Fondazione Human Technopole, Structural Biology Research Centre, Milan 20157, Italy
| | - Gianluca Petris
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.,Department of Chemistry and fabriCELL, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Claudia Bonfio
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K.,Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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Moreras-Marti A, Fox-Powell M, Zerkle AL, Stueeken E, Gazquez F, Brand HEA, Galloway T, Purkamo L, Cousins CR. Volcanic controls on the microbial habitability of Mars-analogue hydrothermal environments. GEOBIOLOGY 2021; 19:489-509. [PMID: 34143931 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their potential to support chemolithotrophic life, relic hydrothermal systems on Mars are a key target for astrobiological exploration. We analysed water and sediments at six geothermal pools from the rhyolitic Kerlingarfjöll and basaltic Kverkfjöll volcanoes in Iceland, to investigate the localised controls on the habitability of these systems in terms of microbial community function. Our results show that host lithology plays a minor role in pool geochemistry and authigenic mineralogy, with the system geochemistry primarily controlled by deep volcanic processes. We find that by dictating pool water pH and redox conditions, deep volcanic processes are the primary control on microbial community structure and function, with water input from the proximal glacier acting as a secondary control by regulating pool temperatures. Kerlingarfjöll pools have reduced, circum-neutral CO2 -rich waters with authigenic calcite-, pyrite- and kaolinite-bearing sediments. The dominant metabolisms inferred from community profiles obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing are methanogenesis, respiration of sulphate and sulphur (S0 ) oxidation. In contrast, Kverkfjöll pools have oxidised, acidic (pH < 3) waters with high concentrations of SO42- and high argillic alteration, resulting in Al-phyllosilicate-rich sediments. The prevailing metabolisms here are iron oxidation, sulphur oxidation and nitrification. Where analogous ice-fed hydrothermal systems existed on early Mars, similar volcanic processes would likely have controlled localised metabolic potential and thus habitability. Moreover, such systems offer several habitability advantages, including a localised source of metabolic redox pairs for chemolithotrophic microorganisms and accessible trace metals. Similar pools could have provided transient environments for life on Mars; when paired with surface or near-surface ice, these habitability niches could have persisted into the Amazonian. Additionally, they offer a confined site for biosignature formation and deposition that lends itself well to in situ robotic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arola Moreras-Marti
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Mark Fox-Powell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- AstrobiologyOU, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Aubrey L Zerkle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Eva Stueeken
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Fernando Gazquez
- Water Resources and Environmental Geology Research Group, Department of Biology and Geology, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | | | - Toni Galloway
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Claire R Cousins
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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3
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Aszalós JM, Szabó A, Felföldi T, Jurecska L, Nagy B, Borsodi AK. Effects of Active Volcanism on Bacterial Communities in the Highest-Altitude Crater Lake of Ojos del Salado (Dry Andes, Altiplano-Atacama Region). ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:741-753. [PMID: 32525737 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Periglacial and volcanic environments are considered terrestrial analogs of Mars with regard to astrobiological characteristics due to their specific set of extreme features. Ojos del Salado, the highest volcano on Earth (6893 m a.s.l.), is surrounded by several craters, one of which harbors the highest known altitude lake (6480 m a.s.l.), which is influenced by a rare combination of extreme environmental factors, that is, low mean temperature, permafrost, fumarolic activity, acidity, and extreme low organic matter content. To assess the genetic diversity and ecological tolerance of bacteria, samples were taken in February 2016 from the sediments covered with acidic cold (pH 4.88, 3.8°C) and warm (pH 2.08, 40.8°C) water. As a control, a nonvolcanic high-altitude lake (at 5900 m a.s.l.) was also studied by both cultivation-based and next-generation DNA sequencing methods. Isolates from the crater lake showed tolerance toward acidic pH values, unlike isolates from the nonvolcanic lake. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene exposed simplified, although characteristically different, bacterial communities in the warm and cold water-saturated sediments. In the fumarolic creek sediments, acidophilic iron oxidizers (Ferrithrix, Gallionella) and iron reducers (Acidiphilium) were abundant, and bacteria involved in the sulfur oxidation (Hydrogenobaculum, Thiomonas) and reduction (Desulfosporosinus) were also detected. Therefore, we propose an integrated model that addresses the potential role of bacteria in the sulfur and iron geomicrobiological cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Felföldi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Jurecska
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Nagy
- Department of Physical Geography, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea K Borsodi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Cousins CR, Fogel M, Bowden R, Crawford I, Boyce A, Cockell C, Gunn M. Biogeochemical probing of microbial communities in a basalt-hosted hot spring at Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland. GEOBIOLOGY 2018; 16:507-521. [PMID: 29856116 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated bacterial and archaeal communities along an ice-fed surficial hot spring at Kverkfjöll volcano-a partially ice-covered basaltic volcano at Vatnajökull glacier, Iceland, using biomolecular (16S rRNA, apsA, mcrA, amoA, nifH genes) and stable isotope techniques. The hot spring environment is characterized by high temperatures and low dissolved oxygen concentrations at the source (68°C and <1 mg/L (±0.1%)) changing to lower temperatures and higher dissolved oxygen downstream (34.7°C and 5.9 mg/L), with sulfate the dominant anion (225 mg/L at the source). Sediments are comprised of detrital basalt, low-temperature alteration phases and pyrite, with <0.4 wt. % total organic carbon (TOC). 16S rRNA gene profiles reveal that organisms affiliated with Hydrogenobaculum (54%-87% bacterial population) and Thermoproteales (35%-63% archaeal population) dominate the micro-oxic hot spring source, while sulfur-oxidizing archaea (Sulfolobales, 57%-82%), and putative sulfur-oxidizing and heterotrophic bacterial groups dominate oxic downstream environments. The δ13 Corg (‰ V-PDB) values for sediment TOC and microbial biomass range from -9.4‰ at the spring's source decreasing to -12.6‰ downstream. A reverse effect isotope fractionation of ~3‰ between sediment sulfide (δ34 S ~0‰) and dissolved water sulfate (δ34 S +3.2‰), and δ18 O values of ~ -5.3‰ suggest pyrite forms abiogenically from volcanic sulfide, followed by abiogenic and microbial oxidation. These environments represent an unexplored surficial geothermal environment analogous to transient volcanogenic habitats during putative "snowball Earth" scenarios and volcano-ice geothermal environments on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire R Cousins
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Marilyn Fogel
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Roxane Bowden
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Charles Cockell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Cabrol NA. The Coevolution of Life and Environment on Mars: An Ecosystem Perspective on the Robotic Exploration of Biosignatures. ASTROBIOLOGY 2018; 18:1-27. [PMID: 29252008 PMCID: PMC5779243 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Earth's biological and environmental evolution are intertwined and inseparable. This coevolution has become a fundamental concept in astrobiology and is key to the search for life beyond our planet. In the case of Mars, whether a coevolution took place is unknown, but analyzing the factors at play shows the uniqueness of each planetary experiment regardless of similarities. Early Earth and early Mars shared traits. However, biological processes on Mars, if any, would have had to proceed within the distinctive context of an irreversible atmospheric collapse, greater climate variability, and specific planetary characteristics. In that, Mars is an important test bed for comparing the effects of a unique set of spatiotemporal changes on an Earth-like, yet different, planet. Many questions remain unanswered about Mars' early environment. Nevertheless, existing data sets provide a foundation for an intellectual framework where notional coevolution models can be explored. In this framework, the focus is shifted from planetary-scale habitability to the prospect of habitats, microbial ecotones, pathways to biological dispersal, biomass repositories, and their meaning for exploration. Critically, as we search for biosignatures, this focus demonstrates the importance of starting to think of early Mars as a biosphere and vigorously integrating an ecosystem approach to landing site selection and exploration. Key Words: Astrobiology-Biosignatures-Coevolution of Earth and life-Mars. Astrobiology 18, 1-27.
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Gentry DM, Amador ES, Cable ML, Chaudry N, Cullen T, Jacobsen MB, Murukesan G, Schwieterman EW, Stevens AH, Stockton A, Tan G, Yin C, Cullen DC, Geppert W. Correlations Between Life-Detection Techniques and Implications for Sampling Site Selection in Planetary Analog Missions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:1009-1021. [PMID: 29048222 PMCID: PMC5686451 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an analog sampling expedition under simulated mission constraints to areas dominated by basaltic tephra of the Eldfell and Fimmvörðuháls lava fields (Iceland). Sites were selected to be "homogeneous" at a coarse remote sensing resolution (10-100 m) in apparent color, morphology, moisture, and grain size, with best-effort realism in numbers of locations and replicates. Three different biomarker assays (counting of nucleic-acid-stained cells via fluorescent microscopy, a luciferin/luciferase assay for adenosine triphosphate, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect DNA associated with bacteria, archaea, and fungi) were characterized at four nested spatial scales (1 m, 10 m, 100 m, and >1 km) by using five common metrics for sample site representativeness (sample mean variance, group F tests, pairwise t tests, and the distribution-free rank sum H and u tests). Correlations between all assays were characterized with Spearman's rank test. The bioluminescence assay showed the most variance across the sites, followed by qPCR for bacterial and archaeal DNA; these results could not be considered representative at the finest resolution tested (1 m). Cell concentration and fungal DNA also had significant local variation, but they were homogeneous over scales of >1 km. These results show that the selection of life detection assays and the number, distribution, and location of sampling sites in a low biomass environment with limited a priori characterization can yield both contrasting and complementary results, and that their interdependence must be given due consideration to maximize science return in future biomarker sampling expeditions. Key Words: Astrobiology-Biodiversity-Microbiology-Iceland-Planetary exploration-Mars mission simulation-Biomarker. Astrobiology 17, 1009-1021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Gentry
- Biospheric Science, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Elena S. Amador
- Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Morgan L. Cable
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Nosheen Chaudry
- School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Cullen
- School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gayathri Murukesan
- Department of Biochemistry/Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Stockton
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - George Tan
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chang Yin
- Stockholm University Astrobiology Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David C. Cullen
- School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf Geppert
- Stockholm University Astrobiology Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vago JL, Westall F. Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover. ASTROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:471-510. [PMID: 31067287 PMCID: PMC5685153 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The second ExoMars mission will be launched in 2020 to target an ancient location interpreted to have strong potential for past habitability and for preserving physical and chemical biosignatures (as well as abiotic/prebiotic organics). The mission will deliver a lander with instruments for atmospheric and geophysical investigations and a rover tasked with searching for signs of extinct life. The ExoMars rover will be equipped with a drill to collect material from outcrops and at depth down to 2 m. This subsurface sampling capability will provide the best chance yet to gain access to chemical biosignatures. Using the powerful Pasteur payload instruments, the ExoMars science team will conduct a holistic search for traces of life and seek corroborating geological context information. Key Words: Biosignatures-ExoMars-Landing sites-Mars rover-Search for life. Astrobiology 17, 471-510.
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Volcanogenic fluvial-lacustrine environments in iceland and their utility for identifying past habitability on Mars. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:568-86. [PMID: 25692905 PMCID: PMC4390869 DOI: 10.3390/life5010568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for once-habitable locations on Mars is increasingly focused on environments dominated by fluvial and lacustrine processes, such as those investigated by the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. The availability of liquid water coupled with the potential longevity of such systems renders these localities prime targets for the future exploration of Martian biosignatures. Fluvial-lacustrine environments associated with basaltic volcanism are highly relevant to Mars, but their terrestrial counterparts have been largely overlooked as a field analogue. Such environments are common in Iceland, where basaltic volcanism interacts with glacial ice and surface snow to produce large volumes of meltwater within an otherwise cold and dry environment. This meltwater can be stored to create subglacial, englacial, and proglacial lakes, or be released as catastrophic floods and proglacial fluvial systems. Sedimentary deposits produced by the resulting fluvial-lacustrine activity are extensive, with lithologies dominated by basaltic minerals, low-temperature alteration assemblages (e.g., smectite clays, calcite), and amorphous, poorly crystalline phases (basaltic glass, palagonite, nanophase iron oxides). This paper reviews examples of these environments, including their sedimentary deposits and microbiology, within the context of utilising these localities for future Mars analogue studies and instrument testing.
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Groemer G, Sattler B, Weisleitner K, Hunger L, Kohstall C, Frisch A, Józefowicz M, Meszyński S, Storrie-Lombardi M, Bothe C, Boyd A, Dinkelaker A, Dissertori M, Fasching D, Fischer M, Föger D, Foresta L, Frischauf N, Fritsch L, Fuchs H, Gautsch C, Gerard S, Goetzloff L, Gołebiowska I, Gorur P, Groemer G, Groll P, Haider C, Haider O, Hauth E, Hauth S, Hettrich S, Jais W, Jones N, Taj-Eddine K, Karl A, Kauerhoff T, Khan MS, Kjeldsen A, Klauck J, Losiak A, Luger M, Luger T, Luger U, McArthur J, Moser L, Neuner J, Orgel C, Ori GG, Paternesi R, Peschier J, Pfeil I, Prock S, Radinger J, Ragonig C, Ramirez B, Ramo W, Rampey M, Sams A, Sams E, Sams S, Sandu O, Sans A, Sansone P, Scheer D, Schildhammer D, Scornet Q, Sejkora N, Soucek A, Stadler A, Stummer F, Stumptner W, Taraba M, Tlustos R, Toferer E, Turetschek T, Winter E, Zanella-Kux K. Field trial of a dual-wavelength fluorescent emission (L.I.F.E.) instrument and the Magma White rover during the MARS2013 Mars analog mission. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:391-405. [PMID: 24823800 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract We have developed a portable dual-wavelength laser fluorescence spectrometer as part of a multi-instrument optical probe to characterize mineral, organic, and microbial species in extreme environments. Operating at 405 and 532 nm, the instrument was originally designed for use by human explorers to produce a laser-induced fluorescence emission (L.I.F.E.) spectral database of the mineral and organic molecules found in the microbial communities of Earth's cryosphere. Recently, our team had the opportunity to explore the strengths and limitations of the instrument when it was deployed on a remote-controlled Mars analog rover. In February 2013, the instrument was deployed on board the Magma White rover platform during the MARS2013 Mars analog field mission in the Kess Kess formation near Erfoud, Morocco. During these tests, we followed tele-science work flows pertinent to Mars surface missions in a simulated spaceflight environment. We report on the L.I.F.E. instrument setup, data processing, and performance during field trials. A pilot postmission laboratory analysis determined that rock samples acquired during the field mission exhibited a fluorescence signal from the Sun-exposed side characteristic of chlorophyll a following excitation at 405 nm. A weak fluorescence response to excitation at 532 nm may have originated from another microbial photosynthetic pigment, phycoerythrin, but final assignment awaits development of a comprehensive database of mineral and organic fluorescence spectra. No chlorophyll fluorescence signal was detected from the shaded underside of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Groemer
- 1 Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Cockell CS, Cady SL, McLoughlin N. Introduction. Volcanism and astrobiology: life on earth and beyond. ASTROBIOLOGY 2011; 11:583-584. [PMID: 21895441 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.8080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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