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Marquez JJ, Landon LB, Salas E. The Next Giant Leap for Space Human Factors: The Opportunities. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:1279-1288. [PMID: 37246369 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231174955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Propose areas of future space human factors research. BACKGROUND Deep space, long-duration human spaceflight missions to the Moon and Mars still require advances in space human factors research. Key drivers relate to astronauts living and working in isolation, new novel technologies required to accomplish exploration missions, and the longer durations of these. RESULTS Three areas of research are proposed for methods and techniques: (1) to enable more autonomous astronauts; (2) to monitor crew and improve ground team situation awareness; and (3) to detect and support changes in long-duration team coordination. CONCLUSIONS Future human exploration missions will benefit from advances in space human factors research. APPLICATION Human factors researchers can contribute to human spaceflight by prioritizing these research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Marquez
- Human-Computer Interaction Group, Human Systems Integration Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Blackwell Landon
- Behavioral Health & Performance Laboratory, Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo Salas
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Social Sciences, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Zhang JY, Anderson AP. Performance Risks During Surface Extravehicular Activity and Potential Mitigation Using Multimodal Displays. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2023; 94:34-41. [PMID: 36757234 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6066.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Surface extravehicular activity (sEVA) will be a critical component of future human missions to the Moon. sEVA presents novel risks to astronaut crews not associated with microgravity operations due to fundamental differences in task demands, physiology, environment, and operations of working on the lunar surface. Multimodal spacesuit informatics displays have been proposed as a method of mitigating sEVA risk by increasing operator autonomy.METHODS: A formalized literature review was conducted. In total, 95 journal articles, conference papers, and technical reports were included. Characteristics of U.S. spacesuits were reviewed, ranging from the Apollo A7L to the xEMU Z-2.5. Multimodal display applications were then reviewed and assessed for their potential in aiding sEVA operations.RESULTS: Through literature review 25 performance impairments were identified. Performance impairments caused by the spacesuit represented the greatest number of sEVA challenges. Multimodal displays were mapped to impairments and approximately 36% of performance impairments could be aided by using display interfaces.DISCUSSION: Multimodal displays may provide additional benefits for alleviating performance impairments during sEVA. Utility of multimodal displays may be greater in certain performance impairment domains, such as spacesuit-related impairments.Zhang JY, Anderson AP. Performance risks during surface extravehicular activity and potential mitigation using multimodal displays. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(1):34-41.
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Lalla EA, Konstantinidis M, Lymer E, Gilmour CM, Freemantle J, Such P, Cote K, Groemer G, Martinez-Frias J, Cloutis EA, Daly MG. Combined Spectroscopic Analysis of Terrestrial Analogs from a Simulated Astronaut Mission Using the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Raman Sensor: Implications for Mars. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:1093-1113. [PMID: 33988039 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211016892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary objectives of planetary exploration is the search for signs of life (past, present, or future). Formulating an understanding of the geochemical processes on planetary bodies may allow us to define the precursors for biological processes, thus providing insight into the evolution of past life on Earth and other planets, and perhaps a projection into future biological processes. Several techniques have emerged for detecting biomarker signals on an atomic or molecular level, including laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy, each of which addresses complementary aspects of the elemental composition, mineralogy, and organic characterization of a sample. However, given the technical challenges inherent to planetary exploration, having a sound understanding of the data provided from these technologies, and how the inferred insights may be used synergistically is critical for mission success. In this work, we present an in-depth characterization of a set of samples collected during a 28-day Mars analog mission conducted by the Austrian Space Forum in the Dhofar region of Oman. The samples were obtained under high-fidelity spaceflight conditions and by considering the geological context of the test site. The specimens were analyzed using the LIBS-Raman sensor, a prototype instrument for future exploration of Mars. We present the elemental quantification of the samples obtained from LIBS using a previously developed linear mixture model and validated using scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy. Moreover, we provide a full mineral characterization obtained using ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy and LIF, which was verified through ATR FT-IR. Lastly, we present possible discrimination of organics in the samples using LIF and time-resolved LIF. Each of these methods yields accurate results, with low errors in their predictive capabilities of LIBS (median relative error ranging from 4.5% to 16.2%), and degree of richness in subsequent inferences to geochemical and potential biochemical processes of the samples. The existence of such methods of inference and our ability to understand the limitations thereof is crucial for future planetary missions, not only to Mars and Moon but also for future exoplanetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Lalla
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Menalaos Konstantinidis
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Lymer
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cosette M Gilmour
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Freemantle
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pamela Such
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kristen Cote
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jesus Martinez-Frias
- Dinamica Terrestre y Observacion de la Tierra, Instituto de Geociencias, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Edward A Cloutis
- Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael G Daly
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS), York University, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Ryan CH, Daly MG, Brady AL, Slater GF, Lim DSS. Organic Material Distribution in Mars-Analog Volcanic Rocks, as Determined with Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ASTROBIOLOGY 2021; 21:981-996. [PMID: 34406806 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the distribution of trace organic material in a rocky environment is a key to constraining the material requirements for sustaining microbial life. We used an ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy instrument to characterize the distribution of organic biosignatures in basalts collected from two Mars-analog environments. We correlated the fluorescence results with alteration-related sample properties. These samples exhibit a range of alteration conditions found in the volcanic environments of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, Hawai'i (HI), and Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho (ID), including fumarolic systems. LIF mapping of the sample surfaces and interiors showed a heterogeneous distribution of areas of highly fluorescent material (point[s]-of-interest [POIs])-with fluorescence characteristics indicative of organic material. Results suggest that POIs are associated with secondary alteration mineral deposits in the rock's vesicles, including zeolites and calcite. Scanning electron microscopy with electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to characterize the mineralogy present at POIs and support the evidence of carbon-bearing material. Overall, samples collected proximate to active or relict meteoric fumaroles from Hawai'i were shown to contain evidence for organic deposits. This suggests that these minerals are measurable spectroscopic targets that may be used to inform sample-site selection for astrobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheryn H Ryan
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael G Daly
- Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allyson L Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Greg F Slater
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Darlene S S Lim
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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5
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Lalla E, Konstantinidis M, Czakler C, Garnitschnig S, Hickson D, Such P, Losiak A, Ercoli M, Frigeri A, Hofmann A, Lucic T, Seikora N, Suchantke I, Gruber S, Groemer G. Remote science activities during the AMADEE-18 Mars analog mission: Preparation and execution during a simulated planetary surface mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsse.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Jahoda P, Drozdovskiy I, Payler SJ, Turchi L, Bessone L, Sauro F. Machine learning for recognizing minerals from multispectral data. Analyst 2021; 146:184-195. [PMID: 33135038 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Machine Learning (ML) has found several applications in spectroscopy, including recognizing minerals and estimating elemental composition. ML algorithms have been widely used on datasets from individual spectroscopy methods such as vibrational Raman scattering, reflective Visible-Near Infrared (VNIR), and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). We firstly reviewed and tested several ML approaches to mineral classification from the existing literature, and identified a novel approach for using Deep Learning algorithms for mineral classification from Raman spectra, that outperform previous state-of-the-art methods. We then developed and evaluated a novel method for automatic mineral identification from combining measurements with two complementary spectroscopic methods using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for Raman and VNIR, and cosine similarity for LIBS. Specifically, we evaluated fusing Raman + VNIR, Raman + LIBS or VNIR + LIBS spectra in order to classify minerals. ML methods applied to combined spectral methods presented here are shown to outperform the use of a single data source by a significant margin. Our approach was tested on both open access experimental Raman (RRUFF) and VNIR (USGS, RELAB, ECOSTRESS) libraries, as well as on synthetic LIBS (NIST) spectral libraries. Our cross-validation tests show that multi-method spectroscopy paired with ML paves the way towards rapid and accurate characterization of rocks and minerals. Future solutions combining Deep Learning Algorithms, together with data fusion from multi-method spectroscopy, could drastically increase the accuracy of automatic mineral recognition compared to existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jahoda
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Zikova 1903/4, 166 36 Praha 6, Czechia, Praha, Czechia.
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7
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Cockell CS, Harrison JP, Stevens AH, Payler SJ, Hughes SS, Kobs Nawotniak SE, Brady AL, Elphic R, Haberle CW, Sehlke A, Beaton KH, Abercromby AF, Schwendner P, Wadsworth J, Landenmark H, Cane R, Dickinson AW, Nicholson N, Perera L, Lim DS. A Low-Diversity Microbiota Inhabits Extreme Terrestrial Basaltic Terrains and Their Fumaroles: Implications for the Exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:284-299. [PMID: 30840501 PMCID: PMC6442273 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A major objective in the exploration of Mars is to test the hypothesis that the planet hosted life. Even in the absence of life, the mapping of habitable and uninhabitable environments is an essential task in developing a complete understanding of the geological and aqueous history of Mars and, as a consequence, understanding what factors caused Earth to take a different trajectory of biological potential. We carried out the aseptic collection of samples and comparison of the bacterial and archaeal communities associated with basaltic fumaroles and rocks of varying weathering states in Hawai'i to test four hypotheses concerning the diversity of life in these environments. Using high-throughput sequencing, we found that all these materials are inhabited by a low-diversity biota. Multivariate analyses of bacterial community data showed a clear separation between sites that have active fumaroles and other sites that comprised relict fumaroles, unaltered, and syn-emplacement basalts. Contrary to our hypothesis that high water flow environments, such as fumaroles with active mineral leaching, would be sites of high biological diversity, alpha diversity was lower in active fumaroles compared to relict or nonfumarolic sites, potentially due to high-temperature constraints on microbial diversity in fumarolic sites. A comparison of these data with communities inhabiting unaltered and weathered basaltic rocks in Idaho suggests that bacterial taxon composition of basaltic materials varies between sites, although the archaeal communities were similar in Hawai'i and Idaho. The taxa present in both sites suggest that most of them obtain organic carbon compounds from the atmosphere and from phototrophs and that some of them, including archaeal taxa, cycle fixed nitrogen. The low diversity shows that, on Earth, extreme basaltic terrains are environments on the edge of sustaining life with implications for the biological potential of similar environments on Mars and their exploration by robots and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Address correspondence to: Charles S. Cockell, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Jesse P. Harrison
- Aquatic Biogeochemistry Research Unit, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel J. Payler
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott S. Hughes
- Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | | | - Allyson L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - R.C. Elphic
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Andrew F.J. Abercromby
- Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences Division (SK), NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Petra Schwendner
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jennifer Wadsworth
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hanna Landenmark
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosie Cane
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew W. Dickinson
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natasha Nicholson
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liam Perera
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Darlene S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California, USA
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAERI), Moffett Field, California, USA
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8
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Stevens A, Kobs Nawotniak S, Garry W, Payler S, Brady A, Miller M, Beaton K, Cockell C, Lim D. Tactical Scientific Decision-Making during Crewed Astrobiology Mars Missions. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:369-386. [PMID: 30840503 PMCID: PMC6442282 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The limitations placed upon human explorers on the surface of Mars will necessitate a methodology for scientific exploration that is different from standard approaches to terrestrial fieldwork and prior crewed exploration of the Moon. In particular, the data transmission limitations and communication latency between Earth and Mars create a unique situation for surface crew in contact with a terrestrial science team. The BASALT research program simulated a series of extravehicular activities (EVAs) in Mars analog terrains under various Mars-relevant bandwidth and latency conditions to investigate how best to approach this problem. Here we discuss tactical decision-making under these conditions, that is, how the crew on Mars interacts with a team of scientists and support personnel on Earth to collect samples of maximum scientific interest. We describe the strategies, protocols, and tools tested in BASALT EVAs and give recommendations on how best to conduct human exploration of Mars with support from Earth-based scientists. We find that even with scientists supporting them, the crew performing the exploration must be trained in the appropriate scientific disciplines in order to provide the terrestrial scientists with enough information to make decisions, but that with appropriate planning and structure, and tools such as a "dynamic leaderboard," terrestrial scientists can add scientific value to an EVA, even under Mars communication latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - W.B. Garry
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - S.J. Payler
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A.L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - M.J. Miller
- Georgia Institute of Technology College of Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - K.H. Beaton
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C.S. Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D.S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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9
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Marquez JJ, Miller MJ, Cohen T, Deliz I, Lees DS, Zheng J, Lee YJ, Kanefsky B, Norheim J, Deans M, Hillenius S. Future Needs for Science-Driven Geospatial and Temporal Extravehicular Activity Planning and Execution. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:440-461. [PMID: 30840505 PMCID: PMC6442304 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Future human missions to Mars are expected to emphasize scientific exploration. While recent Mars rover missions have addressed a wide range of science objectives, human extravehicular activities (EVAs), including the Apollo missions, have had limited experience with science operations. Current EVAs are carefully choreographed and guided continuously from Earth with negligible delay in communications between crew and flight controllers. Future crews on Mars will be expected to achieve their science objectives while operating and coordinating with a science team back on Earth under communication latency and bandwidth restrictions. The BASALT (Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains) research program conducted Mars analog science on Earth to understand the concept of operations and capabilities needed to support these new kinds of EVAs. A suite of software tools (Minerva) was used for planning and executing all BASALT EVAs, supporting text communication across communication latency, and managing the collection of operational and scientific EVA data. This paper describes the support capabilities provided by Minerva to cope with various geospatial and temporal constraints to support the planning and execution phases of the EVAs performed during the BASALT research program. The results of this work provide insights on software needs for future science-driven planetary EVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamar Cohen
- SGT/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Ivonne Deliz
- ASRC Federal/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - David S. Lees
- Carnegie Mellon University, Silicon Valley/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Jimin Zheng
- San Jose State University Research Foundation/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Yeon J. Lee
- SGT/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Bob Kanefsky
- San Jose State University Research Foundation/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | - Johannes Norheim
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Deans
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
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10
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Miller MJ, Miller MJ, Santiago-Materese D, Seibert MA, Lim DSS. A Flexible Telecommunication Architecture for Human Planetary Exploration Based on the BASALT Science-Driven Mars Analog. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:478-496. [PMID: 30840502 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is a synergistic relationship between analog field testing and the deep space telecommunication capabilities necessary for future human exploration. The BASALT (Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains) research project developed and implemented a telecommunications architecture that serves as a high-fidelity analog of future telecommunication capabilities for Mars. This paper presents the architecture and its constituent elements. The rationale for the various protocols and radio frequency (RF) link types required to enable an interdisciplinary field mission are discussed, and the performance results from the BASALT field tests are provided. Extravehicular Informatics Backpacks (EVIB) designed for BASALT and tested by human subjects are also discussed, and the proceeding sections show how these prototype extravehicular activity (EVA) information systems can augment future human exploration. The paper concludes with an aggregate analysis of the data product types and data volumes generated, transferred, and utilized by the ground team and explorers over the course of the field deployments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc A Seibert
- 4 ASRC Federal Technical Services, NASA SCaN Office, PSE Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC
| | - Darlene S S Lim
- 3 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- 5 Bay Area Environmental Research Institute/NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
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11
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Lim DS, Abercromby AF, Kobs Nawotniak SE, Lees DS, Miller MJ, Brady AL, Miller MJ, Mirmalek Z, Sehlke A, Payler SJ, Stevens AH, Haberle CW, Beaton KH, Chappell SP, Hughes SS, Cockell CS, Elphic RC, Downs MT, Heldmann JL. The BASALT Research Program: Designing and Developing Mission Elements in Support of Human Scientific Exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:245-259. [PMID: 30840510 PMCID: PMC6442272 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The articles associated with this Special Collection focus on the NASA BASALT (Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains) Research Program, which aims at answering the question, "How do we support and enable scientific exploration during human Mars missions?" To answer this the BASALT team conducted scientific field studies under simulated Mars mission conditions to both broaden our understanding of the habitability potential of basalt-rich terrains on Mars and examine the effects of science on current Mars mission concepts of operations. This article provides an overview of the BASALT research project, from the science, to the operational concepts that were tested and developed, to the technical capabilities that supported all elements of the team's research. Further, this article introduces the 12 articles that are included in this Special Collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene S.S. Lim
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAERI), NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | | | | | - David S. Lees
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
| | | | - Allyson L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Zara Mirmalek
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAERI), NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California
| | | | - Samuel J. Payler
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Haberle
- Mars Space Flight Facility, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Kara H. Beaton
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
- KBRwyle, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Scott S. Hughes
- Deparment of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Seibert MA, Lim DS, Miller MJ, Santiago-Materese D, Downs MT. Developing Future Deep-Space Telecommunication Architectures: A Historical Look at the Benefits of Analog Research on the Development of Solar System Internetworking for Future Human Spaceflight. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:462-477. [PMID: 30840504 PMCID: PMC6442236 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exploration analog field tests, missions, and deployments enable the integration and validation of new and experimental concepts and/or technologies through strategic experimental design. The results of these operations often create new capabilities for exploration and increase confidence in, and credibility of, emerging technologies, usually at very low cost and risk to the test subjects involved. While these experiments resemble missions 10-30 years into the future, insights obtained are often of immediate value. Knowledge gained in the field translates into strategic planning data to assist long-range exploration planners, and planners influence the experimental design of field deployments, creating a synergistic relationship. The Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) communication architecture is a high-fidelity analog program that emulates conditions impacting future explorers on the martian surface. This article provides (1) a brief historical review of past analog operations that deliberately used elements of a flight-like telecommunication infrastructure to add fidelity to the test, (2) samples of the accomplishments made through analog operations, and (3) potentially significant deep-space telecommunication insights gained from the BASALT program in support of future extravehicular activity exploration of Mars. This article is paired with and complements Miller et al. in this issue which focuses on the telecommunication infrastructure utilized by the BASALT team during the field deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Seibert
- ASRC Federal, NASA Headquarters, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Darlene S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, California
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13
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Kobs Nawotniak SE, Miller MJ, Stevens AH, Marquez JJ, Payler SJ, Brady AL, Hughes SS, Haberle CW, Sehlke A, Beaton KH, Chappell SP, Elphic RC, Lim DS. Opportunities and Challenges of Promoting Scientific Dialog throughout Execution of Future Science-Driven Extravehicular Activity. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:426-439. [PMID: 30840509 PMCID: PMC6442240 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Science-driven, human spaceflight missions of the future will rely on regular and interactive communication between Earth- and space-based teams during activity in which astronauts work directly on Mars or other planetary surfaces (extravehicular activity, EVA). The Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) project conducted simulated human missions to Mars, complete with realistic one-way light time (OWLT) communication latency. We discuss the modes of communication used by the Mars- and Earth-based teams, including text, audio, video, and still imagery. Real-time communication between astronauts in the field (extravehicular, EV) and astronauts in a communication relay station (intravehicular, IV) was broadcast over OWLT, providing important contextual information to the Science Backroom Team (SBT) in Mission Control. Collaborative communication between the Earth- and Mars-based teams, however, requires active communication across latency via the Mission Log. We provide descriptive statistics of text communication between IV and SBT in a high-fidelity, scientifically driven analog for human space exploration. Over an EVA, the SBT sent an average of ∼23 text messages containing recommendations, requests, and answers to questions, while the science-focused IV crew member (IV2) sent an average of ∼38 text messages. Though patterns varied, communication between the IV and SBT teams tended to be highest during ∼50-150 min into the EVA, corresponding to the candidate sample search and presampling instrument survey phases, and then decreased dramatically after minute ∼200 during the sample collection phase. Generally, the IV2 and SBT used ∼4.6 min to craft a reply to a direct question or comment, regardless of message length or OWLT, offering a valuable glimpse into actual time-to-reply. We discuss IV2-SBT communication within the context of case examples from an EVA during which communication failures affected operations in the field. Finally, we offer recommendations for communication practices for use in future analogs and, perhaps, science-driven human spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Samuel J. Payler
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Allyson L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Scott S. Hughes
- Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | - Christopher W. Haberle
- Mars Space Flight Facility, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Kara H. Beaton
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Science Division (SK), NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, USA
| | - Steven P. Chappell
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Science Division (SK), NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, USA
| | | | - Darlene S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
- Bay Area Research Institute (BAERI), Moffett Field, California, USA
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Sehlke A, Mirmalek Z, Burtt D, Haberle CW, Santiago-Materese D, Kobs Nawotniak SE, Hughes SS, Garry WB, Bramall N, Brown AJ, Heldmann JL, Lim DS. Requirements for Portable Instrument Suites during Human Scientific Exploration of Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:401-425. [PMID: 30840506 PMCID: PMC6442242 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human explorers on the surface of Mars will have access to a far wider array of scientific tools than previous crewed planetary exploration missions, but not every tool will be compatible with the restrictions of this exploration. Spectrometers on flyby, orbital, and landed missions are currently used to determine the composition and mineralogy of geological materials of various types and sizes, from small fragments to celestial bodies in the solar system. Handheld spectrometers that are capable of in situ analyses are already used for geological exploration on Earth; however, their usefulness for human exploration missions and how data from multiple handheld instruments could be combined to enhance scientific return must be further evaluated. As part of the Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) research project, we incorporated two handheld instruments, a visible-near infrared spectrometer and an X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer, into simulated Mars exploration missions conducted on basaltic terrains in Idaho and Hawai'i. To understand the data quality provided by these handheld spectrometers, we evaluated their performance under varying conditions of measurement time, distance, angle, atmosphere, and sample matrix, and we compared data quality between handheld instruments and laboratory techniques. Here, we summarize these findings, provide guidelines and requirements on how to effectively incorporate these instruments into human exploration missions to Mars, and posit that future iterations of these instruments will be beneficial for enhancing science returned from human exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zara Mirmalek
- Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- BAER Institute, Moffett Field, California
| | - David Burtt
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | | | | | - Scott S. Hughes
- Deparment of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
| | | | - Nathan Bramall
- Leiden Measurement Technology LLC, Sunnyvale, California
| | | | | | - Darlene S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- BAER Institute, Moffett Field, California
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15
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Beaton K, Chappell S, Abercromby A, Miller M, Kobs Nawotniak S, Brady A, Stevens A, Payler S, Hughes S, Lim D. Assessing the Acceptability of Science Operations Concepts and the Level of Mission Enhancement of Capabilities for Human Mars Exploration Extravehicular Activity. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:321-346. [PMID: 30840507 PMCID: PMC6442237 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) research project is investigating tools, techniques, and strategies for conducting Mars scientific exploration extravehicular activity (EVA). This has been accomplished through three science-driven terrestrial field tests (BASALT-1, BASALT-2, and BASALT-3) during which the iterative development, testing, assessment, and refinement of concepts of operations (ConOps) and capabilities were conducted. ConOps are the instantiation of operational design elements that guide the organization and flow of personnel, communication, hardware, software, and data products to enable a mission concept. Capabilities include the hardware, software, data products, and protocols that comprise and enable the ConOps. This paper describes the simulation quality and acceptability of the Mars-forward ConOps evaluated during BASALT-2. It also presents the level of mission enhancement and acceptability of the associated Mars-forward capabilities. Together, these results inform science operations for human planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.H. Beaton
- KBRwyle, Houston, Texas, USA
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - S.P. Chappell
- KBRwyle, Houston, Texas, USA
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - A.L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - A.H. Stevens
- European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
| | - S.J. Payler
- European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
| | - S.S. Hughes
- Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | - D.S.S. Lim
- BAER Institute, Moffett Field, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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16
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Payler S, Mirmalek Z, Hughes S, Kobs Nawotniak S, Brady A, Stevens A, Cockell C, Lim D. Developing Intra-EVA Science Support Team Practices for a Human Mission to Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:387-400. [PMID: 30840508 PMCID: PMC6442258 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During the BASALT research program, real (nonsimulated) geological and biological science was accomplished through a series of extravehicular activities (EVAs) under simulated Mars mission conditions. These EVAs were supported by a Mission Support Center (MSC) that included an on-site, colocated Science Support Team (SST). The SST was composed of scientists from a variety of disciplines and operations researchers who provided scientific and technical expertise to the crew while each EVA was being conducted (intra-EVA). SST management and organization developed under operational conditions that included Mars-like communication latencies, bandwidth constraints, and EVA plans that were infused with Mars analog field science objectives. This paper focuses on the SST workspace considerations such as science team roles, physical layout, communication interactions, operational techniques, and work support technology. Over the course of BASALT field deployments to Idaho and Hawai'i, the SST team made several changes of note to increase both productivity and efficiency. For example, new roles were added for more effective management of technical discussions, and the layout of the SST workspace evolved multiple times during the deployments. SST members' reflexive adjustments resulted in a layout that prioritized face-to-face discussions over face-to-data displays, highlighting the importance of interpersonal communication during SST decision-making. In tandem with these workspace adjustments, a range of operational techniques were developed to help the SST manage discussions and information flow under time pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.J. Payler
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Z. Mirmalek
- Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- BAER Institute, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - S.S. Hughes
- Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | | | - A.L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - A.H. Stevens
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C.S. Cockell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D.S.S. Lim
- BAER Institute, Moffett Field, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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17
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Brady AL, Kobs Nawotniak SE, Hughes SS, Payler SJ, Stevens AH, Cockell CS, Elphic RC, Sehlke A, Haberle CW, Slater GF, Lim DS. Strategic Planning Insights for Future Science-Driven Extravehicular Activity on Mars. ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:347-368. [PMID: 30840500 PMCID: PMC6442241 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Short-term and long-term science plans were developed as part of the strategic planning process used by the Biologic Analog Science Associated with Lava Terrains (BASALT) science team to conduct two Mars-simulation missions investigating basalt habitability at terrestrial volcanic analog sites in 2016. A multidisciplinary team of scientists generated and codified a range of scientific hypotheses distilled into a Science Traceability Matrix (STM) that defined the set of objectives pursued in a series of extravehicular activity (EVA) campaigns performed across multiple field deployments. This STM was used to guide the pre-deployment selection of sampling stations within the selected Mars analog sites on the Earth based on precursor site information such as multispectral imagery. It also informed selection of hand-held instruments and observational data to collect during EVA to aid sample selection through latency-impacted interaction with an Earth-based Science Support Team. A significant portion of the pre-deployment strategic planning activities were devoted to station selection, ultimately the locations used for sample collection and EVA planning. During development of the EVAs, the BASALT science team identified lessons learned that could be used to inform future missions and analog activities, including the critical need for high-resolution precursor imagery that would enable the selection of stations that could meet the scientific objectives outlined in the STM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L. Brady
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Scott S. Hughes
- Department of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
| | - Samuel J. Payler
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adam H. Stevens
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charles S. Cockell
- UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Greg F. Slater
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Darlene S.S. Lim
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAERI), NASA Research Park, Moffett Field, California
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