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Hogan VK, Rowley DL, Brooks PE, Gonzalez-Nahm SN, Berthiaume R, Thompson Y, Derige D. Achieving Breastfeeding Equity: A Study of a National Breastfeeding Initiative. Breastfeed Med 2018; 13:142-148. [PMID: 29489388 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equity in breastfeeding could reduce excess morbidity and mortality among children and mothers of color. Few programs that support breastfeeding have been evaluated for their capacity to create equity. The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which a diverse set of national breastfeeding programs actively promoted equity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Qualitative data collection was conducted between December 2012 and July 2013 by visits to 29 of 58 breastfeeding programs selected by the funder. Programs underwent a site visit with open-ended interviews of staff. Investigators used Atlas.ti software to code data and content analysis of qualitative evaluation data. Key categories and themes were identified to answer the questions: how do the programs conceptualize equity? and how do the organizations operationalize an approach to equity? RESULTS Programs had widely divergent and often limited conceptualizations of equity. Nine categories describe the equity approaches' programs used. The social, political, and environmental contexts in which programs operated varied in the degree of challenge they pose for implementing equity-focused breastfeeding methods. We found only a few programs that matched the social, cultural, and economic realities and context of women of color. CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding equity programs need to explicitly define and envision outcomes, and need to identify equity inhibiting policies and practices. Equity attainment is more likely to emerge from institutional transformational processes that collaborate with the populations at risk. These findings have implications for other programs addressing equity in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya K Hogan
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,2 W.K. Kellogg Foundation , Battle Creek, Michigan
| | - Diane L Rowley
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pauline E Brooks
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,3 Pauline E. Brooks Consulting , LLC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah N Gonzalez-Nahm
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,4 Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Berthiaume
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Yvette Thompson
- 1 Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Diana Derige
- 2 W.K. Kellogg Foundation , Battle Creek, Michigan
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Yu S, Zhao Y, Lai F, Chu M, Hao Y, Feng Y, Zhang H, Liu J, Cheng M, Li L, Shen W, Min L. LncRNA as ceRNAs may be involved in lactation process. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98014-98028. [PMID: 29228670 PMCID: PMC5716710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of the mammary gland is to secret milk for newborn growth. Milk production process is regulated by hormones, growth factors, noncoding RNAs and other factors locally. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), one type of recently discovered non-coding RNA, have been found in mammary gland and some studies suggested lncRNA may play important roles in mammary gland development. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are emerging to compete for miRNA binding and, in turn, regulate each other. In the current study, we sequenced mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA in goat mammary tissue at 2 points in lactation (early and mature). All data were co-expressed together from the same samples. Our data showed that the ceRNAs up-regulated during the mature lactation phase were associated with lipid, protein, carbon and amino acid synthesis and metabolism. This correlates with the function of the mature lactation phase: i.e. the continuous production of large amounts of milk, rich in proteins, lipids, amino acids and other nutrients. Alternately, the ceRNAs up-regulated during early lactation were associated with PI3K-AKT pathways and ECM-receptor interactions; these fulfil the functional role of preparing the mammary gland for full lactation. Therefore, the results suggest that ceRNAs work synergistically during different developmental stages to regulate specific functions associated with lactation control. This study suggests that ceRNAs (lncRNA-mRNA) may be involved in lactation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Fangnong Lai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Meiqiang Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Yanni Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Core Laboratories of Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Qingdao Veterinary and Livestock Administration, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lingjiang Min
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, P. R. China
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