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Novel Therapeutic Nutrients Molecules That Protect against Zika Virus Infection with a Special Note on Palmitoleate. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010124. [PMID: 36615782 PMCID: PMC9823984 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a Flavivirus from the Flaviviridae family and a positive-sense single strand RNA virus. ZIKV infection can cause a mild infection to the mother but can be vertically transmitted to the developing fetus, causing congenital anomalies. The prevalence of ZIKV infections was relatively insignificant with sporadic outbreaks in the Asian and African continents until 2006. However, recent epidemic in the Caribbean showed significant increased incidence of Congenital Zika Syndrome. ZIKV infection results in placental pathology which plays a crucial role in disease transmission from mother to fetus. Currently, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccine or therapeutic drug against ZIKV. This review article summarizes the recent advances on ZIKV transmission and diagnosis and reviews nutraceuticals which can protect against the ZIKV infection. Further, we have reviewed recent advances related to the novel therapeutic nutrient molecules that have been shown to possess activity against Zika virus infected cells. We also review the mechanism of ZIKV-induced endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis and the protective role of palmitoleate (nutrient molecule) against ZIKV-induced ER stress and apoptosis in the placental trophoblasts.
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2
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Lim SJ, Seyfang A, Dutra S, Kane B, Groer M. Gene expression responses to Zika virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pregnant and non-pregnant women. Microbiologyopen 2020; 9:e1134. [PMID: 33211409 PMCID: PMC7755798 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital Zika syndrome is caused by mother‐to‐fetus transmission of the Zika virus (ZIKV). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are permissive to ZIKV infection and may carry ZIKV to the placenta. To identify pregnancy‐related differences in PBMC responses against ZIKV infection, we compared gene expression profiles of ZIKV‐infected and non‐infected PBMCs cultured from pregnant and non‐pregnant women. ZIKV‐infected pregnant conditions generally overexpressed M1‐shifted pro‐inflammatory responses and underexpressed M2‐shifted anti‐inflammatory responses. Additionally, transcripts involved in osteoclast differentiation and cardiac myopathies were upregulated following ZIKV infection. Our results suggest potential roles of pregnancy‐induced immune dysregulation in shaping neonatal pathology associated with ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Jean Lim
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andreas Seyfang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Samia Dutra
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bradley Kane
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Maureen Groer
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Mawson AR, Croft AM. Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3543. [PMID: 31546693 PMCID: PMC6801530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in pregnancy. As many as 8%-13% of children with CRS developed autism during the rubella epidemic of the 1960s compared to the background rate of about 1 new case per 5000 children. Rubella infection and CRS are now rare in the U.S. and in Europe due to widespread vaccination. However, autism rates have risen dramatically in recent decades to about 3% of children today, with many cases appearing after a period of normal development ('regressive autism'). Evidence is reviewed here suggesting that the signs and symptoms of rubella may be due to alterations in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin A (retinoids), precipitated by the acute phase of the infection. The infection causes mild liver dysfunction and the spillage of stored vitamin A compounds into the circulation, resulting in an endogenous form of hypervitaminosis A. Given that vitamin A is a known teratogen, it is suggested that rubella infection occurring in the early weeks of pregnancy causes CRS through maternal liver dysfunction and exposure of the developing fetus to excessive vitamin A. On this view, the multiple manifestations of CRS and associated autism represent endogenous forms of hypervitaminosis A. It is further proposed that regressive autism results primarily from post-natal influences of a liver-damaging nature and exposure to excess vitamin A, inducing CRS-like features as a function of vitamin A toxicity, but without the associated dysmorphogenesis. A number of environmental factors are discussed that may plausibly be candidates for this role, and suggestions are offered for testing the model. The model also suggests a number of measures that may be effective both in reducing the risk of fetal CRS in women who acquire rubella in their first trimester and in reversing or minimizing regressive autism among children in whom the diagnosis is suspected or confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Mawson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA.
| | - Ashley M Croft
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK.
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Candelo E, Caicedo G, Rosso F, Ballesteros A, Orrego J, Escobar L, Lapunzina P, Nevado J, Pachajoa H. First report case with negative genetic study (array CGH, exome sequencing) in patients with vertical transmission of Zika virus infection and associated brain abnormalities. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2019; 12:141-150. [PMID: 31440073 PMCID: PMC6679697 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s190661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Zika virus (ZIKV) is a little-known emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus. The perinatal ZIKV infection was associated with birth defects during the Brazilian outbreak. There was an increased risk of intrauterine transmission of the virus and a marked increase in the number of newborns with microcephaly. We report on two such cases. Case Report The first case was a 25-year-old pregnant woman from Colombia who became acutely ill with general symptoms during the tenth week of gestation, followed by severe generalized itching and maculopapular rash for approximately five days. This case was reported during the epidemic stage of the ZIKV infection in Colombia. At 23.3 gestational weeks, ultrasonography showed abnormal intracranial anatomy with cerebral ventriculomegaly, microcephaly, and parenchymal calcification. Given the grave prognosis, the patient elected to terminate the pregnancy at 25 gestational weeks. The second case was a 24-year-old pregnant woman who became acutely ill during the 17th week of gestation, which corresponded with the ZIKV epidemic in Colombia. At 30.5 gestational weeks, ultrasonography showed isolated fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly. We detected ZIKV in the amniotic fluid; however, the virus was not detected in the urine or serum of the mother or fetus. Tests for dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, HIV, hepatitis B and C, and parvovirus B19 were all negative. Different samples obtained from the placenta, amniotic liquid, and cerebrospinal fluid were positive for viral isolation of ZIKV RNA using TaqMan RT-PCR. Additionally, the parents and fetuses were tested for genetic diseases using whole exome sequencing and array CGH to rule out possible genetic syndromes that produce these congenital abnormalities. Conclusion These were the first cases in Colombia to show early vertical transmission of ZIKV and the first cases associated with congenital cerebral abnormalities in which molecular, infectious, and genomic tests were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Candelo
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,MSc Biomaterials and Tissues Engineering and Genetics of Human Diseases, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriela Caicedo
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Fernando Rosso
- Infectology Department, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Jaime Orrego
- Neonatal Department, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Luis Escobar
- Pathology Department, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, 28046, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Julían Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, 28046, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Harry Pachajoa
- Center for Research on Congenital Anomalies and Rare Diseases (CIACER), Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Genetics Department, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
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Tricot T, Helsen N, Kaptein SJF, Neyts J, Verfaillie CM. Human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells support Zika virus replication and provide a relevant model to assess the efficacy of potential antivirals. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209097. [PMID: 30566505 PMCID: PMC6300258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy has been extensively linked to microcephaly in newborns. High levels of ZIKV RNA were, however, also detected in mice and non-human primates in organs other than the brain, such as the liver. As ZIKV is a flavivirus closely related to the dengue and yellow fever virus, which are known to cause hepatitis, we here examined whether human hepatocytes are susceptible to ZIKV infection. We demonstrated that both human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) and the Huh7 hepatoma cell line support the complete ZIKV replication cycle. Of three antiviral molecules that inhibit ZIKV infection in Vero cells, only 7-deaza-2'-C-methyladenosine (7DMA) inhibited ZIKV replication in hPSC-HLCs, while all drugs inhibited ZIKV infection in Huh7 cells. ZIKV-infected hPSC-HLCs but not Huh7 cells mounted an innate immune and NFκβ response, which may explain the more extensive cytopathic effect observed in Huh7 cells. In conclusion, ZIKV productively infects human hepatocytes in vitro. However, significant differences in the innate immune response against ZIKV and antiviral drug sensitivity were observed when comparing hPSC-HLCs and hepatoma cells, highlighting the need to assess ZIKV infection as well as antiviral activity not only in hepatoma cells, but also in more physiologically relevant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Tricot
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicky Helsen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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Microcephaly in Colombia before the Zika outbreak: A systematic literature review. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:127-134. [PMID: 30184373 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i0.4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microcephaly is characterized by a smaller than normal head circumference. Recently, Zika virus (ZV) has been associated with microcephaly. OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of microcephaly in Colombia taking as the baseline the information from the period before the Zika virus infection epidemics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed Medline, Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs and annual reports of congenital malformation monitoring systems across Latin America, among others sources, for articles published before April, 2015, reporting the prevalence of microcephaly in Colombia between 1982 and 2013. RESULTS We identified 32 non-duplicate articles; we selected 25 articles for revision of which 12 met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, including 2,808,308 births. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of microcephaly in Colombia from 1982 to 2013, before the introduction of ZV, ranged from 0.3 to 3.1 per 10,000 births, with an average of 1.8 (95% CI 1.7-1.8) per 10,000 births. These findings are important to determine if the prevalence after the introduction of the Zika virus infection registered significant changes.
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Faiq MA, Kumar A, Singh HN, Pareek V, Kumar P. Commentary: A Possible Mechanism of Zika Virus Associated Microcephaly: Imperative Role of Retinoic Acid Response Element (RARE) Consensus Sequence Repeats in the Viral Genome. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29515529 PMCID: PMC5826298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb A Faiq
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network, New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu N Singh
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network, New Delhi, India.,Functional Genomics Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network, New Delhi, India.,Computational Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Division, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India
| | - Pavan Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network, New Delhi, India.,Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Felix A, Hallet E, Favre A, Kom-Tchameni R, Defo A, Fléchelles O, Rosenthal JM, Douine M, Nacher M, Elenga N. Cerebral injuries associated with Zika virus in utero exposure in children without birth defects in French Guiana: Case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9178. [PMID: 29390455 PMCID: PMC5758157 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A major epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection occurred in French Guiana and West Indies. French national epidemiological surveillance estimated that 1650 pregnant women contracted the ZIKV during epidemic period from January 2016 to October 2016 in French Guiana. PATIENT CONCERNS ZIKV infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and birth defects. DIAGNOSES In this report, we describe 2 children with proven in utero ZIKV exposure. Their mothers were both symptomatic and ZIKV infection occurred early in pregnancy. Ultrasonography monitoring in utero did not show any abnormality for both patient. They were born at full-term, healthy, without any birth defects and no sign of congenital ZIKV infection. INTERVENTIONS ZIKV was neither found on placenta fragments nor children blood and urine at birth. Their neurodevelopment outcomes in early-life fitted the expectations. As recommended in national guidelines, we performed cerebral MRIs at 2 months old, showing severe brain abnormalities, especially of white matter areas. After a large screening, we did not find any differential diagnosis for their brain lesions. OUTCOMES We concluded it was due to their in utero ZIKV exposure. LESSONS In this report, pathogenicity of ZIKV may involve mother's immunological response or metabolic disorder during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Felix
- Department of Pediatrics, Andrée Rosemon Hospital
| | - Edouard Hallet
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC INSERM 1424
| | - Anne Favre
- Department of Neonatal Pediatrics and Intensive Care, Andrée Rosemon Hospital, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Antoine Defo
- Department of Pediatrics, Andrée Rosemon Hospital
| | - Olivier Fléchelles
- Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MFME Hospital, Fort de France, Martinique
| | - Jean-Marc Rosenthal
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Pointe à Pitre Hospital, Pointe à Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Maylis Douine
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC INSERM 1424
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC INSERM 1424
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Snyder B, Goebel S, Koide F, Ptak R, Kalkeri R. Synergistic antiviral activity of Sofosbuvir and type-I interferons (α and β) against Zika virus. J Med Virol 2017; 90:8-12. [PMID: 28851097 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes Dengue-like illness, neurological symptoms such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome and microcephaly in children born to infected pregnant mothers. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared ZIKV infection as a Global Health Emergency. However, there are no known prophylactic or therapeutic measures against this virus. As a proof of concept toward combination therapeutic strategy against ZIKV, combinations of host-targeted (Interferon-α and Interferon-β) and direct acting (Sofosbuvir) antivirals were evaluated in a hepatic cell line (Huh7) using a Cytoprotection (CP) assay. The combination of these antivirals resulted in synergistic inhibition of ZIKV infection in the in vitro CP assay. Additional testing in a ZIKV yield assay demonstrated that combination treatment of these antivirals conferred >2-log reduction in the release of viral RNA. Measurement of ZIKV proteins in the cells infected with multiple ZIKV strains isolated from different geographical regions (Americas, Asia, and Africa) using an immunofluorescence assay confirmed the effective antiviral activity of this combination against ZIKV. These results demonstrate the in vitro proof of concept (POC) for using a combination approach utilizing the strengths of both virus and host-targeted antivirals. These results suggest the effectiveness of the combination strategy in combating ZIKV, in the in vitro systems. Further evaluation of such combination therapies in vivo might provide an impetus for the development of effective ZIKV therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Snyder
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Drug Development, Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Scott Goebel
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Drug Development, Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Fusataka Koide
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Drug Development, Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Roger Ptak
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Drug Development, Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Department of Infectious Diseases Research, Drug Development, Southern Research, Frederick, Maryland
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Abstract
Zika virus was considered an innocent pathogen while restricted to the African and Asian population; however, after reaching the Americas in March 2015, it became a global threat. Despite usually causing mild or no symptoms in infected adults, Zika virus displays a different behavior toward fetuses. When infected during gestation, fetuses have their immature neural cells killed by the virus and consequently have devastating findings at birth. In the past year the drastic effects of Zika virus infection in newborns include neurological, ophthalmological, audiological, and skeletal abnormalities. These findings represent a new entity called congenital Zika syndrome. We summarize the ocular findings of congenital Zika Syndrome, as well as the current understanding of the illness, systemic manifestations, laboratory investigation, differential diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment for this disorder.
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the latest global health concern. Transmission is mainly via Aedes mosquitoes and the infection can be diagnosed on molecular or serologic testings. It typically causes a mild self-remitting illness of low-grade fever, maculopapular rash, and myalgia, but when severe, it is associated with neurological deficits and congenital structural defects. Ocular manifestations are usually mild like nonpurulent conjunctivitis in adults, though it may be linked to uveitis, maculopathy, and hypertensive iridocyclitis. Ocular signs seem to be more significant in congenital ZIKV-macular pigment mottling, neuroretinal atrophy with macular involvement, iris coloboma, and changes in retinal vasculature are noted in infants with infected mothers. Risk factors include ZIKV infection in first trimester and smaller cephalic diameter at birth. Hence, ophthalmic examination in newborns is now recommended. Currently, prevention and active surveillance are integral as there is no known vaccine, and treatment is only symptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Agrawal
- a National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,b Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore.,c Department of Preclinical Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore
| | - Hnin Hnin Oo
- b Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Praveen Kumar Balne
- c Department of Preclinical Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore
| | - Lisa Ng
- d Singapore Immunology Network (SigN), A*STAR , Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- b Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore.,c Department of Preclinical Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute , Singapore.,e Department of Ocular Surface Inflammation, Singapore National Eye Centre , Singapore
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- f Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology (IIDE), Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore
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12
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[Ocular manifestations of Zika virus: What we do and do not know]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2017; 40:138-145. [PMID: 28189347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) disease outbreak, which was declared by the end of 2015 in Brazil, has become the largest one to date. Being reported in the Americas and in certain islands of the Pacific, it has the potential to spread worldwide. Although ZIKV infections are mostly self-limiting and/or asymptomatic in the healthy adult, they are responsible for devastating congenital neurologic malformations ZIKV (mainly microcephaly) when contracted during the first months of pregnancy. Ocular manifestations during the acute adult infection include conjunctivitis and more rarely ocular inflammation. Congenital infection is associated with chorioretinal atrophy pigment mottling of the retina retinal vasculature abnormalities and optic nerve atrophy. Therefore, complete ophthalmological evaluation is recommended for suspected congenital infections.
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