Hepatic arterial iodine-131-labeled metuximab injection combined with chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: interim safety and survival data from 110 patients

Novel antigens for targeted radioimmunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma

Liver cancer is the sixth common cancer and forth cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Based on usually advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the time of diagnosis, therapeutic options are limited and, in many cases, not effective, and typically result in the tumor recurrence with a poor prognosis. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) offers a selective internal radiation therapy approach using beta or alpha emitting radionuclides conjugated with tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), or specific selective peptides. When compared to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, radiolabeled mAbs against cancer-associated antigens could provide a high therapeutic and exclusive radiation dose for cancerous cells while decreasing the exposure-induced side effects to healthy tissues. The recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, such as blockade of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has changed the landscape of cancer therapy, and the efficacy of different classes of immunotherapy has been tested in many clinical trials. Taking into account the use of ICIs in the liver tumor microenvironment, combined therapies with different approaches may enhance the outcome in the future clinical studies. With the development of novel immunotherapy treatment options in the recent years, there has been a great deal of information about combining the diverse treatment modalities to boost the effectiveness of immunomodulatory drugs. In this opinion review, we will discuss the recent advancements in RIT. The current status of immunotherapy and internal radiotherapy will be updated, and we will propose novel approaches for the combination of both techniques. Potential target antigens for radioimmunotherapy in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC radioimmunotherapy target antigens are the most specific and commonly accessible antigens on the surface of HCC cells. CTLA-4 ligand and receptor, TAMs, PD-1/PD-L, TIM-3, specific IEXs/TEXs, ROBO1, and cluster of differentiation antigens CD105, CD147 could all be used in HCC radioimmunotherapy. Abbreviations: TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4; PD-1, Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L, programmed death-ligand1; TIM-3, T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and mucin-domain containing protein-3; IEXs, immune cell-derived exosomes; TEXs, tumor-derived exosomes.

Recent Advances in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment with Radionuclides

As the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by late detection, difficult diagnosis and treatment, rapid progression, and poor prognosis. Current treatments for liver cancer include surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, liver transplantation, chemotherapy, external radiation therapy, and internal radionuclide therapy. Radionuclide therapy is the use of high-energy radiation emitted by radionuclides to eradicate tumor cells, thus achieving the therapeutic effect. Recently, with the continuous development of biomedical technology, the application of radionuclides in treatment of HCC has progressed steadily. This review focuses on three types of radionuclide-based treatment regimens, including transarterial radioembolization (TARE), radioactive seed implantation, and radioimmunotherapy. Their research progress and clinical applications are summarized. The advantages, limitations, and clinical potential of radionuclide treatment of HCC are discussed.

CD147 a direct target of miR-146a supports energy metabolism and promotes tumor growth in ALK+ ALCL

We recently reported that miR-146a is differentially expressed in ALK+ and ALK− anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). In this study, the downstream targets of miR-146a in ALK+ ALCL were investigated by transcriptome analysis, identifying CD147 as potential target gene. Because CD147 is differentially expressed in ALK+ ALCL versus ALK− ALCL and normal T cells, this gene emerged as a strong candidate for the pathogenesis of this tumor. Here we demonstrate that CD147 is a direct target of miR-146 and contributes to the survival and proliferation of ALK+ ALCL cells in vitro and to the engraftment and tumor growth in vivo in an ALK+ ALCL-xenotransplant mouse model. CD147 knockdown in ALK+ ALCL cells resulted in loss of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression, reduced glucose consumption and tumor growth retardation, as demonstrated by [¹⁸F]FDG-PET/MRI analysis. Investigation of metabolism in vitro and in vivo supported these findings, revealing reduced aerobic glycolysis and increased basal respiration in CD147 knockdown. In conclusion, our findings indicate that CD147 is of vital importance for ALK+ ALCL to maintain the high energy demand of rapid cell proliferation, promoting lactate export, and tumor growth. Furthermore, CD147 has the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic target in ALK+ ALCL, and warrants further investigation.

Radiolabeled Antibodies for Cancer Imaging and Therapy

Simple Summary

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have the ability to specifically target tumor-cell antigens. This unique property has led to their use in the delivery of radioisotopes to tumor sites (scintigraphic imaging and radioimmunotherapy (RIT)). The choice of the radionuclide depends on its unique physical properties and intended use. Using radiolabeled mAbs with imaging techniques provides critical data that are essential for predicting side effects and determining an optimal antibody dose and treatment schedule. While RIT has been successful in the management of hematological malignancies, the treatment of solid tumors remains challenging. Various strategies are being investigated to improve the efficacy of RIT in solid tumors.

Abstract

Radioimmunoconjugates consist of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) linked to a radionuclide. Radioimmunoconjugates as theranostics tools have been in development with success, particularly in hematological malignancies, leading to approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) allows for reduced toxicity compared to conventional radiation therapy and enhances the efficacy of mAbs. In addition, using radiolabeled mAbs with imaging methods provides critical information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents with direct relevance to the optimization of the dose and dosing schedule, real-time antigen quantitation, antigen heterogeneity, and dynamic antigen changes. All of these parameters are critical in predicting treatment responses and identifying patients who are most likely to benefit from treatment. Historically, RITs have been less effective in solid tumors; however, several strategies are being investigated to improve their therapeutic index, including targeting patients with minimal disease burden; using pre-targeting strategies, newer radionuclides, and improved labeling techniques; and using combined modalities and locoregional application. This review provides an overview of the radiolabeled intact antibodies currently in clinical use and those in development.

Radioimmunotherapy in Oncology: Overview of the Last Decade Clinical Trials

Simple Summary

Monoclonal antibody-bearing radionuclides have been under clinical investigation over the last two decades for their use in theranostic (diagnostic and therapeutic) applications in cancer. However, despite the numerous trials that have been conducted, only two radioimmunotherapies (RIT) have been approved by the FDA for the targeted therapy of hematologic tumors expressing CD20 antigens. Moreover, RIT applications for solid cancers faced major issues—such as radiotoxicity due to low antibodies penetrance requiring substantial curative dose—where new discoveries concerning antibody engineering or radionuclides are trying to overcome. Here, we performed an overview of the last 11-year clinical trials involving RIT for solid and non-solid cancers conducted either with full antibodies or antibody fragments. We discussed the low-to-moderate efficiency of RIT compared to conventional therapies and described the last advances in clinic for antibodies carriers (F(ab′)₂, Fab′, ScFv). Finally, we discussed about the complexity of RIT as a therapy and depicted both the issues and the prospects of such a strategy.

Abstract

The specific irradiation of tumors with selective radiolabeled antibodies constitutes an attractive therapeutic approach. Consequent preclinical research has been conducted by both biologists to identify pertinent targets and to select corresponding antibodies (mAb) and by radiochemists to radiolabel mAbs. These numerous preclinical investigations have ascertained the therapeutic interest of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) protocols in mice models. Here, we summarize the clinical studies that have been performed the last decade, including clinical trials (phases I, II, and III), prospective and retrospective studies, and cases series. We thereby reported 92 clinical studies. Among them, 62 concern the treatment of hematological malignancies, and 30 concern solid tumors. For hematologic diseases, the analysis was complex due to the high discrepancy of therapeutic strategies (first-line therapy, consolidation, stem cell transplantation conditioning) as well as the high variety of malignancies that were treated. The clinical studies from the last decade failed to expand anti-CD20 RIT indications but confirmed that RIT using radiolabeled anti-CD20 remains a pertinent choice for patients with relapse follicular lymphomas. For solid tumors, the positive benefit of RIT is more mitigated, apart for few malignancies that can be treated locally. Clinical trials also demonstrated the potential of some antibody formats, such as F(ab′)₂, which has already been approved by the China State FDA under the trend name Licartin®. Despite disparate results, mAb fragments are an interesting prospect for the improvement of RIT efficiency as well as for pretargeted strategies that delay the injection of radioactive treatments from the mAb ones.

A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of iodine [131I] metuximab infusion combined with TACE for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

To compare the efficacy and safety of combination iodine [¹³¹I] metuximab infusion and transcathether arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with those of TACE-alone for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wan Fang Data, and Chinese knowledge resource integrated databases were used for the literature search regarding controlled clinical trials comparing combination TACE and iodine [¹³¹I] metuximab infusion with TACE-alone for HCC treatment before February 1, 2016. The Jadad system evaluation method for research quality and RevMan 5.0 software were used for the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

In total, 1302 patients from 10 studies were included. The meta-analysis showed that the combination TACE and iodine [¹³¹I] metuximab infusion treatment for HCC was more effective than TACE alone, including 6-month survival (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41-2.98, P = 0.0002), 1-year survival (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.41-2.55, P < 0.00001), and the total response rate (OR = 2.91, 95% CI: 2.08-4.07, P < 0.00001). Nine studies reported adverse reactions, mainly comprising poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. Fever, chills, and bone marrow suppression were more common in the combined treatment group, but abnormal liver function was not different between the two treatment groups. There was no report on serious complications or death directly related to either treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with TACE alone, the combination of TACE with iodine [¹³¹I] metuximab infusion for treating unresectable HCC may improve local efficacy and overall survival in these types of patients.

Basolateral CD147 induces hepatocyte polarity loss by E-cadherin ubiquitination and degradation in hepatocellular carcinoma progress

Hepatocytes are epithelial cells with highly specialized polarity. The disorder and loss of hepatocyte polarity leads to a weakness of cell adhesion and connection, the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and eventually the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), a tumor-related glycoprotein, promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the invasion of HCC. However, the function of CD147 in hepatocyte depolarization is unknown. Here we identified that CD147 was basolaterally polarized in hepatocyte membrane of liver tissues and HepG2 cells. CD147 not only promoted transforming growth factor-β1-mediated hepatocyte polarity loss but also directly induced endocytosis and down-regulation of E-cadherin which contributed to hepatocyte depolarization. Overexpression of CD147 induced Src activation and subsequently recruited ubiquitin ligase Hakai for E-cadherin ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation, leading to decreases of partitioning defective 3 expression and β-catenin nuclear translocation. This signal transduction was initiated by competitive binding of CD147 with integrin β1 that interrupted the interaction between the Arg-Gly-Asp motif of fibronectin and integrin β1. The specific antibodies targeting integrin α5 and β1 reversed the decrease of E-cadherin and partitioning defective 3 levels induced by CD147 overexpression. In human liver tissues, CD147 polarity rates significantly declined from liver cirrhosis (71.4%) to HCC (10.4%). CD147-polarized localization negatively correlated with Child-Pugh scores in human liver cirrhosis (r = -0.6092, P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with differentiation grades in HCC (r = 0.2060, P = 0.004). HCC patients with CD147-polarized localization had significantly better overall survival than patients with CD147 nonpolarity (P = 0.021).

CONCLUSION

The ectopic CD147-polarized distribution on basolateral membrane promotes hepatocyte depolarization by activation of the CD147-integrin α5β1-E-cadherin ubiquitination-partitioning defective 3 decrease and β-catenin translocation signaling cascade, replenishing a molecular pathway in hepatic carcinogenesis. (Hepatology 2018;68:317-332).

I131 reinforces antitumor activity of metuximab by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition via VEGFR-2 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma

CD147 is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated with the invasion and metastasis of HCC. The efficacy of I¹³¹ -metuximab (I¹³¹ -mab), a newly developed agent that targets CD147, as a radio-immunotherapy for local HCC, has been validated in clinical practice. However, the synergistic anticancer activity and molecular mechanism of different conjugated components within I¹³¹ -mab remain unclear. In this study, the cytological experiments proved that I¹³¹ -mab inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HCC cells. Mechanically, this inhibition effect was mainly mediated by the antibody component part of I¹³¹ -mab, which could reverse the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of HCC cells partially by suppressing the phosphorylation of VEGFR-2. The inhibitory effect of I¹³¹ on HCC cell proliferation and invasion is limited, whereas, when combined with metuximab, I¹³¹ significantly enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to CD147-mab and consequently reinforced the anticancer effects of CD147-mab, suggesting that the two components of I¹³¹ -mab exerted synergistic anti-HCC capability. Furthermore, the experiments using SMMC-7721 human HCC xenografts in athymic nude mice showed that I¹³¹ -mab and CD147-mab significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors and that I¹³¹ -mab was more effective than CD147-mab. In conclusion, our results elucidated the mechanism underlying the anti-HCC effects of I¹³¹ -mab and provided a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of I¹³¹ -mab.

Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Plus 131I-Labelled Metuximab versus Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Alone in Intermediate/Advanced Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective

The aim of the study was to compare transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) plus ¹³¹I-labelled metuximab with TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database with published date from the earliest to February 29th, 2016. No language restrictions were applied, but only prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or non-RCTs were eligible for a full-text review. The primary outcome was the overall survival (OS) and effective rate (the rate of partial atrophy or complete clearance of the tumor lesion). The odds ratios (ORs) were combined using either the fixed-effects model or random-effects model.

Results

Eight trials (3 RCTs and 5 non-RCTs) were included, involving a total of 1121 patients. Patients receiving combined therapy of TACE plus ¹³¹I-labelled metuximab showed significant improvement in effective rate {OR = 4.00, (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.40–6.66), p < 0.001}, 1-year OS (OR = 2.03 [95% CI: 1.55–2.67], p < 0.001) and 2-year OS (OR = 2.57 [95% CI: 1.41–4.66], p = 0.002].

Conclusion

TACE plus ¹³¹I-labelled metuximab is more beneficial for treating advanced HCCs than TACE alone in terms of tumor response and OS. Large, multi-center, and blinded randomized trials are required to confirm these findings.

Molecular pathogenesis and molecular targeted agents for primary liver cancer

The treatment of primary liver cancer (PLC) is still challenging in China nowadays, and it fundamentally depends on the systematic knowledge of hepatocarcinogenesis. In recent years, the gradual clarification of the molecular pathogenesis of PLC has brought new opportunities and challenges to its treatment. Molecular targeted agents, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, have appeared and developed rapidly since the mechanisms were elucidated. These agents have gradually became a preferred choice of treatment of PLC and represents the future trend. In this paper, we will review the molecular pathogenesis of PLC and the targeted agents.

A chimeric antibody targeting CD147 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell motility via FAK-PI3K-Akt-Girdin signaling pathway

CD147 is expressed at low levels in normal tissues but frequently highly expressed in a wide range of tumor types such as lung, breast, and liver and therefore it is a potentially unique therapeutic target for these diverse tumor types. We previously generated a murine antibody HAb18 which suppresses matrix met al.loproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion, attenuates cell invasion by blocking the CD147 molecule in tumor cells. Here, we generated a chimeric antibody containing the variable heavy and variable light chains of murine HAb18 and the constant regions of human IgG1γ1 and human κ chain as a potential therapeutic agent (designated cHAb18). Quantitative measurement of cHAb18 antibody affinity for antigen CD147 with surface plasmon resonance showed the equilibrium dissociation constant KD was 2.66 × 10(-10) mol/L, similar to that of KD 2.73 × 10(-10) mol/L for murine HAb18. cHAb18 induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, SMMC-7721 and Huh-7 cells. It inhibited cancer invasion and migration in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by specifically blocking CD147. Except for the depression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressions, cHAb18 antibody suppressed cell motility by rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton, which was probably induced by decreasing the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), Akt, and Girdin in the integrin signaling pathway. In an orthotopic model of hepatocellular carcinoma in BALB/c nude mice, cHAb18 treatment effectively reduced the tumor metastasis in liver and prolonged the survival. These findings reveal new therapeutic potential for cHAb18 antibody targeting CD147 on tumor therapy.

The safety and treatment response of combination therapy of radioimmunotherapy and radiofrequency ablation for solid tumor: a study in vivo

OBJECTION

To investigate the safety and treatment response of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) in combination with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of VX2 tumor on rabbit.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 36 rabbits bearing VX2 tumor on the thigh were randomly assigned into 3 groups (group I: 1-2 cm; group II: 2-3 cm; group III: 3-4 cm) and 4 subgroups (A: as control, just puncture the tumor using the RFA electrode without power output; B: RFA alone; C: 131I-chTNT intratumoral injection alone; D: RFA+131I-chTNT intratumoral injection 3 days later). The variation of blood assay, weight and survival among different groups and subgroups were used to assess the treatment safety. Ultrasound (US) was used to monitor and assess the tumor response after treatment.

RESULTS

According to the results of the weight and the blood assay among different groups, subgroups, and at two time points (one day before and the 16th day after treatment), no damages to the liver, kidney function and myelosuppression resulting from the treatment were found. No significant differences in survivals among the four subgroups (p = 0.087) were found. In addition, 131I-chTNT did not show significant inhibition effect on VX2 tumor progression according to US measurements.

CONCLUSION

131I-chTNT intratumoral injection alone or in combination with RFA is relatively safe for rabbit without significant toxicity and shows no significant effect on the survival. The treatment response is not as satisfactory as anticipated.

Genetic variants in the EPCAM gene is associated with the prognosis of transarterial chemoembolization treated hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus

The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) is involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of many malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of EPCAM have been reported to be with the risk and prognosis of several malignancies. However, the association of SNPs in EPCAM gene with the prognosis of HCC patients has never been investigated. In this study, two functional SNPs (rs1126497 and rs1421) in the EPCAM gene were selected and genotyped in a cohort of 448 unresectable Chinese HCC patients treated by TACE. The association of the two SNPs with the overall survival (OS) of patients was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curve. Our data showed that there was no significant association between either SNP and OS of patients. However, in the stratified analysis, the variant-containing genotypes (WV+VV) of SNP rs1126497 exhibited a significant association with poorer OS in HCC patients who had portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) in multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazard model (hazard ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.16–2.53, P = 0.007), and in Kaplan-Meier curve analysis (P = 0.023), comparing to those carrying wild-type genotype. Our results suggest that SNP rs1126497 in the EPCAM gene may serve as an independent prognosis biomarker for unresectable HCC patient with PVTT, which warranted further validating investigation.

131I-labeled metuximab combined with chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of combined ¹³¹I-metuximab and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five patients (159 men and 26 women) with advanced HCC were enrolled in this study from February 2009 to July 2011. There were 95 patients in the combined metuximab and TACE group, and 90 patients in the TACE only group. The patients were followed for 12 mo. Clinical symptoms, blood cell counts, Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) evaluation and therapeutic effects according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were recorded and evaluated.

RESULTS: The 1-mo effective rates (complete response + partial response + stable disease) of the test group and control group were 71.23% and 38.89%, respectively (P < 0.001). The 6-, 9- and 12-mo survival rates were 86.42%, 74.07% and 60.49% for the test group and 60.0%, 42.22% and 34.44% for the control group (P < 0.001). The incidence of adverse events (gastrointestinal symptoms, fever and pain) and blood cell toxicity were significantly higher for the test group than for the control group (P < 0.001). No severe ¹³¹I-metuximab-related complications were identified. With respect to efficacy, patients in the test group had greater improvement in tumor-related pain (P = 0.014) and increase in KPS (P < 0.001) than those in the control group.

CONCLUSION: Combination of ¹³¹I-metuximab and TACE prolonged the survival time in patients with HCC compared with TACE alone. The combination treatment was safe and effective.

Safety and efficacy of a peripheral intravenous bolus of Licartin for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

The aim of the present study was to examine the safety and efficacy of a peripheral intravenous bolus of Licartin for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to explore the clinical value of this treatment. Clinical data from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital (Tianjin, China) were analyzed. Thirty-three patients (38 cases) with advanced HCC received an intravenous bolus of Licartin. The patients underwent routine blood examinations and liver, kidney and thyroid function tests 1 week prior to treatment and 1 and 3 months after treatment, and a long-term follow-up was performed. These data were collected before and after treatment was statistically analyzed and compared with that of previous studies regarding the safety of Licartin combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for the treatment of HCC. During treatment, adverse reactions, including non-infectious fever, pain in the liver area, nausea and vomiting, occurred in a minority of patients. The adverse reactions were endured in the majority of cases and the symptoms were spontaneously relieved. Following treatment, 15 patients (39.47% of cases) demonstrated drug-related adverse reactions, including decreased white blood cell counts, platelet counts, hemoglobin levels and neutrophil counts, and increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum direct bilirubin, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, from high to low incidence. Electrocardiograms indicated no significant differences in thyroid function between patients before and after treatment, and showed stable vital signs. This study demonstrated that peripheral intravenous bolus administration of Licartin for radioimmunotherapy is safe and effective, is tolerated by the patient and may potentially become a routine treatment for HCC.

Radiofrequency ablation before intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT improves the tumor-to-normal tissue ratio in solid VX2 tumor

PURPOSE

This study was aimed to investigate whether the tumor necrosis induced by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can improve the ratio of tumor-to-normal tissue (T/NT) after intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Eighteen New Zealand rabbits bearing VX2 tumor on the thigh were randomly divided into two treatment groups (control group: intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT alone; RFA group: RFA + intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT 3 days after RFA) and each group was further divided into three subgroups I, II, and III (1-2 cm, 2-3 cm, and 3-4 cm in maximum diameter, respectively), by the tumor size. SPECT was performed to evaluate the T/NT on days 1, 8, and 15 after (131)I-chTNT injection.

RESULTS

After treatment, all rabbits underwent the SPECT whole-body scan and the T/NT was analyzed. The results showed that T/NT in the RFA group (55.45±41.83) was significantly higher compared with the control group (7.23±5.61) (F=18.89, p=0.001). Meanwhile, a linear ascending trend was found for T/NT in the RFA group along with the follow-up time (r=0.47, p=0.01). The tumor size or the dose of (131)I-TNT injection had no significant effect on the variation of T/NT in both groups (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

RFA before intratumoral injection of (131)I-chTNT can dramatically improve T/NT, demonstrating the potential application of this combination therapy.

An oncolytic adenovirus regulated by a radiation-inducible promoter selectively mediates hSulf-1 gene expression and mutually reinforces antitumor activity of I131-metuximab in hepatocellular carcinoma

Gene therapy and antibody approaches are crucial auxiliary strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Previously, we established a survivin promoter-regulated oncolytic adenovirus that has inhibitory effect on HCC growth. The human sulfatase-1 (hSulf-1) gene can suppress the growth factor signaling pathways, then inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and enhance cellular sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. I(131)-metuximab (I(131)-mab) is a monoclonal anti-HCC antibody that conjugated to I(131) and specifically recognizes the HAb18G/CD147 antigen on HCC cells. To integrate the oncolytic adenovirus-based gene therapy and the I(131)-mab-based radioimmunotherapy, this study combined the CArG element of early growth response-l (Egr-l) gene with the survivin promoter to construct a radiation-inducible enhanced promoter, which was used to recombine a radiation-inducible oncolytic adenovirus as hSulf-1 gene vector. When I(131)-mab was incorporated into the treatment regimen, not only could the antibody produce radioimmunotherapeutic effect, but the I(131) radiation was able to further boost adenoviral proliferation. We demonstrated that the CArG-enhanced survivin promoter markedly improved the proliferative activity of the oncolytic adenovirus in HCC cells, thereby augmenting hSulf-1 expression and inducing cancer cell apoptosis. This novel strategy that involved multiple, synergistic mechanisms, including oncolytic therapy, gene therapy and radioimmunotherapy, was demonstrated to exert an excellent anti-cancer outcome, which will be a promising approach in HCC treatment.

CD147/EMMPRIN: an effective therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by high resistance to conventional systemic therapies, rapid progression, easy metastasis and frequent recurrence. There is therefore an urgent requirement to develop novel systemic agents which specifically target hepatoma-associated antigen in the tumors of HCC patients. CD147, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is highly expressed by HCC cells and is strongly associated with HCC progression and prognosis. CD147 in HCC cells modulates HCC growth, promotes invasion and metastasis by stimulating adjacent fibroblasts and HCC cells to produce elevated levels of several extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the HCC microenvironment. It is also involved in HCC angiogenesis and multidrug resistance (MDR). Clinical progress has been made in HCC treatment using CD147-directed monoclonal antibodies. Here, we give an overview of the literature regarding the molecular features and expression of CD147 in human HCC tissues. We specifically focus on the role of CD147 in HCC invasion and metastasis, as well as in angiogenesis and multidrug resistance. In addition, advances in therapeutic strategies targeting HCC CD147 are summarized.

Hepatic artery injection of ¹³¹I-labelled metuximab combined with chemoembolization for intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective nonrandomized study

PURPOSE

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth and seventh most common cause of cancer in men and women, respectively. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standardized therapy for the intermediate stage of HCC. However, the 3-year overall survival remains low (<30 %) in these patients. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of treatment modalities to improve the survival rate. This study aimed to evaluate whether the combination of (131)I-metuximab with chemoembolization could improve treatment efficiency.

METHODS

Between January 2009 and January 2010, a prospective two-arm nonrandomized study was performed in patients with intermediate HCC. Of 138 patients, 68 (combination therapy group) received 132 courses of intraarterial (131)I-metuximab injections combined with chemoembolization (mean 1.94 per patient, median 2, range 1-2), followed by 152 sessions of TACE (mean 2.24 per patient, median 2, range 0-4). The remaining 70 patients (monotherapy group) received 296 sessions of TACE (mean 4.23 per patient, median 4, range 1-7).

RESULTS

The overall median survival times for the combination therapy group and the group treated only with TACE were 26.7 months (95 % CI 20.7-31.3 months) and 20.6 months (95 % CI 15.3-24.7 months), respectively. The combination therapy group had a significantly higher survival rate than the TACE-only group (P = 0.038). Age ≥65 years, serum albumin ≤35 g/l, and treatment category (combination therapy or TACE only) were independent prognostic factors for survival according to multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

The combination of (131)I-metuximab and chemoembolization extended survival in patients with intermediate HCC compared with TACE only, and was well tolerated by patients with Child-Pugh class A or B disease. This combination seems to be a promising treatment modality for patients with intermediate HCC.

A novel anti-EMMPRIN function-blocking antibody reduces T cell proliferation and neurotoxicity: relevance to multiple sclerosis

Background

Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN; CD147, basigin) is an inducer of the expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We reported previously that blocking EMMPRIN activity reduced neuroinflammation and severity of disease in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Methods

To improve upon EMMPRIN blockade, and to help unravel the biological functions of EMMPRIN in inflammatory disorders, we have developed several anti-EMMPRIN monoclonal antibodies.

Results

Of these monoclonal antibodies, a particular one, clone 10, was efficient in binding mouse and human cells using several methods of detection. The specificity of clone 10 was demonstrated by its lack of staining of EMMPRIN-null embryos compared to heterozygous and wild-type mouse samples. Functionally, human T cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 elevated their expression of EMMPRIN and the treatment of these T cells with clone 10 resulted in decreased proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase- 9 (MMP-9) production. Activated human T cells were toxic to human neurons in culture and clone 10 pretreatment reduced T cell cytotoxicity correspondent with decrease of granzyme B levels within T cells. In vivo, EAE mice treated with clone 10 had a markedly reduced disease score compared to mice treated with IgM isotype control.

Conclusions

We have produced a novel anti-EMMPRIN monoclonal antibody that blocks several aspects of T cell activity, thus highlighting the multiple roles of EMMPRIN in T cell biology. Moreover, clone 10 reduces EAE scores in mice compared to controls, and has activity on human cells, potentially allowing for the testing of anti-EMMPRIN treatment not only in EAE, but conceivably also in MS.