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Hu B, Liu G, Zhao K, Zhang G. Diversity of extracellular HSP70 in cancer: advancing from a molecular biomarker to a novel therapeutic target. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1388999. [PMID: 38646439 PMCID: PMC11026673 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1388999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a highly conserved protein functioning as a "molecular chaperone", which is integral to protein folding and maturation. In addition to its high expression within cells upon stressful challenges, HSP70 can be translocated to the cell membrane or released from cells in free form or within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such trafficking of HSP70 is also present in cancer cells, as HSP70 is overexpressed in various types of patient samples across a range of common malignancies, signifying that extracellular HSP70 (eHSP70) can serve as a tumor biomarker. eHSP70 is involved in a broad range of cancer-related events, including cell proliferation and apoptosis, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and immune response. eHSP70 can also induce cancer cell resistance to various treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy. Though the role of eHSP70 in tumors is contradictory, characterized by both pro-tumor and anti-tumor effects, eHSP70 serves as a promising target in cancer treatment. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the current knowledge about the role of eHSP70 in cancer progression and treatment resistance and discussed the feasibility of eHSP70 as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guihong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kejia Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Western China Collaborative Innovation Center for Early Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Therapy of Lung Cancer, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kong P, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Feng K, Sang Y, Duan X, Liu C, Sun T, Tao Z, Liu W. Emerging Proteins in CRPC: Functional Roles and Clinical Implications. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873876. [PMID: 35756667 PMCID: PMC9226405 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in the western world, but the lack of specific and sensitive markers often leads to overtreatment of prostate cancer which eventually develops into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Novel protein markers for diagnosis and management of CRPC will be promising. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss the expression pattern of emerging proteins in tissue, cell lines, and serum when castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) progresses to CRPC; focus on the proteins involved in CRPC growth, invasion, metastasis, metabolism, and immune microenvironment; summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of emerging proteins in CSPC progressed to CRPC at the molecular level; and finally summarize the clinical applications of emerging proteins as diagnostic marker, prognostic marker, predictive marker, and therapeutic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangle Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Sang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Liu L, Li E, Luo L, Zhao S, Li F, Wang J, Luo J, Zhao Z. PSCA regulates IL-6 expression through p38/NF-κB signaling in prostate cancer. Prostate 2017; 77:1389-1400. [PMID: 28845520 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein. We previously reported that PSCA involved in proliferation and invasion of PCa cells, however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the regulating role of PSCA gene expression in interleukin-6 (IL-6) autocrine of PCa cells. METHODS The stable knockdown-PSCA and ectopically overexpressed-PSCA vector were constructed and transfected into human PCa DU145 and PC-3M cells. The effects of PSCA overexpression or knockdown were determined in proliferation, invasion, and metastasis assays. The effect of PSCA on the expression and secretion of IL-6 was evaluated by immunoblotting and ELISA. Subcellular localization and expression pattern of PSCA and IL-6 protein were examined by immunohistochemistry. Its clinical significance was statistically analyzed. RESULTS The results showed that stable knockdown of PSCA delayed proliferation, migration, and invasion while overexpressing PSCA enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and the lung metastasis in vivo of PCa cells. Importantly, the PSCA involved in the IL-6 secretion and positively regulated p38/NF-κB/IL-6 signaling, leading to enhanced PCa cell invasion and metastasis. Both the expression of PSCA and IL-6 were significantly associated with poor biochemical recurrence-free survival of patients with PCa. PSCA protein expression showed a prognostic value in overall survival as indicated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PSCA regulates the expression and secretion of IL-6 in human PCa cells through p38/NF-κB signaling pathways. PSCA may be a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for PSCA-positive PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhao Liu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ermao Li
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianmin Luo
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Futian Li
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jintai Luo
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of GuangZhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Romanucci M, Frattone L, Ciccarelli A, Bongiovanni L, Malatesta D, Benazzi C, Brachelente C, Della Salda L. Immunohistochemical expression of heat shock proteins, p63 and androgen receptor in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic carcinoma in the dog. Vet Comp Oncol 2014; 14:337-349. [PMID: 25059752 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared heat shock proteins Hsp60, Hsp72 and Hsp73, along with p63 and androgen receptor (AR) immunoexpression between 16 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 11 prostatic carcinomas (PCa) in dogs. The proportion of Hsp60-positive cells was higher in PCa compared with BPH (P = 0.033), whereas the frequency and intensity of Hsp73 immunostaining did not differ significantly between the two groups. Hsp72-immunostained nuclei formed a discontinuous layer along the basement membrane in BPH, whereas cells in this layer in PCa were negative or weakly positive. Hsp72 nuclear score showed significant positive associations with both p63 (P = 0.016) and AR (P = 0.009) scores. Double immunofluorescence revealed Hsp72-p63 and Hsp72-AR co-expressions in basal cell nuclei. Aberrant cytoplasmic p63 immunolabelling was observed in 3 of 11 PCa cases. These results suggest a role of the combined expression of Hsp72, p63 and AR in basal epithelial cells in canine BPH and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Romanucci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Frattone
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - A Ciccarelli
- Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Bongiovanni
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - D Malatesta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - C Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (Bologna), Italy
| | - C Brachelente
- Department of Biopathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Food Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - L Della Salda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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