1
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Mishra S, Paul R, Rani V, Ghosh DK, Jain BP. Cadmium toxicity on endoplasmic reticulum functioning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 15:107-117. [PMID: 39309612 PMCID: PMC11411147 DOI: 10.62347/ouds3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal pollutant widely distributed in the environment due to industrial activities, mining, and agricultural practices. Cadmium-induced Toxicity exerts profound effects on ER functioning through multiple mechanisms, leading to cellular dysfunction and pathological consequences. Cadmium disrupts protein folding and activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Cd exposure leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, triggering UPR pathways mediated by critical ER transmembrane sensors: IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. The subsequent UPR aims to restore ER homeostasis but can also induce apoptosis under severe stress conditions. Cd disrupts ER calcium homeostasis by inhibiting the SERCA pump, further exacerbating ER stress. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS also plays a critical role in Cd toxicity, damaging ER-resident proteins and amplifying UPR activation). Cadmium also affects the lipid metabolism. This review examines the mechanisms by which Cd toxicity impairs ER functioning, disruption of protein folding and quality control mechanisms, and dysregulation of calcium signaling and lipid metabolism. The subsequent cellular consequences, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, are discussed in the context of Cd-induced pathogenesis of diseases such as Cancer and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies must be explored to mitigate the adverse effects of Cd on ER functioning and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Mishra
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab., Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central UniversityMotihari, Bihar 845401, India
| | - Ramakrushna Paul
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab., Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central UniversityMotihari, Bihar 845401, India
| | - Vibha Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information TechnologyNoida, UP 201309, India
| | - Debasish Kumar Ghosh
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Buddhi Prakash Jain
- Gene Expression and Signaling Lab., Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi Central UniversityMotihari, Bihar 845401, India
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2
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Wan S, Li KP, Wang CY, Yang JW, Chen SY, Wang HB, Li XR, Yang L. Immunologic Crosstalk of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Signaling in Bladder Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:701-719. [PMID: 38265406 DOI: 10.2174/0115680096272663231121100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system. While current approaches involving adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy have shown significant progress in BC treatment, challenges, such as recurrence and drug resistance, persist, especially in the case of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). It is mainly due to the lack of pre-existing immune response cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. Micro-environmental changes (such as hypoxia and under-nutrition) can cause the aggregation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the lumen, which induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress and its downstream signaling pathways are closely related to immunogenicity and tumor drug resistance. ER stress plays a pivotal role in a spectrum of processes within immune cells and the progression of BC cells, encompassing cell proliferation, autophagy, apoptosis, and resistance to therapies. Recent studies have increasingly recognized the potential of natural compounds to exhibit anti-BC properties through ER stress induction. Still, the efficacy of these natural compounds remains less than that of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Currently, the ER stress-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD) pathway is more encouraging, which can enhance ICI responses by mediating immune stemness. This article provides an overview of the recent developments in understanding how ER stress influences tumor immunity and its implications for BC. Targeting this pathway may soon emerge as a compelling therapeutic strategy for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wan
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Kun-Peng Li
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Chen-Yang Wang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou730000, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Yang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Si-Yu Chen
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hua-Bin Wang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ran Li
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Urology, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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3
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Batie M, Fasanya T, Kenneth NS, Rocha S. Oxygen-regulated post-translation modifications as master signalling pathway in cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57849. [PMID: 37877678 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is essential for viability in mammalian organisms. However, cells are often exposed to changes in oxygen availability, due to either increased demand or reduced oxygen supply, herein called hypoxia. To be able to survive and/or adapt to hypoxia, cells activate a variety of signalling cascades resulting in changes to chromatin, gene expression, metabolism and viability. Cellular signalling is often mediated via post-translational modifications (PTMs), and this is no different in response to hypoxia. Many enzymes require oxygen for their activity and oxygen can directly influence several PTMS. Here, we review the direct impact of changes in oxygen availability on PTMs such as proline, asparagine, histidine and lysine hydroxylation, lysine and arginine methylation and cysteine dioxygenation, with a focus on mammalian systems. In addition, indirect hypoxia-dependent effects on phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation will also be discussed. Direct and indirect oxygen-regulated changes to PTMs are coordinated to achieve the cell's ultimate response to hypoxia. However, specific oxygen sensitivity and the functional relevance of some of the identified PTMs still require significant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Batie
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Temitope Fasanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Niall S Kenneth
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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4
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Chen R, Niu L, Wu L, He Y, Liu G, Hong K. Identification of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated gene signature to predict the immune status and prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30280. [PMID: 36086718 PMCID: PMC10980369 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides protecting normal cells from various internal and external perturbations, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is also directly related to the pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma (CM). However, due to the lack of specific molecular biomarkers, ER stress has not been considered a novel treatment target for CM. Here, we identified ER stress-related genes involved in the prognosis of CM patients and constructed an effective model for the prognostic prediction of these patients. First, gene expression data of CM and normal skin tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were retrieved to identify differentially expressed ER stress-related genes in CM. Meanwhile, an independent cohort obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used for validation. The ER stress genes (ZBP1, DIABLO, GNLY, FASLG, AURKA, TNFRSF21, and CD40LG) that were associated with CM prognosis were incorporated into our prognostic model. The functional analyses indicated that the prognostic model was correlated with patient survival, gender, and cancer growth. Multivariate and univariate Cox regressions revealed that the constructed model could serve as an independent prognostic factor for CM patients. The pathway enrichment analysis showed that the risk model was enriched in different immunity and cancer progression-associated pathways. Moreover, the signature model was significantly connected with the immune subtypes, infiltration of immune cells, immune microenvironment, as well as tumor stem cells. The gene function analysis revealed that 7 ER stress genes were differentially expressed in CM patients and were significantly associated with prognosis and several antitumor drugs. Overall, our current model presented predictive value for the prognosis of CM patients and can be further used in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Hand Plastic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linjun Niu
- Department of Oncology, Huaibei People’s Hospital, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Hand Plastic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youwu He
- Department of Hand Plastic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Hand Plastic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangjie Hong
- Department of Neurology, Chun’an First People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Casas BS, Arancibia-Altamirano D, Acevedo-La Rosa F, Garrido-Jara D, Maksaev V, Pérez-Monje D, Palma V. It takes two to tango: Widening our understanding of the onset of schizophrenia from a neuro-angiogenic perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946706. [PMID: 36092733 PMCID: PMC9448889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating mental disorder characterized by perturbations in thinking, perception, and behavior, along with brain connectivity deficiencies, neurotransmitter dysfunctions, and loss of gray brain matter. To date, schizophrenia has no cure and pharmacological treatments are only partially efficacious, with about 30% of patients describing little to no improvement after treatment. As in most neurological disorders, the main descriptions of schizophrenia physiopathology have been focused on neural network deficiencies. However, to sustain proper neural activity in the brain, another, no less important network is operating: the vast, complex and fascinating vascular network. Increasing research has characterized schizophrenia as a systemic disease where vascular involvement is important. Several neuro-angiogenic pathway disturbances have been related to schizophrenia. Alterations, ranging from genetic polymorphisms, mRNA, and protein alterations to microRNA and abnormal metabolite processing, have been evaluated in plasma, post-mortem brain, animal models, and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) models. During embryonic brain development, the coordinated formation of blood vessels parallels neuro/gliogenesis and results in the structuration of the neurovascular niche, which brings together physical and molecular signals from both systems conforming to the Blood-Brain barrier. In this review, we offer an upfront perspective on distinctive angiogenic and neurogenic signaling pathways that might be involved in the biological causality of schizophrenia. We analyze the role of pivotal angiogenic-related pathways such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and HIF signaling related to hypoxia and oxidative stress events; classic developmental pathways such as the NOTCH pathway, metabolic pathways such as the mTOR/AKT cascade; emerging neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative processes such as UPR, and also discuss non-canonic angiogenic/axonal guidance factor signaling. Considering that all of the mentioned above pathways converge at the Blood-Brain barrier, reported neurovascular alterations could have deleterious repercussions on overall brain functioning in schizophrenia.
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6
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Yan X, Chen M, Xiao C, Fu J, Sun X, Hu Z, Zhou H. Effect of unfolded protein response on the immune infiltration and prognosis of transitional cell bladder cancer. Ann Med 2021; 53:1048-1058. [PMID: 34187252 PMCID: PMC8253203 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1918346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. Previous researches have shown that the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway could contribute to the tumorigenesis of BC. However, the role of UPR in the immune infiltration, progression, and prognosis of BC is unclear.Methods: The GSVA and ssGSEA methods were used for assessing the UPR score and immune cells infiltration score in three BC public datasets, respectively. The relationship between the UPR pathway and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcox test, and log-rank test. The association of the UPR pathway with various tumor-infiltrating immune cells was evaluated with the correlation analysis. Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors significantly associated with prognosis. The predictive models were built based on risk factors and visualized with nomograms. The performance of our models was evaluated with the calibration curve, Harrell's concordance index (c-index), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Results: We found that the UPR pathway and many UPR-related genes were significantly associated with the pathologic grade, tumor type, and invasive progression of transitional cell bladder cancer (TCBC), and a high UPR score predicted a poor prognosis in patients. The UPR score was positively correlated with the infiltration abundance of many tumor immune cells in TCBC. Besides, we constructed predictive models based on the UPR score, and good performance was observed, with c-indexes ranging from 0.74 to 0.87.Conclusions: Our study proved that the UPR pathway may have an important impact on the progression, prognosis, and tumor immune infiltration in TCBC, and the models we built may provide effective and reliable guides for prognosis assessment and treatment decision-making for TCBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Yan
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Chiying Xiao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiandong Fu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zuohuai Hu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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7
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Gámez-García A, Bolinaga-Ayala I, Yoldi G, Espinosa-Gil S, Diéguez-Martínez N, Megías-Roda E, Muñoz-Guardiola P, Lizcano JM. ERK5 Inhibition Induces Autophagy-Mediated Cancer Cell Death by Activating ER Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:742049. [PMID: 34805151 PMCID: PMC8600073 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.742049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular process that preserves cellular homeostasis by mediating the lysosomal degradation of virtually any component of the cytoplasm. Autophagy is a key instrument of cellular response to several stresses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Cancer cells have developed high dependency on autophagy to overcome the hostile tumor microenvironment. Thus, pharmacological activation or inhibition of autophagy is emerging as a novel antitumor strategy. ERK5 is a novel member of the MAP kinase family that is activated in response to growth factors and different forms of stress. Recent work has pointed ERK5 as a major player controlling cancer cell proliferation and survival. Therefore small-molecule inhibitors of ERK5 have shown promising therapeutic potential in different cancer models. Here, we report for the first time ERK5 as a negative regulator of autophagy. Thus, ERK5 inhibition or silencing induced autophagy in a panel of human cancer cell lines with different mutation patterns. As reported previously, ERK5 inhibitors (ERK5i) induced apoptotic cancer cell death. Importantly, we found that autophagy mediates the cytotoxic effect of ERK5i, since ATG5ˉ/ˉ autophagy-deficient cells viability was not affected by these compounds. Mechanistically, ERK5i stimulated autophagic flux independently of the canonical regulators AMPK or mTORC1. Moreover, ERK5 inhibition resulted in ER stress and activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways. Specifically, ERK5i induced expression of the ER luminal chaperone BiP (a hallmark of ER stress), the UPR markers CHOP and ATF4, and the spliced form of XBP1. Pharmacological inhibition of UPR with chemical chaperone TUDC, or ATF4 silencing, resulted in impaired ERK5i-mediated UPR, autophagy and cytotoxicity. Overall, our results suggest that ERK5 inhibition induces autophagy-mediated cancer cell death by activating ER stress. Since ERK5 inhibition sensitizes cancer cells and tumors to chemotherapy, future work will determine the relevance of UPR and autophagy in the combined use of chemotherapy and ERK5i to tackle Cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Gámez-García
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bolinaga-Ayala
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Yoldi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Espinosa-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nora Diéguez-Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Megías-Roda
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Muñoz-Guardiola
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose M Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Protein Kinases in Cancer Research, Vall Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Fan Y, Liang X, Yu D. Low expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene SERP1 is associated with poor prognosis and immune infiltration in skin cutaneous melanoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23036-23071. [PMID: 34613934 PMCID: PMC8544316 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1) is a gene induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a major contributor to multiple tumor types. Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a highly aggressive and fatal cancer with poor treatment outcomes after progression. In this study, we evaluated SERP1's role in tumorigenesis, prognosis, and immune infiltration in SKCM. Patients with SKCM had low SERP1 expression. We identified differentially expressed genes between high- and low-SERP1 expression groups and conducted functional, pathway, and gene enrichment analyses. Protein-protein (PPI) and gene-gene interaction (GGI) networks were constructed via STRING and GeneMANIA, respectively. SERP1 mutation information was obtained through cBioPortal; location in the skin was identified through the Human Protein Atlas. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an association between low SERP1 expression and overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progress-free interval (PFI) rates, and worse prognosis in patients with multiple clinicopathological features. Cox regression analysis and nomograms further presented SERP1 level as an independent prognostic factor for patients with SKCM. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between SERP1 expression and immune infiltrates; thus, low SERP1 expression is associated with immune cell infiltration and can be considered a poor prognostic biomarker in patients with SKCM. Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1) is a gene induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and a major contributor to multiple tumor types. Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a highly aggressive and fatal cancer with poor treatment outcomes after progression. In this study, we evaluated SERP1's role in tumorigenesis, prognosis, and immune infiltration in SKCM. Patients with SKCM had low SERP1 expression. We identified differentially expressed genes between high- and low-SERP1 expression groups and conducted functional, pathway, and gene enrichment analyses. Protein-protein (PPI) and gene-gene interaction (GGI) networks were constructed via STRING and GeneMANIA, respectively. SERP1 mutation information was obtained through cBioPortal; location in the skin were identified through the Human Protein Atlas. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an association between low SERP1 expression and overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), progress-free interval (PFI) rates, and worse prognosis in patients with multiple clinicopathological features. Cox regression analysis and nomograms further presented SERP1 level as an independent prognostic factor for patients with SKCM. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between SERP1 expression and immune infiltrates; thus, low SERP1 expression is associated with immune cell infiltration and can be considered a poor prognostic biomarker in patients with SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, Sichuan Province, China
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9
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Juarez-Navarro K, Ayala-Garcia VM, Ruiz-Baca E, Meneses-Morales I, Rios-Banuelos JL, Lopez-Rodriguez A. Assistance for Folding of Disease-Causing Plasma Membrane Proteins. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050728. [PMID: 32392767 PMCID: PMC7277483 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive catalog of plasma membrane (PM) protein mutations related to phenotypic diseases is associated with incorrect protein folding and/or localization. These impairments, in addition to dysfunction, frequently promote protein aggregation, which can be detrimental to cells. Here, we review PM protein processing, from protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to delivery to the PM, stressing the main repercussions of processing failures and their physiological consequences in pathologies, and we summarize the recent proposed therapeutic strategies to rescue misassembled proteins through different types of chaperones and/or small molecule drugs that safeguard protein quality control and regulate proteostasis.
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10
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Barez SR, Atar AM, Aghaei M. Mechanism of inositol-requiring enzyme 1-alpha inhibition in endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:403-415. [PMID: 32200504 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IRE1α endonuclease is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress that controls cell survival/apoptosis in cancers. Inhibition of IRE1α endonuclease leads to decreased splice XBP1 which decreases cell proliferation and increases cell death in cancer cells. Therefore, this study investigated the effects and mechanism of STF-083010 (an IRE1α inhibitor) on the cell growth/apoptosis of ovarian malignant cells via the XBP1-CHOP-Bim pathway following the induction of ER stress (ERS). ERS in OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells was measured using Thioflavin T staining. The expression of ER stress response genes was evaluated by QRT-PCR. The levels of XBP1(s), PERK, phospho-PERK, p-PP2A, ATF4, BIP/GRP78, CHOP, and Bim proteins were evaluated using western blotting. Cell viability and apoptosis in STF-083010 and Tunicamycin (Tm) co-treated cells were assessed using BrdU, MTT, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and caspases-12 and -3 activity assays. The results showed increased XBP1, CHOP, and ATF-4 mRNA expression levels as well as high protein aggregation in STF-083010 and Tm co-treated cells. The IRE1α inhibitor down-regulated sXBP1 and BIP proteins, while XBP-1, p-PERK, ATF-4, CHOP, and Bim proteins were up-regulated. STF-083010 reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases-12 and -3 and Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. In summary, the present data revealed the effects of STF-083010 in ER stress and apoptosis as well as signaling via XBP1/CHOP/Bim mediators. Thus, STF-083010 is proposed as a new target for the control of ERS in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekufe Rezghi Barez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedian Atar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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11
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Lei L, Ling ZN, Chen XL, Hong LL, Ling ZQ. Characterization of the Golgi scaffold protein PAQR3, and its role in tumor suppression and metabolic pathway compartmentalization. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:353-362. [PMID: 32021448 PMCID: PMC6970510 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s210919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is critical in the compartmentalization of signaling cascades originating from the cytoplasmic membrane and various organelles. Scaffold proteins, such as progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR)3, specifically regulate this process, and have recently been identified in the Golgi apparatus. PAQR3 belongs to the PAQR family, and was recently described as a tumor suppressor. Accumulating evidence demonstrates PAQR3 is downregulated in different cancers to suppress its inhibitory effects on malignant potential. PAQR3 functions biologically through the pathological regulation of altered signaling pathways. Significant cell proliferation networks, including Ras proto-oncogene (Ras)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), insulin, and vascular endothelial growth factor, are closely controlled by PAQR3 for physiologically relevant effects. Meanwhile, genetic/epigenetic susceptibility and environmental factors, may have functions in the downregulation of PAQR3 in human cancers. This study aimed to assess the subcellular localization of PAQR3 and determine its topological features and functional domains, summarizing its effects on cell signaling compartmentalization. The pathophysiological functions of PAQR3 in cancer pathogenesis, metabolic diseases, and developmental ailments were also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lei
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.,The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Nan Ling
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Liu Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Lian Hong
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China
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12
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Delprat B, Crouzier L, Su TP, Maurice T. At the Crossing of ER Stress and MAMs: A Key Role of Sigma-1 Receptor? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:699-718. [PMID: 31646531 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium exchanges and homeostasis are finely regulated between cellular organelles and in response to physiological signals. Besides ionophores, including voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors, or Store-operated Ca2+ entry, activity of regulatory intracellular proteins finely tune Calcium homeostasis. One of the most intriguing, by its unique nature but also most promising by the therapeutic opportunities it bears, is the sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R). The Sig-1R is a chaperone protein residing at mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs), where it interacts with several partners involved in ER stress response, or in Ca2+ exchange between the ER and mitochondria. Small molecules have been identified that specifically and selectively activate Sig-1R (Sig-1R agonists or positive modulators) at the cellular level and that also allow effective pharmacological actions in several pre-clinical models of pathologies. The present review will summarize the recent data on the mechanism of action of Sig-1R in regulating Ca2+ exchanges and protein interactions at MAMs and the ER. As MAMs alterations and ER stress now appear as a common track in most neurodegenerative diseases, the intracellular action of Sig-1R will be discussed in the context of the recently reported efficacy of Sig-1R drugs in pathologies like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Delprat
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France.
| | - Lucie Crouzier
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Tsung-Ping Su
- Cellular Pathobiology Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, IRP, NIDA/NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, U1198, Montpellier, France
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13
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Ramirez MU, Hernandez SR, Soto-Pantoja DR, Cook KL. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway, the Unfolded Protein Response, Modulates Immune Function in the Tumor Microenvironment to Impact Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010169. [PMID: 31881743 PMCID: PMC6981480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in cancer therapy, several persistent issues remain. These include cancer recurrence, effective targeting of aggressive or therapy-resistant cancers, and selective treatments for transformed cells. This review evaluates the current findings and highlights the potential of targeting the unfolded protein response to treat cancer. The unfolded protein response, an evolutionarily conserved pathway in all eukaryotes, is initiated in response to misfolded proteins accumulating within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. This pathway is initially cytoprotective, allowing cells to survive stressful events; however, prolonged activation of the unfolded protein response also activates apoptotic responses. This balance is key in successful mammalian immune response and inducing cell death in malignant cells. We discuss how the unfolded protein response affects cancer progression, survival, and immune response to cancer cells. The literature shows that targeting the unfolded protein response as a monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapies increases the efficacy of these drugs; however, systemic unfolded protein response targeting may yield deleterious effects on immune cell function and should be taken into consideration. The material in this review shows the promise of both approaches, each of which merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel U. Ramirez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | | | - David R. Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Katherine L. Cook
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +01-336-716-2234
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14
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Han B, Wang H, Zhang J, Tian J. FNDC3B is associated with ER stress and poor prognosis in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:406-414. [PMID: 31897153 PMCID: PMC6924122 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the occurrence and mortality rate of cervical cancer is high, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Therefore, the development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for cervical cancer is urgently required. The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic significance of fibronectin type III domain containing 3B (FNDC3B) expression in patients with cervical cancer and to determine the underlying mechanism of FNDC3 in tumor development. Analysis of the ONCOMINE database revealed that FNDC3B was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer tissue compared with normal tissue. Additionally, FNDC3B expression data and the clinical characteristics of patients with cervical cancer were obtained from the cBioPortal database. Correlations between FNDC3B expression and overall survival were subsequently investigated. The results revealed that increased FNDC3B expression was significantly correlated with a lower overall survival in patients with cervical cancer. A co-expression network was subsequently constructed to elucidate the function of FNDC3B in cervical cancer. Co-expression genes for FNDC3B were obtained from the cBioPortal database and were subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. The results demonstrated that the genes were enriched in pathways associated with migration, invasion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, immunofluorescence results obtained from the Human Protein Atlas revealed that the FNDC3B protein was localized to the ER. The results revealed that upregulated FNDC3B expression may be a biomarker for poor prognosis for patients with cervical cancer. Additionally, the results revealed that FNDC3B may serve an oncogenic role in cancer development via ER stress, UPR, cell migration and invasion. However, further studies are required to determine the exact molecular mechanism of FNDC3B in the development of cervical cancer and to assess its potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai, Shandong 264005, P.R. China
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15
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Li Y, Xia Y, Cheng X, Kleiner DE, Hewitt SM, Sproch J, Li T, Zhuang H, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Activates Unfolded Protein Response in Forming Ground Glass Hepatocytes of Chronic Hepatitis B. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040386. [PMID: 31027244 PMCID: PMC6520809 DOI: 10.3390/v11040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs), a histological hallmark of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, contain excessive hepatitis surface antigen (HBsAg) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is linked to unfolded protein response (UPR). The mechanism by which HBV activates UPR has not been fully defined. To investigate this, HepG2-NTCP cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) were either infected with HBV or transduced with adenoviral vectors expressing replication-competent HBV genome or individual HBV genes. UPR markers were evaluated by qPCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis and cell viability were measured by Caspase-3/7 and ATPlite assay respectively. We found that UPR markers were induced by the overexpression of HBsAg in HepG2-NTCP cells and PHHs. Elevation of UPR-induced genes showed a dose-dependent correlation with HBsAg levels. In HBV-infected livers, GGHs also demonstrated excessive accumulation of HBsAg associated with increased BIP/GRP78 staining, a marker of UPR. Prolonged activation of UPR by HBsAg overexpression induced signs of apoptosis. Overexpression of HBsAg can induce ER stress through protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway in vitro, and may be linked to the appearance of GGHs. The activation of UPR by HBsAg may sensitize hepatocytes to cell death and result in possible subsequent cellular changes leading to a premalignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Yuchen Xia
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaoming Cheng
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Julia Sproch
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Sisinni L, Pietrafesa M, Lepore S, Maddalena F, Condelli V, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response in Breast Cancer: The Balance between Apoptosis and Autophagy and Its Role in Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040857. [PMID: 30781465 PMCID: PMC6412864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response activated by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its uncontrolled activation is mechanistically responsible for several human pathologies, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Indeed, ER stress and the downstream UPR activation lead to changes in the levels and activities of key regulators of cell survival and autophagy and this is physiologically finalized to restore metabolic homeostasis with the integration of pro-death or/and pro-survival signals. By contrast, the chronic activation of UPR in cancer cells is widely considered a mechanism of tumor progression. In this review, we focus on the relationship between ER stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in human breast cancer and the interplay between the activation of UPR and resistance to anticancer therapies with the aim to disclose novel therapeutic scenarios. The hypothesis that autophagy and UPR may provide novel molecular targets in human malignancies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Michele Pietrafesa
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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17
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Baldspot/ELOVL6 is a conserved modifier of disease and the ER stress response. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007557. [PMID: 30081392 PMCID: PMC6078684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an important modifier of human disease. Genetic variation in response genes is linked to inter-individual differences in the ER stress response. However, the mechanisms and pathways by which genetic modifiers are acting on the ER stress response remain unclear. In this study, we characterize the role of the long chain fatty acid elongase Baldspot (ELOVL6) in modifying the ER stress response and disease. We demonstrate that loss of Baldspot rescues degeneration and reduces IRE1 and PERK signaling and cell death in a Drosophila model of retinitis pigmentosa and ER stress (Rh1G69D). Dietary supplementation of stearate bypasses the need for Baldspot activity. Finally, we demonstrate that Baldspot regulates the ER stress response across different tissues and induction methods. Our findings suggest that ELOVL6 is a promising target in the treatment of not only retinitis pigmentosa, but a number of different ER stress-related disorders. Differences in genetic background drives disease variability, even among individuals with identical, causative mutations. Identifying and understanding how genetic variation impacts disease expression could improve diagnosis and treatment of patients. Previous work has linked the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway to disease variability. When misfolded proteins accumulate in the ER, the ER stress response returns the cell to its normal state. Chronic ER stress leads to massive amounts of cell death and tissue degeneration. Limiting tissue loss by regulating the ER stress response has been a major focus of therapeutic development. In this study, we characterize a novel regulator of the ER stress response, the long chain fatty acid elongase Baldspot/ELOVL6. In the absence of this enzyme, cells undergoing ER stress display reduced cell death, and degeneration in a Drosophila disease model. Feeding of excess fatty acids increases degeneration to original disease levels, linking the regulatory activity of Baldspot to its enzymatic activity. Finally, we demonstrate that Baldspot can alter the ER stress response under a variety of other ER stress conditions. Our studies demonstrate that Baldspot/ELOVL6 is a ubiquitous regulator of the ER stress response and is a good candidate therapeutic target.
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18
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Wong NKP, Cheung H, Solly EL, Vanags LZ, Ritchie W, Nicholls SJ, Ng MKC, Bursill CA, Tan JTM. Exploring the Roles of CREBRF and TRIM2 in the Regulation of Angiogenesis by High-Density Lipoproteins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1903. [PMID: 29958463 PMCID: PMC6073236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of forming new blood vessels, is crucial in the physiological response to ischemia, though it can be detrimental as part of inflammation and tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that high-density lipoproteins (HDL) modulate angiogenesis in a context-specific manner via distinct classical signalling pathways, enhancing hypoxia-induced angiogenesis while suppressing inflammatory-driven angiogenesis. Whether additional novel targets exist to account for these effects are unknown. A microarray approach identified two novel genes, cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate-response-element-binding protein 3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) and tripartite motif-containing protein 2 (TRIM2) that were upregulated by reconstituted HDL (rHDL). We measured CREBRF and TRIM2 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells following incubation with rHDL and exposure to either hypoxia or an inflammatory stimulus. We found that CREBRF and TRIM2 mRNA were significantly upregulated by rHDL, particularly in response to its phospholipid component 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine, however, protein expression was not significantly altered. Knockdown of TRIM2 impaired endothelial cell tubulogenesis in vitro in both hypoxia and inflammation, implying a necessary role in angiogenesis. Furthermore, TRIM2 knockdown attenuated rHDL-induced tubule formation in hypoxia, suggesting that it is important in mediating the pro-angiogenic action of rHDL. Our study has implications for understanding the regulation of angiogenesis in both of these pathophysiological contexts by HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K P Wong
- Immunobiology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Helena Cheung
- Immunobiology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Emma L Solly
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Laura Z Vanags
- Immunobiology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - William Ritchie
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
- Institute of Human Genetics⁻CNRS, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France.
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Martin K C Ng
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Christina A Bursill
- Immunobiology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Joanne T M Tan
- Immunobiology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
- Discipline of Medicine, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Heart Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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