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Li N, Wang XL, Ge R, Wang Y, Tian XL, Zhu GQ, Zhou B. FNDC5 inhibits malignant growth of human cervical cancer cells via restraining PI3K/AKT pathway. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31267. [PMID: 38558303 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CxCa) is the fourth most frequent cancer in women. This study aimed to determine the role and underlying mechanism of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in inhibiting CxCa growth. Experiments were performed in human CxCa tissues, human CxCa cell lines (HeLa and SiHa), and xenograft mouse model established by subcutaneous injection of SiHa cells in nude mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed that CxCa patients with high FNDC5 levels have a longer overall survival period. FNDC5 expression was increased in human CxCa tissues, HeLa and SiHa cells. FNDC5 overexpression or FNDC5 protein not only inhibited proliferation, but also restrained invasion and migration of HeLa and SiHa cells. The effects of FNDC5 were prevented by inhibiting integrin with cilengitide, activating PI3K with recilisib or activating Akt with SC79. FNDC5 inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, which was attenuated by recilisib. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 showed similar effects to FNDC5 in HeLa and SiHa cells. Intravenous injection of FNDC5 (20 μg/day) for 14 days inhibited the tumor growth, and reduced the proliferation marker Ki67 expression and the Akt phosphorylation in the CxCa xenograft mouse model. These results indicate that FNDC5 inhibits the malignant phenotype of CxCa cells through restraining PI3K/Akt signaling. Upregulation of FNDC5 may play a beneficial role in retarding the tumor growth of CxCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Ge
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Tian
- Department of Pathology, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Yijishan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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2
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Zhao R, Chen Y, Wang D, Zhang C, Song H, Ni G. Role of irisin in bone diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1212892. [PMID: 37600697 PMCID: PMC10436578 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone diseases are common among middle-aged and elderly people, and harm to activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL) for patients. It is crucial to search for key regulatory factors associated with the development of bone diseases and explore potential therapeutic targets for bone diseases. Irisin is a novel myokine that has been discovered in recent years. Accumulating evidence indicates that irisin has beneficial effects in the treatment of various diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, especially bone-related diseases. Recent studies had shown that irisin plays the role in various bone diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and other bone diseases, suggesting that irisin may be a potential molecule for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. Therefore, in this review, by consulting the related domestic and international literature of irisin and bone diseases, we summarized the specific regulatory mechanisms of irisin in various bone diseases, and provided a systematic theoretical basis for its application in the diagnosis and treatment of the bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Zhao
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Henan Song
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxin Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Chen D, Huang R, Ren F, Wang H, Wang C, Zhang Y. FNDC5 and AKR1B10 inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of adrenocortical carcinoma cells by regulating AMPK/mTOR pathway. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:136. [PMID: 36845952 PMCID: PMC9948126 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Being a rare malignancy, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) exhibits aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) is a transmembrane protein involved in multiple types of cancer. Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10 (AKR1B10) has a suppressive role in ACC. The present study aimed to investigate the role of FNDC5 in ACC cells as well as its mechanisms related to AKR1B10. The Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database predicted FNDC5 expression in tumour tissue of patients suffering from ACC and the overall survival rate. Western blotting as well as reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used for the examination of the transfection efficiency of FNDC5-overexpression vector (Oe-FNDC5) and small interfering (si)RNA against AKR1B10. Cell Counting Kit-8 was employed for the assessment of cell viability. The proliferation, migration and invasion of the transfected cells were assessed by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine staining, wound healing and Transwell assays. Additionally, cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity was determined by ELISA. The levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition- and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR signalling pathway-associated proteins were assessed by western blotting. The interaction between FNDC5 and AKR1B10 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. FNDC5 levels in ACC tissue were reduced compared with normal tissue. After overexpressing FNDC5, proliferation, migration and invasion of NCI-H295R cells were suppressed, while cell apoptosis was promoted. FNDC5 interacted with AKR1B10 and AKR1B10 knockdown promoted proliferation, migration and invasion while inhibiting the apoptosis of NCI-H295R cells transfected with si-AKR1B10. The AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway was activated by FNDC5 overexpression, which was subsequently suppressed by AKR1B10 knockdown. Collectively, FNDC5 overexpression inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion while promoting apoptosis of NCI-H295R cells via triggering the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway. These effects were counteracted by AKR1B10 knockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Danyan Chen, Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 118 Xingguang Avenue, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Rongxi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Fang Ren
- Department of Emergency, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Hongman Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Chengjian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 401147, P.R. China
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4
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Xu L, Ye Y, Sun Y, Zhong W, Chi L, Lin Y, Liu H, Li S, Chen H, Li C, Lin Y, Wang Q, Xue F, Lin Y. Low FNDC5/Irisin expression is associated with aggressive phenotypes in gastric cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:981201. [PMID: 36386179 PMCID: PMC9649517 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.981201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: FNDC5 belongs to the family of proteins called fibronectin type III domain-containing which carry out a variety of functions. The expression of FNDC5 is associated with the occurrence and development of tumors. However, the role of FNDC5 in gastric cancer remains relatively unknown. Methods: In the research, the expression of FNDC5 and its value for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients were observed with the TCGA database and GEO datasets of gastric cancer patients. The role of FNDC5 in the regulation of gastric cancer cells proliferation, invasion, and migration was determined. WGCNA and Enrichment analysis was performed on genes co-expressed with FNDC5 to identify potential FNDC5-related signaling pathways. Meanwhile, the LASSO Cox regression analysis based on FNDC5-related genes develops a risk score to predict the survival of gastric cancer patients. Results: The expression of FNDC5 was decreased in gastric cancer tissues compared to normal gastric tissues. However, survival analysis indicated that lower FNDC5 mRNA levels were associated with better overall survival and disease-free survival in gastric cancer patients. Meanwhile, a significant negative correlation was found between FNDC5 and the abundance of CD4+ memory T cells in gastric cancer. In vitro overexpression of FNDC5 inhibits the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, without affecting proliferation. Finally, A two-gene risk score module based on FNDC5 co-expressed gene was built to predict the overall clinical ending of patients. Conclusion: FNDC5 is low expressed in gastric cancer and low FNDC5 predicts a better prognosis. The better prognosis of low FNDC5 expression may be attributed to the increased number of CD4+ memory activated T-cell infiltration in tumors, but the exact mechanism of the effect needs to be further explored. Overexpressing FNDC5 inhibits the invasion and migration of gastric cancer but does not affect proliferation. At last, we constructed a clinical risk score model composed of two FNDC5-related genes, and this model may help lay the foundation for further in-depth research on the individualized treatment of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyun Xu
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenting Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangjie Chi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youyu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - ShengZhao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingshui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatic Drug Research, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fangqin Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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Implication of Irisin in Different Types of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179971. [PMID: 36077366 PMCID: PMC9456043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a set of diseases characterized by several hallmark properties, such as increased angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. The increased angiogenic activity constantly supplies the tumors with nutrients and a plethora of cytokines to ensure cell survival. Along these cytokines is a newly discovered protein, called irisin, which is released into the circulation after physical exercise. Irisin is the product of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) proteolytic cleavage. Recently it has been the topic of investigation in several types of cancer. In this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate its implication in different types of cancer. Our results suggest that irisin expression is decreased in cancer patients, thus it can be used as a valid biomarker for the diagnosis of several types of cancer. In addition, our results indicate that irisin may have an important role in tumor progression and metastasis since it is involved in multiple signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and migration.
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Cebulski K, Nowińska K, Jablońska K, Romanowicz H, Smolarz B, Dzięgiel P, Podhorska-Okołów M. Expression of Irisin/FNDC5 in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073530. [PMID: 35408891 PMCID: PMC8998925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine formed from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), which can be found in various cancer tissues. FNDC5 and irisin levels have been poorly studied in the tumor tissues of breast cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to determine the levels of irisin expression in BC tissues and compare them to clinicopathological factors and Ki-67 and PGC-1α expression levels. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) with 541 BC tissues and 61 samples of non-malignant breast disease (NMBD; control) were used to perform immunohistochemical reactions. FNDC5 gene expression was measured in 40 BC tissue samples, 40 samples from the cancer margin, and 16 NMBD samples. RT-PCR was performed for the detection of FNDC5 gene expression. Higher irisin expression was found in BC patients compared to normal breast tissue. FNDC5/irisin expression was higher in patients without lymph node metastases. Longer overall survival was observed in patients with higher irisin expression levels. FNDC5/irisin expression was increased in BC tissues and its high level was a good prognostic factor for survival in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Cebulski
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.C.); (K.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Katarzyna Nowińska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.C.); (K.J.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-1354; Fax: +48-71-784-0082
| | - Karolina Jablońska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.C.); (K.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Hanna Romanowicz
- Department of Pathology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (H.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Beata Smolarz
- Department of Pathology, Polish Mother Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (H.R.); (B.S.)
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.C.); (K.J.); (P.D.)
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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The Role of Irisin in Cancer Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061479. [PMID: 34204674 PMCID: PMC8231117 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin (Ir) is an adipomyokine that is involved in the regulation of metabolic processes. It also influences processes related to inflammation, including cancer. Initially, Ir was considered a hormone secreted by skeletal muscles in response to physical exercise. Further studies showed that Ir is also present in other healthy tissues, organs, and plasma. It influences the change in phenotype of white adipose tissue (WAT) into brown adipose tissue (BAT). It increases mitochondrial biogenesis and affects the expression of thermogenin (UCP1). This adipomyokine has also been found in many tumor tissues and in the serum of cancer patients. Studies are underway to determine the association between Ir and carcinogenesis. It has been confirmed that Ir inhibits in vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion. It is involved in the inhibition of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Additionally, Ir affects the expression of the transcription factor Snail, which is involved in EMT, and inhibits transcription of the gene encoding E-cadherin, which is characteristic of epithelial-derived cells. Many studies have been performed to determine the role of Ir in physiological and pathological processes. Further detailed studies should determine more precisely the effect of Ir on the body in health and disease.
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Tsiani E, Tsakiridis N, Kouvelioti R, Jaglanian A, Klentrou P. Current Evidence of the Role of the Myokine Irisin in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112628. [PMID: 34071869 PMCID: PMC8199282 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Regular exercise/physical activity is beneficial for the health of an individual and lowers the risk of getting different diseases, including cancer. How exactly exercise results in these health benefits is not known. Recent studies suggest that the molecule irisin released by muscles into the blood stream after exercise may be responsible for these effects. This review summarizes all the available in vitro/cell culture, animal and human studies that have investigated the relationship between cancer and irisin with the aim to shed light and understand the possible role of irisin in cancer. The majority of the in vitro studies indicate anticancer properties of irisin, but more animal and human studies are required to better understand the exact role of irisin in cancer. Abstract Cancer is a disease associated with extreme human suffering, a huge economic cost to health systems, and is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Regular physical activity is associated with many health benefits, including reduced cancer risk. In the past two decades, exercising/contracting skeletal muscles have been found to secrete a wide range of biologically active proteins, named myokines. Myokines are delivered, via the circulation, to different cells/tissues, bind to their specific receptors and initiate signaling cascades mediating the health benefits of exercise. The present review summarizes the existing evidence of the role of the myokine irisin in cancer. In vitro studies have shown that the treatment of various cancer cells with irisin resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation, survival, migration/ invasion and induced apoptosis by affecting key proliferative and antiapoptotic signaling pathways. However, the effects of irisin in humans remains unclear. Although the majority of the existing studies have found reduced serum irisin levels in cancer patients, a few studies have shown the opposite. Similarly, the majority of studies have found increased levels of irisin in cancer tissues, with a few studies showing the opposite trend. Clearly, further investigations are required to determine the exact role of irisin in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicole Tsakiridis
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Rozalia Kouvelioti
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Alina Jaglanian
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; (N.T.); (R.K.); (A.J.)
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada;
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Abstract
The ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China has become the
world's leading health headline and is causing major panic and public concerns. After emerging in the
City of Wuhan, China, COVID-19 has spread to several countries becoming a worldwide pandemia.
Among the studies on COVID-19, it has been demonstrated that novel coronavirus pneumonia is closely
associated with inflammatory storms. Controlling the inflammatory response may be as important as
targeting the virus. Irisin is a muscle-contraction-induced immunomodulatory myokine related to physical
activity. Irisin drives the “browning” of white adipocytes, so enhancing metabolic uncoupling and
hence caloric expenditure. Irisin has been clearly shown to be a handyman molecule by exerting beneficial
effects on adipose tissues, pancreas, and bone through “cross-talk” between skeletal muscleadipocyte,
skeletal muscle-pancreas, and skeletal muscle-bone, respectively. Irisin has been proposed as
a promising strategy for early diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancers, neurological diseases
and inflammatory conditions. Irisin has been demonstrated to suppress the immune response, too. The
importance of irisin is demonstrated by the increase in the number of scientific papers and patents in
recent years. The identification of irisin receptor should greatly facilitate the understanding of irisin’s
function in exercise and human health. This review examines the structure and recent advances in activities
of irisin, suggesting it for further studies on the prevention and cure of COVID-19. Nowadays, studies
on irisin plasma levels and physical activity may be useful tools to further investigate the prevention
of COVID-19. Irisin may be suggested as a potential novel intervention for COVID-19 by mitigating
inflammatory storms, suppressing the immune response and simultaneously alleviating neurological disorders
such as depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari, 70126, Bari, Italy
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