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Toorani T, Mackie PM, Mastromonaco GF. Investigating Markers of Reprogramming Potential in Somatic Cell Lines Derived from Matched Donors. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:73-88. [PMID: 33861640 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell biobanking and related technologies, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), and induction of pluripotent stem cells offer significant promise for wildlife conservation, but have yet to achieve optimal success. Inefficiency and variability in outcome have been linked to incomplete nuclear reprogramming, highlighting the importance of donor cell contribution. Studies show significant differences in SCNT outcome in donor cell lines within and between individuals, highlighting the necessity for a standardized characterization method to evaluate cell line reprogramming potential. Stringently standardized bovine fibroblast cell lines were generated and assessed for inter- and intraindividual variability on cellular (morphology, chromosome number, apoptotic incidence; Experiment 1) and molecular (pluripotency and epigenetic-related gene expression; Experiment 2) levels encompassing putative biomarkers of reprogramming potential. Cellular parameters were similar across cell lines. While some statistically significant differences were observed in DNMT1, DNMT3B, and HAT1, but not HDAC1, their biological relevance could not be determined with the information at hand. This study lays the foundation for understanding cellular characteristics in cultured cell lines; however, further studies are required to determine any correlation with reprogramming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Toorani
- Reproductive Sciences, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Gabriela F Mastromonaco
- Reproductive Sciences, Toronto Zoo, Scarborough, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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2
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Li S, Cui Z, Gu J, Wang Y, Tang S, Chen J. Effect of porcine corneal stromal extract on keratocytes from SMILE-derived lenticules. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1207-1220. [PMID: 33342057 PMCID: PMC7812260 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propagating large amounts of human corneal stromal cells (hCSCs) in vitro while maintaining the physiological quality of their phenotypes is necessary for their application in cell therapy. Here, a novel medium to propagate hCSCs obtained from small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE)-derived lenticules was investigated and the feasibility of intrastromal injection of these hCSCs was assessed. Primary hCSCs were cultured in porcine corneal stroma extract (pCSE) with RIFA medium including ROCK inhibitor Y27632, insulin-transferrin-selenium, fibroblast growth factor 2, L-ascorbate 2-phosphate and 0.5% FBS (RIFA medium + pCSE). Protein profiling of the pCSE was identified using nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nano LC-MS/MS). After subculturing in RIFA medium + pCSE or 10% FBS normal medium (NM), hCSCs at P4 were transplanted into mouse corneal stroma. Compared with NM, ALDH3A1, keratocan and lumican were significantly more expressed in the RIFA medium + pCSE. ALDH3A1 was also more expressed in the RIFA medium + pCSE than in the RIFA medium. Fibronectin and α-SMA were less expressed in the RIFA medium + pCSE than in the NM. Using Metascape analysis, the pCSE with its anti-fibrosis, pro-proliferation and anti-apoptosis activities, was beneficial for hCSC cultivation. The intrastromally implanted hCSCs in the RIFA medium + pCSE had positive CD34 expression but negative CD45 expression 35 days after injection. We provide a valuable new medium that is advantageous for the proliferation of hCSCs with the properties of physiological keratocytes. Intrastromal injection of hCSCs in RIFA medium + pCSE has the potential for clinical cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenyang Li
- Aier School of OphthalmologyCentral South UniversityHunanChina
| | | | | | | | - Shibo Tang
- Aier School of OphthalmologyCentral South UniversityHunanChina
- Aier Eye InstituteChangshaChina
| | - Jiansu Chen
- Aier School of OphthalmologyCentral South UniversityHunanChina
- Aier Eye InstituteChangshaChina
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Xiong XR, Lan DL, Li J, Yin S, Xiong Y, Zi XD. Effects of Cellular Extract on Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cell Reprogram 2019; 21:115-121. [PMID: 31084436 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2018.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional reprogramming of a differentiated cell toward pluripotent cell may have long-term applications in numerous aspects, especially in regenerative medicine. Evidences accumulating from recent studies suggest that cellular extracts from stem cells or pluripotent cells can induce epigenetic reprogramming and facilitate pluripotency in otherwise highly differentiated cell types. Epigenetic reprogramming using cellular extracts has gained increasing attention and applied to recognize the functional factors, acquire the target cell types, and explain the mechanism of reprogramming. Now, more and more researches have proved that cellular extract treatment is an important strategy of cellular reprogramming. Thus, this review mainly focused on the progresses and potential mechanisms in epigenetic reprogramming using cellular extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Rong Xiong
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dao-Liang Lan
- 2 Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Li
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Yin
- 2 Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Exploitation of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Zi
- 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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Hu J, Zhao Q, Feng Y, Li N, Gu Y, Sun R, Duan L, Wu Y, Shan Z, Lei L. Embryonic germ cell extracts erase imprinted genes and improve the efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10955. [PMID: 30026469 PMCID: PMC6053380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to be useful in the treatment of human diseases. While prior studies have reported multiple methods to generate iPSCs, DNA methylation continues to limit the totipotency and reprogramming efficiency of iPSCs. Here, we first show the competency of embryonic germ cells (EGCs) as a reprogramming catalyst capable of effectively promoting reprogramming induced by four defined factors, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. Combining EGC extracts with these four factors resulted in formation of more embryonic stem cell-like colonies than did factors alone. Notably, expression of imprinted genes was higher with combined induction than with factors alone. Moreover, iPSCs derived from the combined inductors tended to have more global hypomethylation. Our research not only provides evidence that EGC extracts could activate DNA demethylation and reprogram imprinted genes, but also establishes a new way to enhance reprogramming of iPSCs, which remains a critical safety concern for potential use of iPSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoshi Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Yukuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Prevention and Treatment of Heilongjiang Province, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Gu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Ruizhen Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyan Shan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, P. R. China.
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Maguire G, Friedman P. Systems biology approach to developing S 2RM-based “systems therapeutics” and naturally induced pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:745-756. [PMID: 26029345 PMCID: PMC4444614 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i4.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree to, and the mechanisms through, which stem cells are able to build, maintain, and heal the body have only recently begun to be understood. Much of the stem cell’s power resides in the release of a multitude of molecules, called stem cell released molecules (SRM). A fundamentally new type of therapeutic, namely “systems therapeutic”, can be realized by reverse engineering the mechanisms of the SRM processes. Recent data demonstrates that the composition of the SRM is different for each type of stem cell, as well as for different states of each cell type. Although systems biology has been successfully used to analyze multiple pathways, the approach is often used to develop a small molecule interacting at only one pathway in the system. A new model is emerging in biology where systems biology is used to develop a new technology acting at multiple pathways called “systems therapeutics”. A natural set of healing pathways in the human that uses SRM is instructive and of practical use in developing systems therapeutics. Endogenous SRM processes in the human body use a combination of SRM from two or more stem cell types, designated as S2RM, doing so under various state dependent conditions for each cell type. Here we describe our approach in using state-dependent SRM from two or more stem cell types, S2RM technology, to develop a new class of therapeutics called “systems therapeutics.” Given the ubiquitous and powerful nature of innate S2RM-based healing in the human body, this “systems therapeutic” approach using S2RM technology will be important for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics, antimicrobials, wound care products and procedures, and a number of other therapeutics for many indications.
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