Path Tortuosity in Virtual Reality: A Novel Approach for Quantifying Behavioral Process in a Food Choice Context

Comments on the Oyster Aquaculture Industry in China: 1985-2020

Since the 1980s, China's oyster aquaculture has grown quickly in the past four decades, and it became the top mariculture species in China with an annual production of 5.23 million in 2019. Understanding the growth of oyster aquaculture in China is important to gain insights into successful long-term production. This paper attempts to decompose China's oyster aquaculture between trends and cycles by means of an HP filter, make a specific identification of the relevant factors according to the Cobb-Douglas production function, to summarize the objective law of yield fluctuations. Results suggest that from 1985 to 2011, China's oyster aquaculture experienced a development stage of "rapid rise - steady development". At this stage, it shows a slow growth trend, and the growth can persist for long periods of time. The improvement of consumption level driven by economic growth is the main facilitating factor to promote the oyster industry, export trade and oyster price are also critical, diseases and disasters did not exert much influence on the growth of China's oyster aquaculture. The biggest problem hindering sustainable development is the tragedy of the commons caused by the limitation of marine resources, the contradiction of development will become a thorny issue.

Tracing Physical Behavior in Virtual Reality: A Narrative Review of Applications to Social Psychology

Virtual reality (VR) offers unique benefits to social psychological research, including a high degree of experimental control alongside strong ecological validity, a capacity to manipulate any variable of interest, and an ability to trace the physical, nonverbal behavior of the user in a very fine-grained and automated manner. VR improves upon traditional behavioral measurement techniques (e.g., observation and coding) on several fronts as data collection is covert, continuous, passive, and occurs within a controlled context. The current review synthesizes extant methods for tracing physical behavior in VR, such as gaze tracking and interpersonal distance measurement, and describes how researchers have applied these methods to understand important phenomena within the context of social psychology. To date, primary areas of application have included the assessment of social approach and avoidance, social evaluation and bias, and engagement. The limitations of behavioral tracing methods in VR, as well as future directions for their continued application and extension, are discussed. This narrative review equips readers with a thorough understanding of behavioral tracing methods that can be implemented in VR, their benefits and drawbacks, the insight they may offer into social processes, and future avenues of work for applying emergent technologies to research questions in social psychology.