Association between nontraditional risk factors and metabolic syndrome in indigenous Argentinean schoolchildren

Associations of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean children and adolescents: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008-2014

BACKGROUND

In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between single-gender Korean references for non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in childhood.

METHODS

A total of 5742 Korean children aged 10-18 years who participated in a national survey were included. The subjects were classified into three groups based on single-gender non-HDL-C levels as follows: < 120 mg/dL (desirable), ≥ 120 and < 150 mg/dL (borderline high), and ≥ 150 mg/dL (high).

RESULTS

Males in the borderline high non-HDL-C group had odds ratios (ORs) of 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 2.30-3.56) for elevated triglycerides (TG), 1.73 (1.08-1.79) for reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and 1.73 (1.08-2.78) for MetS compared with males in the desirable non-HDL-C group after adjusting for covariates. Males in the high non-HDL-C group had ORs of 1.65 (1.14-2.41) for elevated blood pressure (BP), 6.21 (4.27-9.05) for elevated TG, and 3.29 (1.49-7.26) for MetS compared with males in the desirable non-HDL-C group. Females in the borderline high non-HDL-C group had ORs of 3.03 (2.43-3.76) for elevated TG, 1.63 (1.13-2.35) for reduced HDL-C, and 4.53 (2.47-8.31) for MetS compared with females in the desirable non-HDL-C group. Females in the high non-HDL-C group had ORs of 1.43 (1.00-2.04) for elevated BP, 6.36 (4.45-9.08) for elevated TG, and 7.64 (3.65-15.96) for MetS compared with females in the desirable non-HDL-C group.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that, in a Korean population, a non-HDL-C level of 120 mg/dL for males and 150 mg/dL for females is the threshold between borderline high and high risk for MetS.

Dietary factors associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in overweight and obese Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The metabolic syndrome (MS) has been assessed since childhood mainly because of the nutritional and epidemiological transition that has occurred worldwide. Our objectives were to explore the MS and its components according to anthropometric and demographic factors and to assess the relationship among MS components and dietary characteristics in overweight and obese schoolchildren.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study which included 147 schoolchildren (aged 6-10 years) from three elementary schools, with body mass index (BMI) higher than the 85th percentile. Sexual maturation stages, anthropometric measures (weight, height, skinfold thickness and waist circumference), biochemical data (glucose, HDL-C and triacylglycerol), blood pressure and dietary intake were assessed. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed if three or more of the following components were presented: waist circumference ≥90th age and sex-specific cut-off, blood pressure ≥90th age, sex and height-specific cut-off, glucose ≥100 mg/dL, HDL-C ≥ 40 mg/dL and triacylglycerols ≥ 110 mg/dL. The dietary intake was assessed by three non-consecutive 24-h recalls. The T test, Kruskal-Wallis and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to assess MS components and dietary intake.

RESULTS

The MS percentage was 10.2 % and it was higher in obese children and ones with high body fat percentage. The waist circumference was the main altered component of MS and 62 % of overweight schoolchildren showed at least one altered component of MS. The components of metabolic syndrome associated with dietary intake were triacylglycerol (positive association with saturated and monounsaturated fat, whole-milk products and processed foods and negative associated with legumes and polyunsaturated fat), glycemia (positive association with processed foods and negative with cereals), HDL-C (positive association with vegetables and greens) and waist circumference was negative associated with protein.

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of MS was higher in obese than overweight schoolchildren and the frequency of at least one MS component was high in more than half of our subjects. The waist circumference was the most frequent among all other components. The triacylglycerol and glycemia were the most frequent MS components associated with dietary intake. Unprocessed food was considered a protective dietary factor for MS metabolic components and processed food with high percentage of sugar and saturated fat was a risk factor for MS metabolic components.