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Lim K, Yoon BH, Ha CH. O-Linked N-acetylglucosaminylation of Sp1 interferes with Sp1 activation of glycolytic genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:349-53. [PMID: 26499076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis, the primary pathway metabolizing glucose for energy production, is connected to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) which produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a GlcNAc donor for O-linked GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAc), as well as for traditional elongated glycosylation. Thus, glycolysis and O-GlcNAc are intimately associated. The present study reports the transcriptional activation of glycolytic genes by the transcription factor Sp1 and the O-GlcNAc-mediated suppression of Sp1-dependent activation of glycolytic genes. O-GlcNAc-deficient mutant Sp1 stimulated the transcription of nine glycolytic genes and cellular production of pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, to a greater extent than wild-type Sp1. Consistently, this mutant Sp1 increased the protein levels of the two key glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), to a greater extent than wild-type Sp1. Finally, the mutant Sp1 occupied GC-rich elements on PFK and GAPDH promoters more efficiently than wild-type Sp1. These results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 suppresses Sp1-mediated activation of glycolytic gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Lim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 609, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 86 Asanbyeoungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 86 Asanbyeoungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Rettino A, Rafanelli F, Genovese G, Goracci M, Cifarelli RA, Cittadini A, Sgambato A. Identification of Sp1 and GC-boxes as transcriptional regulators of mouse Dag1 gene promoter. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1113-23. [PMID: 19657058 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00189.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dystroglycan is a widely expressed adhesion complex that anchors cells to the basement membrane and is involved in embryonic development and differentiation. Dystroglycan expression is frequently reduced in human dystrophies and malignancies, and its molecular functions are not completely understood. Several posttranslational mechanisms have been identified that regulate dystroglycan expression and/or function, while little is known about how expression of the corresponding Dag1 gene is regulated. This study aimed to clone the Dag1 gene promoter and to characterize its regulatory elements. Analysis of the mouse Dag1 gene 5'-flanking region revealed a TATA and CAAT box-lacking promoter including a GC-rich region. Transfection studies with serially deleted promoter constructs allowed us to identify a minimal promoter region containing three Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) sites and an E-box. Sp1 binding was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and Sp1 downregulation reduced dystroglycan expression in muscle cells. Treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and/or the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A increased Dag1 mRNA expression levels in myoblasts, and methylation decreased promoter activity in vitro. Furthermore, Dag1 gene promoter methylation was reduced while its expression increased during differentiation of C(2)C(12) myoblast cells in myotubes. In conclusion, for the first time we have characterized the activity of the mouse Dag1 gene promoter, confirming a complex regulation by Sp1 transcription factor, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation, which might be relevant for a better understanding of the physiopathology of the dystroglycan complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rettino
- Centro di Ricerche Oncologiche Giovanni XXIII, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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3
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Hwang DY, Ismail-Beigi F. Control of Glut1 promoter activity under basal conditions and in response to hyperosmolarity: role of Sp1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 290:C337-44. [PMID: 16162661 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00089.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified (Hwang DY and Ismail-Beigi F. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281: C1365-C1372, 2001) a 44-bp GC-rich segment of the rat proximal glucose transporter (Glut)1 promoter, located at -104 to -61, as necessary for basal transcription of the Glut1 gene. Using deletion and mutational analysis and expression of transfected reporter constructs, we report in the present study that mutation of the Sp1 site located within this segment of the promoter leads to a marked ( approximately 4-fold) decrease in basal promoter activity. Double mutations located in the Sp1 site and in a second downstream GC-rich region (-71 to -51) did not cause a further decrease in promoter activity. Gel shift and supershift assays verified the importance of the Sp1 site. Exposure of cells to trichostatin A resulted in increased expression of the endogenous Glut1 as well as the transfected wild-type construct. Finally, the presence of the Sp1 site was found to be essential for the positive response of the promoter to hyperosmolarity. We conclude that the consensus Sp1 site located in the rat proximal Glut1 promoter is necessary and sufficient for basal expression of the Glut1 gene, as well as for its response to hyperosmolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daw-Yang Hwang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4951, USA
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Hannemann A, Jandrig B, Gaunitz F, Eschrich K, Bigl M. Characterization of the human P-type 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase gene promoter in neural cell lines. Gene 2005; 345:237-47. [PMID: 15716112 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans three isoforms of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) exist. Among them platelet-type PFK (PFKP) is highly abundant in the brain. With its distinct allosteric properties PFKP is regarded to be the key enzyme for the regulation of glycolysis in this organ. We cloned 1.7 kb of the 5' upstream promoter of the human PFKP gene and analyzed the promoter activity by deletion and mutation analysis using a luciferase reporter. The transcription start point was determined at 48 bp upstream of the start codon. In deletion studies the region -65 to +48 turned out to be sufficient for promoter activity while fragment -153 to +48 showed the highest promoter activity. Sequence analysis of the region from -153 to +48 revealed a stretch of eight adjacent putative transcription factor binding sites, seven of which are Sp-family specific sites. Sp1 and Sp3 were shown to bind to most if not all of them. Additionally, an NF-Y binding site was identified. Results of deletion and mutation analysis suggest that all of these transcription factors contribute positively to promoter activity. The methylation status of the promoter region was analyzed in different neural tumor cell lines and compared with that in human leukocytes and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig (Medical Faculty), Liebigstrasse 16, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Yang J, Kawai Y, Hanson RW, Arinze IJ. Sodium butyrate induces transcription from the G alpha(i2) gene promoter through multiple Sp1 sites in the promoter and by activating the MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25742-52. [PMID: 11337508 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m102821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium butyrate, an erythroid differentiation inducer and a histone deacetylase inhibitor, increases G alpha(i2) levels in differentiating K562 cells. Here we show that sodium butyrate induces G alpha(i2) gene transcription via sequences at -50/-36 and -92/-85 in the G alpha(i2) gene promoter. Both sequences contain core sequence motif for Sp1 binding; electrophoretic mobility shift as well as supershift assays confirmed binding to Sp1. Transcription from the G alpha(i2) gene promoter was also activated by two other histone deacetylase inhibitors, trichostatin A and Helminthsporium carbonium toxin (HC toxin), which also induce erythroblastic differentiation in K562 cells. However, hydroxyurea, a potent erythroid differentiation inducer in these cells, did not activate transcription from this gene promoter, indicating that promoter activation is inducer-specific. Mutations within the Sp1 sites at -50/-36 and -92/-85 in the G alpha(i2) gene promoter substantially decreased transcriptional activation by sodium butyrate, trichostatin A, or HC toxin. Transfection with constitutively activated ERKs indicated that this promoter can be activated through the MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway. Inhibition of the MEK-ERK pathway with U0126 or reduction in the expression of endogenous ERK with an antisense oligonucleotide to ERK significantly inhibited sodium butyrate- and HC toxin-induced transcription but had no effect on trichostatin A-induced transcription. Inhibition of the JNK and p38 MAPKs, using selective inhibitors, had no effect on sodium butyrate-induced transcription. In cells in which sodium butyrate induction of promoter activation had been inhibited by various concentrations of U0126, constitutively activated ERK2 reversed this inhibition. These results show that the MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway is important in butyrate signaling, which eventually converges in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208-3599 and the Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4935
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6
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Biesiada E, Hamamori Y, Kedes L, Sartorelli V. Myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins and Sp1 interact as components of a multiprotein transcriptional complex required for activity of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19:2577-84. [PMID: 10082523 PMCID: PMC84050 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.19.4.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the human cardiac alpha-actin (HCA) promoter in skeletal muscle cells requires the integrity of DNA binding sites for the serum response factor (SRF), Sp1, and the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family. In this study we report that activation of the HCA correlates with formation of a muscle-specific multiprotein complex on the promoter. We provide evidence that proteins eluted from the multiprotein complex specifically react with antibodies directed against myogenin, Sp1, and SRF and that the complex can be assembled in vitro by using the HCA promoter and purified MyoD, E12, SRF, and Sp1. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed a direct association of Sp1 and myogenin-MyoD mediated by the DNA-binding domain of Sp1 and the HLH motif of myogenin. The results obtained in this study indicate that protein-protein interactions and the cooperative DNA binding of transcriptional activators are critical steps in the formation of a transcriptionally productive multiprotein complex on the HCA promoter and suggest that the same mechanisms might be utilized to regulate the transcription of muscle-specific and other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biesiada
- Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Raney AK, Johnson JL, Palmer CN, McLachlan A. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily regulate transcription from the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid promoter. J Virol 1997; 71:1058-71. [PMID: 8995626 PMCID: PMC191157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1058-1071.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors in regulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcription was investigated. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) were examined for their capacity to modulate the level of transcriptional activity from the four HBV promoters by transient-transfection analysis in the dedifferentiated hepatoma cell line, HepG2.1. It was found that the nucleocapsid and large surface antigen promoters were transactivated in the presence of HNF4 whereas the enhancer I/X gene, nucleocapsid, and large surface antigen promoters were transactivated in the presence of RXR and PPAR. Characterization of the nuclear receptors interacting with the nucleocapsid promoter region demonstrated that HNF4 is the primary transcription factor binding to the regulatory region spanning nucleotides -127 to -102 whereas HNF4, RXR-PPAR heterodimers, COUPTF1, and ARP1 bind the regulatory region spanning nucleotides -34 to -7. Transcriptional transactivation from the nucleocapsid promoter by HNF4 appears to be mediated through the two HNF4 binding sites in the promoter, whereas modulation of the level of transcription from the nucleocapsid promoter by RXR-PPAR appears to be regulated by the regulatory sequence element spanning nucleotides -34 to -7 and the HBV enhancer 1 region. These observations indicate that HBV transcription, and pregenomic RNA synthesis in particular, is regulated by ligand-dependent nuclear receptors. Agonists and antagonists capable of regulating the activity of these nuclear receptors may permit the modulation of HBV transcription and consequently replication during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Raney
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Mhaskar Y, Dunaway GA. Alteration of 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase subunit protein, synthesis rates, and mRNA during rat neonatal development. Mech Ageing Dev 1996; 86:161-72. [PMID: 8733111 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(95)01690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
For the three 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK) subunits in heart, skeletal muscle, liver and kidney, developmentally-associated changes in protein, mRNA and apparent synthesis rates were observed. During neonatal maturation, all three phenomena for the M-type in heart and skeletal muscle exhibited large increases. Also, during neonatal development, the L-type and C-type subunits were unaffected in heart but disappeared from skeletal muscle. In the newborn liver and kidney, the amounts of each type of PFK subunit protein were nearly identical. During neonatal development, the levels of all three PFK subunit proteins in kidney increased more than twofold; and this was associated with a similar increase in apparent subunit synthesis rates and mRNA levels. During liver neonatal development, the L-type subunit protein, synthesis and mRNA levels also increased more than twofold. However, during hepatic maturation, M-type subunit protein, synthesis and mRNA levels were unchanged and apparently unaffected. The C-type subunit protein during neonatal liver development decreased approximately 80% as did its apparent synthesis rate. These data suggest that regulation of the alteration of the PFK subunit proteins during neonatal maturation can vary among these tissues and is not the same for each subunit type. Different mechanisms, such as transcription, translation, and mRNA stability could be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mhaskar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield 62794-1222, USA
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Li L, Artlett CM, Jimenez SA, Hall DJ, Varga J. Positive regulation of human alpha 1 (I) collagen promoter activity by transcription factor Sp1. Gene X 1995; 164:229-34. [PMID: 7590335 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the regulatory promoter region of the human alpha 1 (I) collagen-encoding gene (COL1A1) gene indicated the presence of G+C-rich sequence elements that are potential binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. As a step toward understanding transcriptional regulation of the human COL1A1, we examined Sp1 binding in the promoter region using DNase I footprinting, and analyzed the effect of Sp1 expression on COL1A1 promoter activity in transiently transfected Drosophila melanogaster cells in vivo. The results indicated that recombinant human Sp1 interacted specifically with two G+C-rich sequences within the COL1A1 promoter. Binding of factors in nuclear extracts prepared from human dermal fibroblasts to a 22-nucleotide deoxyribonucleotide (oligo) spanning the 5' G+C-rich sequence required Zn2+, and was abolished by excess Sp1 consensus binding site oligos, or by anti-Sp1 antibodies. Studies in which a series of progressively 5'-deleted COL1A1 promoter::cat constructs were co-expressed with an Sp1 expression plasmid in a cellular background devoid of Sp1 homology demonstrated that Sp1 markedly enhanced the COL1A1 promoter activity. These results suggest that the transcriptional activity of the human COL1A1 can be positively regulated by Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Raney AK, Zhang P, McLachlan A. Regulation of transcription from the hepatitis B virus large surface antigen promoter by hepatocyte nuclear factor 3. J Virol 1995; 69:3265-72. [PMID: 7745673 PMCID: PMC189037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3265-3272.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF3) on the level of transcriptional activity from the four hepatitis B virus promoters was investigated by transient-transfection analysis in the dedifferentiated hepatoma cell line, HepG2.1. It was found that the large surface antigen promoter and, to a much lesser extent, the nucleocapsid promoter were transactivated in the presence of HNF3. DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrated that purified recombinant HNF3 alpha protects one region of the large surface antigen promoter. Gel retardation analysis showed that a double-stranded oligonucleotide containing this HNF3-binding site formed a specific complex with DNA-binding proteins in the differentiated hepatoma cell lines, Huh7 and HepG2. The complex formed with Huh7 cell extract comigrated with exogenously expressed HNF3 beta in HeLa S3 extracts and was specifically inhibited from forming by the addition of HNF3 beta antiserum. The promoter element which appears to mediate the HNF3 transactivation was functionally mapped by mutational analysis to a region between nucleotides -65 and -54 relative to the transcriptional start site. This regulatory sequence is within the region protected from DNase I digestion by HNF3 alpha and contains 10 of 12 nucleotides homologous to the HNF3-binding-site consensus sequence. A synthetic promoter construct containing this HNF3-binding site was able to mediate transactivation by HNF3 beta. These and previous results suggest that the hepatitis B virus large surface antigen promoter is regulated by at least two liver-enriched transcription factors, HNF1 and HNF3, which together may contribute to the differentiated liver cell type specificity of this promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Raney
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Nakajima H, Hamaguchi T, Yamasaki T, Tarui S. Phosphofructokinase deficiency: recent advances in molecular biology. Muscle Nerve 1995; 3:S28-34. [PMID: 7603524 DOI: 10.1002/mus.880181408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a major role in glycolysis. Deficiency of PFK-M is characterized by muscle weakness due to fuel crisis in exercising muscles. To elucidate the gene defect of PFK-deficient patients, we have cloned and determined the complete structure and transcription mechanism of human PFK-M mRNA and gene. Molecular defects were investigated in three unrelated Japanese family cases. The first case was characterized by a point mutation at the donor site of intron 15 of the PFK-M gene. Cryptic splicing resulted in a 25 amino acid truncation in the patient's PFK-M. The second case possessed a point mutation at the donor site of intron 19, resulting in the skipping of exon 19 and the truncation of 55 amino acids. In the third case, a missense mutation was identified in the coding region. The review of an updated mutation repertoire indicates the heterogeneity of the molecular mechanism of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakajima
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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Abstract
Mutations in the muscle phosphofructokinase gene (PFK-M) result in a metabolic myopathy characterized by exercise intolerance and compensated hemolysis. PFK deficiency, glycogenosis type VII (Tarui disease) is a rare, autosomal, recessively inherited disorder. Multiple mutations, including splicing defects, frameshifts, and missense mutations, have recently been identified in patients from six different ethnic backgrounds establishing genetic heterogeneity of the disease. There is no obvious correlation between the genotype and phenotypic expression of the disease. PFK-M deficiency appears to be prevalent among people of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Molecular diagnosis is now feasible for Ashkenazi patients who share two common mutations in the gene; the more frequent is an exon 5 splicing defect, which accounts for approximately 68% of mutant alleles in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Raben
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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