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Khier S, Gahan PB. Hepatic Clearance of Cell-Free DNA: Possible Impact on Early Metastasis Diagnosis. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:677-682. [PMID: 34427906 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating DNA in the bloodstream has been studied since the 1940s, leading to its identification as a possible early marker for the presence of a primary tumor. Recently, it has been more successfully employed in liquid biopsies to determine the early presence of a metastatic tumor arising after chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. The appearance of such circulating tumor DNA permits the identification of the metastatic tumor before it is detected by either palpation or radiological analysis. Nevertheless, the liquid biopsy may possibly be affected by the removal of circulating tumor DNA via the kidneys and spleen as it is released. Furthermore, the liver removal of cell-free DNA has not yet been considered to be involved in this process. Here, we review the literature on the removal of free single- and double-stranded DNA and nucleosomal, vesicular, and exosomal DNA via the liver and examine its possible impact on circulating DNA levels. The removal of all forms of DNA by the liver, together with that removed by the kidneys and spleen, may delay the timing of positive results from liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Khier
- Pharmacokinetic Modeling Department, School of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34000, Montpellier, France. .,Department of Probabilities and Statistics, Institut Montpellierain Alexander Grothendieck (IMAG), UMR 5149, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.
| | - Peter B Gahan
- Fondazione Enrico Puccinelli Onlus, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Moore CL, Savenka AV, Basnakian AG. TUNEL Assay: A Powerful Tool for Kidney Injury Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010412. [PMID: 33401733 PMCID: PMC7795088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay is a long-established assay used to detect cell death-associated DNA fragmentation (3'-OH DNA termini) by endonucleases. Because these enzymes are particularly active in the kidney, TUNEL is widely used to identify and quantify DNA fragmentation and cell death in cultured kidney cells and animal and human kidneys resulting from toxic or hypoxic injury. The early characterization of TUNEL as an apoptotic assay has led to numerous misinterpretations of the mechanisms of kidney cell injury. Nevertheless, TUNEL is becoming increasingly popular for kidney injury assessment because it can be used universally in cultured and tissue cells and for all mechanisms of cell death. Furthermore, it is sensitive, accurate, quantitative, easily linked to particular cells or tissue compartments, and can be combined with immunohistochemistry to allow reliable identification of cell types or likely mechanisms of cell death. Traditionally, TUNEL analysis has been limited to the presence or absence of a TUNEL signal. However, additional information on the mechanism of cell death can be obtained from the analysis of TUNEL patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Moore
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (C.L.M.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (C.L.M.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, #638, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (C.L.M.); (A.V.S.)
- John L. McClellan Memorial VA Hospital, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-352-2870
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3
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Vakrakou AG, Svolaki IP, Evangelou K, Gorgoulis VG, Manoussakis MN. Cell-autonomous epithelial activation of AIM2 (absent in melanoma-2) inflammasome by cytoplasmic DNA accumulations in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2020; 108:102381. [PMID: 31919014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is characterized by chronic periductal inflammatory infiltrates in the salivary glands. Several previous studies have indicated that the ductal epithelia of SS patients play a pro-inflammatory role and manifest an intrinsically activated status, as demonstrated in cultured non-neoplastic ductal salivary gland epithelial cell (SGEC) lines. Herein, we investigated the activation of inflammasomes in the salivary epithelia of SS patients and non-SS controls, using salivary biopsy tissues and SGEC lines. The ductal epithelial cells of SS patients were found to display significant activation of the AIM2 (absent in melanoma-2) inflammasome. Such activation occurred in a cell-autonomous manner, as it was illustrated by the constitutively high expression of AIM2 activation-related genes, the presence of cytoplasmic ASC specks and the increased spontaneous IL-1β production observed in patients' SGEC lines. Since AIM2 activation is known to occur in response to cytoplasmic DNA, we further searched for the presence of undegraded extranuclear DNA in the SGEC lines and SG tissues of patients and controls. This investigation revealed marked cytoplasmic accumulations of damaged genomic DNA that co-localized with AIM2 in the specimens of SS patients (but not controls). The SGEC lines and the ductal tissues of SS patients were also found to manifest impaired DNase1 expression and activity, which possibly denotes defective cytoplasmic DNA degradation in patients' cells and AIM2 triggering thereof. In corroboration, DNase1-silencing in normal SGEC was shown to lead to high AIM2-related gene expression and IL-1β production. Our findings indicate that the cell-intrinsic activation status of ductal epithelia in SS patients owes to persistent epithelial AIM2 activation by aberrant cytoplasmic DNA build-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigli G Vakrakou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna P Svolaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Menelaos N Manoussakis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece; Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Oklu R, Sheth RA, Wong KHK, Jahromi AH, Albadawi H. Neutrophil extracellular traps are increased in cancer patients but does not associate with venous thrombosis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2017; 7:S140-S149. [PMID: 29399517 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2017.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background A single center, prospective tissue-based study was conducted to investigate an association between neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and venous thromboembolic disease in patients with malignancy. Methods Plasma was collected from 65 patients in which 27 were cancer patients and 38 were age-matched non-cancer patients. Plasma NETs, circulating free DNA (cfDNA), DNase-1, endonuclease-G, endonuclease activity and thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complex levels was quantified. Laboratory values were also compared. Additionally, NETs detection and quantification was performed with fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) in tissue-banked tumor sections and fresh human venous thrombus derived from cancer patients. Results Plasma samples from cancer patients contained higher levels of nucleosomes (P=0.0009) and cfDNA (P=0.0008) compared to the non-cancer group. Western blot analysis revealed significantly lower DNase-1 protein levels (P=0.016) that paralleled lower nuclease activity (P=0.03) in plasma samples from cancer patients compared to non-cancer patients. Thrombus tissue from cancer patients and tumor tissue from liver and lung cancer also showed marked levels of NETs. However, increased levels of NETs in cancer patients did not correlate with TAT complex activation or prevalence of venous thrombosis in cancer patients. Conclusions Further studies are warranted to determine the role of NETs as a procoagulant in human thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rahul A Sheth
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Keith H K Wong
- Center for Engineering in Medicine & Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amin H Jahromi
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Horvei KD, Pedersen HL, Fismen S, Thiyagarajan D, Schneider A, Rekvig OP, Winkler TH, Seredkina N. Lupus nephritis progression in FcγRIIB-/-yaa mice is associated with early development of glomerular electron dense deposits and loss of renal DNase I in severe disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188863. [PMID: 29190833 PMCID: PMC5708736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIB-/-yaa mice develop severe lupus glomerulonephritis due to lack of an inhibitory immune cell receptor combined with a Y-chromosome linked autoimmune accelerator mutation. In the present study, we have investigated nephritis development and progression in FcγRIIB-/-yaa mice to find shared features with NZB/NZW F1 lupus prone mice and human disease. We sacrificed 25 male FcγRIIB-/-yaa mice at various disease stages, and grouped them according to activity and chronicity indices for lupus nephritis. Glomerular morphology and localization of electron dense deposits containing IgG were further determined by immune electron microscopy. Renal DNase I and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. DNase I protein levels was assessed by immunohistochemistry and zymography. Our results demonstrate early development of electron dense deposits containing IgG in FcγRIIB-/-yaa mice, before detectable levels of serum anti-dsDNA antibodies. Similar to NZB/NZW F1, electron dense deposits in FcγRIIB-/-yaa progressed from being confined to the mesangium in the early stage of lupus nephritis to be present also in capillary glomerular basement membranes. In the advanced stage of lupus nephritis, renal DNase I was lost on both transcriptional and protein levels, which has previously been shown in NZB/NZW F1 mice and in human disease. Although lupus nephritis appears on different genetic backgrounds, our findings suggest similar processes when comparing different murine models and human lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti Daae Horvei
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hege Lynum Pedersen
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silje Fismen
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Dhivya Thiyagarajan
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrea Schneider
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ole Petter Rekvig
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalya Seredkina
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Fahmi T, Branch LD, Nima ZA, Jang DS, Savenka AV, Biris AS, Basnakian AG. Mechanism of graphene-induced cytotoxicity: Role of endonucleases. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1325-1332. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - La Donna Branch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Dae Song Jang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alena V. Savenka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR USA
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Arkansas for Medical Science; Little Rock AR USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System; Little Rock AR USA
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Li H, Shen W, Lam MHW, Liang H. Localized degradation of foreign DNA strands in cells: Only excising the first nucleotide of 5' region. Anal Biochem 2017; 533:10-17. [PMID: 28427878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of foreign DNA probes sharply increases the efficiency of various biodetection protocols. Spherical nucleic acid (SNA) conjugate is a new type of probe that consists of a dense oligonucleotide shell attached typically to a gold nanoparticle core. They are widely used as novel labels for in vitro biodetection and intracellular assay. However, the degradation of foreign DNA still remains a challenge that can cause significant signal leakage (false positive signal). Hence, the site and behavior of intracellular degradation need to be investigated. Herein, we discover a localized degradation behavior that only excises the first nucleotide of 5' terminal from a DNA strand, whereas the residual portion of this strand is unbroken in MCF-7 cell. This novel degradation action totally differs from previous opinion that foreign DNA strand would be digested into tiny fragments or even individual nucleotides in cellular environment. On the basis of these findings, we propose a simple and effective way to avoid degradation-caused false positive that one can bypass the degradable site and choose a secure region to label fluorophore along the DNA stand, when using DNA probes for intracellular biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Hon-Wah Lam
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Haojun Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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8
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Misic V, El-Mogy M, Haj-Ahmad Y. Role of Endonuclease G in Exogenous DNA Stability in HeLa Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:163-75. [PMID: 27260396 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Endonuclease G (EndoG) is a well-conserved mitochondrial-nuclear nuclease with dual lethal and vital roles in the cell. The aim of our study was to examine whether EndoG exerts its nuclease activity on exogenous DNA substrates such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), considering their importance in gene therapy applications. The effects of EndoG knockdown on pDNA stability and levels of encoded reporter gene expression were evaluated in the cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. Transfection of pDNA vectors encoding short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) reduced levels of EndoG mRNA in HeLa cells. In physiological circumstances, EndoG knockdown did not have an effect on the stability of pDNA or the levels of encoded transgene expression as measured over a four-day time course. However, when endogenous expression of EndoG was induced by an extrinsic stimulus, targeting of EndoG by shRNA improved the perceived stability and transgene expression of pDNA vectors. Therefore, EndoG is not a mediator of exogenous DNA clearance, but in non-physiological circumstances, it may nonspecifically cleave intracellular DNA regardless of its origin. These findings make it unlikely that targeting of EndoG is a viable strategy for improving the duration and level of transgene expression from nonviral DNA vectors in gene therapy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Misic
- Brock University, Department of Biological Sciences, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Misic V, El-Mogy M, Geng S, Haj-Ahmad Y. Effect of endonuclease G depletion on plasmid DNA uptake and levels of homologous recombination in hela cells. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Albadawi H, Oklu R, Raacke Malley RE, O'Keefe RM, Uong TP, Cormier NR, Watkins MT. Effect of DNase I treatment and neutrophil depletion on acute limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. J Vasc Surg 2015; 64:484-493. [PMID: 26704988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular traps (ETs) consisting of DNA-protein complexes formed after tissue injury contribute to the inflammatory and thrombosis cascades, thereby exacerbating injury. Exogenous DNase I has been suggested as a therapeutic strategy to limit injury in the brain and myocardium. These studies were designed to evaluate the effects of exogenous DNase I treatment on skeletal muscle injury after acute hindlimb ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in mice and to determine whether neutrophils are a major source of ETs in postischemic muscle tissue. METHODS C57BL6 mice were subjected to 1.5 hours of tourniquet ischemia and 24 hours of reperfusion with and without human recombinant DNase I treatment. A separate set of mice was subjected to neutrophil depletion (ND), followed by the same intervals of IR. Laser Doppler imaging and tissue harvesting were done at 24 hours for assessment of limb perfusion, muscle fiber injury, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, markers of inflammation, thrombosis, and formation of ETs. RESULTS DNase I treatment significantly reduced detection of ETs in postischemic muscle but did not alter skeletal muscle fiber injury, levels of proinflammatory molecules, or ATP level. DNase I treatment did enhance postischemic hindlimb perfusion, decreased infiltrating inflammatory cells, and reduced the expression of thrombin-antithrombin III. ND resulted in a significant yet small reduction in ETs in the postischemic muscle. ND did not alter skeletal muscle fiber injury, hindlimb perfusion, or ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that neither DNase I treatment nor ND was protective against IR injury, even though both decreased detection of ETs in skeletal muscle after IR. Neutrophils are not the only source of ETs after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Albadawi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Rita Elise Raacke Malley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Ryan M O'Keefe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Thuy P Uong
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Nicholas R Cormier
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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11
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Jang DS, Penthala NR, Apostolov EO, Wang X, Crooks PA, Basnakian AG. Novel cytoprotective inhibitors for apoptotic endonuclease G. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 34:92-100. [PMID: 25401220 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic endonuclease G (EndoG) is responsible for DNA fragmentation both during and after cell death. Previous studies demonstrated that genetic inactivation of EndoG is cytoprotective against various pro-apoptotic stimuli; however, specific inhibitors for EndoG are not available. In this study, we have developed a high-throughput screening assay for EndoG and have used it to screen a chemical library. The screening resulted in the identification of two potent EndoG inhibitors, PNR-3-80 and PNR-3-82, which are thiobarbiturate analogs. As determined by their IC₅₀s, the inhibitors are more potent than ZnCl₂ or EDTA. They inhibit EndoG at one or two orders of magnitude greater than another apoptotic endonuclease, DNase I, and do not inhibit the other five tested cell death-related enzymes: DNase II, RNase A, proteinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase 1. Exposure of natural EndoG-expressing 22Rv1 or EndoG-overexpressing PC3 cells rendered them significantly resistant to Cisplatin and Docetaxel, respectively. These novel EndoG inhibitors have the potential to be utilized for amelioration of cell injuries in which participation of EndoG is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Song Jang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas
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12
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Jang DS, Penthala NR, Apostolov EO, Wang X, Fahmi T, Crooks PA, Basnakian AG. Novel high-throughput deoxyribonuclease 1 assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:202-11. [PMID: 25326282 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114555828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I), the most active and abundant apoptotic endonuclease in mammals, is known to mediate toxic, hypoxic, and radiation injuries to the cell. Neither inhibitors of DNase I nor high-throughput methods for screening of high-volume chemical libraries in search of DNase I inhibitors are, however, available. To overcome this problem, we developed a high-throughput DNase I assay. The assay is optimized for a 96-well plate format and based on the increase of fluorescence intensity when fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotide is degraded by the DNase. The assay is highly sensitive to DNase I compared to other endonucleases, reliable (Z' ≥ 0.5), and operationally simple, and it has low operator, intraassay, and interassay variability. The assay was used to screen a chemical library, and several potential DNase I inhibitors were identified. After comparison, 2 hit compounds were selected and shown to protect against cisplatin-induced kidney cell death in vitro. This assay will be suitable for identifying inhibitors of DNase I and, potentially, other endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Song Jang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Narsimha R Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eugene O Apostolov
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alexei G Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA Renal Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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13
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Polymer Complexes in Biological Applications. FROM SINGLE MOLECULES TO NANOSCOPICALLY STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Fismen S, Thiyagarajan D, Seredkina N, Nielsen H, Jacobsen S, Elung-Jensen T, Kamper AL, Johansen SD, Mortensen ES, Rekvig OP. Impact of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (Trap1) on renal DNaseI shutdown and on progression of murine and human lupus nephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 182:688-700. [PMID: 23273922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings show that transformation of mild glomerulonephritis into end-stage disease coincides with shutdown of renal DNaseI expression in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. Down-regulation of DNaseI results in reduced chromatin fragmentation and deposition of extracellular chromatin fragments in glomerular basement membranes where they appear in complex with IgG antibodies. Here, we implicate the anti-apoptotic and survival protein, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (Trap1) in the disease process, based on the observation that annotated transcripts from this gene overlap with transcripts from the DNaseI gene. Furthermore, we translate these observations to human lupus nephritis. In this study, mouse and human DNaseI and Trap1 mRNA levels were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and compared with protein expression levels and clinical data. Cellular localization was analyzed by immune electron microscopy, IHC, and in situ hybridization. Data indicate that silencing of DNaseI gene expression correlates inversely with expression of the Trap1 gene. Our observations suggest that the mouse model is relevant for the aspects of disease progression in human lupus nephritis. Acquired silencing of the renal DNaseI gene has been shown to be important for progression of disease in both the murine and human forms of lupus nephritis. Early mesangial nephritis initiates a cascade of inflammatory signals that lead to up-regulation of Trap1 and a consequent down-regulation of renal DNaseI by transcriptional interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Fismen
- Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Seredkina N, Rekvig OP. Acquired loss of renal nuclease activity is restricted to DNaseI and is an organ-selective feature in murine lupus nephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1120-8. [PMID: 21723244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An acquired loss of renal DNaseI promotes transformation of mild mesangial lupus nephritis into membranoproliferative end-stage organ disease. In this study, we analyzed expression profiles of DNaseI in other organs of lupus-prone (NZB×NZW)F1 mice during disease progression to determine whether silencing of the renal DNaseI gene is an organ-specific feature or whether loss of DNaseI reflects a systemic error in mice with sever lupus nephritis. The present results demonstrate normal or elevated levels of DNaseI mRNA and enzyme activity in liver, spleen, and serum samples from (NZB×NZW)F1 mice throughout all the stages of lupus nephritis. DNaseI activity was dramatically reduced only in kidneys of mice with sever nephritis and was the only nuclease that was down-regulated, whereas six other nucleases (DNaseII1 to 3, caspase-activated DNase, Dnase2a, and endonuclease G) were approximately normally expressed in kidneys, liver, and spleen. Loss of renal DNaseI was not accompanied by changes in serum DNaseI activity, suggesting independent mechanisms of DNaseI regulation in circulation and in kidneys and an absence of compensatory up-regulation of serum DNaseI activity in the case of renal DNaseI deficiency. Thus, silencing of renal DNaseI is a unique renal feature in membranoproliferative lupus nephritis. Determining the mechanism(s) responsible for DNaseI down-regulation might lead to the generation of new therapeutic targets to treat and prevent progressive lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Seredkina
- Molecular Pathology Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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