The Role ofp73G4C14-to-A4T14 Polymorphism in the Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer

Vaginal Microbiota and HPV in Latin America: A Narrative Review

With the expansion of human microbiome studies in the last 15 years, we have realized the immense implications of microbes in human health. The human holobiont is now accepted, given the commensal relationships with bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and human cells. The cervicovaginal microbiota is a specific case within the human microbiome where diversity is lower to maintain a chemical barrier of protection against infections. This narrative review focuses on the vaginal microbiome. It summarizes key findings on how native bacteria protect women from disease or predispose them to damaging inflammatory processes with an emphasis on the role of HPV infections in Latin America, one of the world's regions with the highest cervical cancer prevalence.

Association between TP73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism and different cancer types: an updated meta-analysis of 55 case-control studies

OBJECTIVE

The TP73 G4C14-A4T14 variant has been associated with elevated cancer risk, but the evidence is inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis to clarify the role of this variant in cancer development.

METHODS

Eligible literature was selected by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and Embase. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.4.

RESULTS

A meta-analysis of 55 case-control studies showed that the G4C14-A4T14 variant was significantly associated with overall cancer development in five genetic models, including the allele model (AM), codominant model 1 (COD1), COD2, dominant model (DM), and over-dominant model (OD). Sub-group analysis based on ethnicity showed significantly higher risks in Africans in COD2 and RM and in Whites in AM, COD2, DM, and recessive model (RM). Cancer-specific subgroup analysis identified significant risks of gynecological (ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer), colorectal, oral, head and neck, and other cancers. Moreover, hospital-based controls revealed significant cancer risks in the AM, COD1, COD2, DM, and RM genetic models. Our findings were confirmed by trial sequential analysis.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis confirmed that TP73 G4C14-A4T14 significantly elevates the overall cancer risk, especially in White, African, and hospital-based populations, and specifically predisposes individuals to gynecological, colorectal, oral, and head and neck cancers.This meta-analysis was registered at INPLASY (registration number: INPLASY202210070).

Case–control study on TP73 rs1801173 C > T gene polymorphism and susceptibility to gastric cancer in a Chinese Han population

Background

This study investigated the role of TP73 gene polymorphism, rs1801173on risk of gastric cancer.

Methods

We conducted a case-controlled study including 577 primary gastric cancer and 678 normal control cases. The target gene fragment was amplified using PCR using blood samples collected from patients. Allele analysis and genotyping were performed using snapshot method.

Results

The findings showed that the control group had consistent genotype frequency distribution and presented Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The results showed no significant differences in sex, drinking history and age distributions between subjects with the polymorphism and subjects in the control group. Smoking status was correlated with incidence of gastric cancer (P = 0.006). The rs1801173 locus of TP73 gene contained 3 genotypes including: TT, CT, and CT. Logistic regression analysis showed that distribution of recessive model and dominant model was comparable between the two groups before (P = 0.688; 0.937) or after (P = 0.703; 0.990) adjusting for confounders. The distribution frequency in case group was not significantly different relative to that of the control group (P = 0.763).

Conclusion

Smoking can independently influence the risk of gastric cancer. TP73 gene rs1801173 polymorphism was not significantly correlated with risk of gastric cancer.

Association of p73 G4C14-A4T14 and p53 codon 72 polymorphism with cervical cancer in Chinese population

Background

Cervical cancer is known to be the fourth most common cancer among women globally. In various factors, genetic factors have been considered as one major risk factor for cervical cancer. The research of genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer can be greatly helpful in studying the complex mechanism. This study was conducted to identify whether polymorphic variants of p73 G4C14-A4T14 and tumor protein p53 (p53) codon 72, either independently or jointly, might be associated with the risk of cervical cancer.

Methods

The genotypes of p73 G4C14-A4T14 and p53 codon 72 polymorphisms of peripheral blood DNA from 190 cervical cancer patients and 210 controls were investigated using polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, respectively.

Results

The frequency of p73 G4C14-A4T14 AT/AT (P = 0.013) or p53 codon 72 GG (P = 0.026) genotype was associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer by comparing with the p73 G4C14-A4T14 GC/GC or p53 codon 72 CC genotype, respectively. In addition, the interaction between the p73 G4C14-A4T14 and p53 codon 72 polymorphisms increased the risk of cervical cancer in a multiply manner, with the odds ratio being 3.692 (95% confidence interval =2.106-6.473) for subjects carrying both p73 G4C14-A4T14 GC/AT+AT/AT and p53 codon 72 GG genotypes.

Conclusion

These results suggest that there is a statistical difference between p73 and p53 gene polymorphism and the risk of cervical cancer in Chinese women, and there is a potential gene-gene interaction in the incidence of cervical cancer.

TP73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism and cancer susceptibility: evidence from 36 case-control studies

G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism of TP73 gene has been reported with a potential association in cancer risks through affected cell homeostasis; however the results were not consistent. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to explore the associations between G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. Extensive retrieve was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Wanfang database and CNKI database up to May 20, 2018. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were conducted to evaluate the overall strength of the associations in five genetic models, as well as in subgroup analyses. Q-test, false-positive report probability analysis and trial sequential analysis, Egger’s test and Begg’s funnel plot were applied to evaluate the robustness of the results. In silico analysis was managed to demonstrate the relationship of TP73 expression correlated with cancer tissues. Finally, 36 case–control studies with a total of 9493 cancer cases and 13,157 healthy controls were enrolled into the meta-analysis. The pooled results present a significantly higher risk of G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism in all the five genetic models, as well as in the subgroups of Caucasian, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, H-B subgroup and comfort to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium subgroup. In silico analysis revealed that the expression of TP73 in cervical cancer tissue is higher than it in corresponding normal tissue, as well as in cervical cancer. All in all, TP73 G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism causes an upgrade cancer risk, especially in Caucasian population. G4C14-A4T14 polymorphism might be a potential biomarker for judging the tumorigenesis of cervical cancer and colorectal cancer.

Association between RAD51 135 G/C polymorphism and risk of 3 common gynecological cancers: A meta-analysis

AIM

Available data concerning the association between RAD51 135G/C (rs1801320) polymorphism and the risk of 3 common gynecological cancers still could not reach a consensus. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the relationship.

METHODS

Several electronic databases and bibliographies of relevant articles were screened to identify the studies up to July 2017. Then a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the connection between 3 common gynecological tumors' susceptibility and RAD51 135G/C polymorphism in different inheritance models. Simultaneously, we did subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis if necessary.

RESULTS

A total of 11 articles including 14 studies involving 4097 cases and 5890 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, RAD51 135G/C polymorphism increased the risk of 3 common gynecological tumors. The subgroup analysis stratified by cancer types- endometrial carcinoma (EC) and ovarian cancer (OC)-showed that RAD51 135G/C polymorphism increased the risk of EC: allele model (C vs G: odds ratio [OR] = 4.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.63-7.10, P < .00001), dominant model (CC + GC vs GG: OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.44-3.60, P = .004), recessive model (CC vs GC + GG: OR = 10.27, 95% CI = 14.71-22.38, P < .00001), and homozygous model (CC vs GG: OR = 7.26, 95% CI = 3.59-14.68, P < .00001), but there was no significant association between RAD51 135G/C polymorphism and OC. In the subgroup analysis stratified by source of controls, a significantly increased risk was observed in hospital-based studies. Nevertheless, the data showed RAD51 135G/C polymorphism had no link in population-based studies.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggested that RAD51 135G/C polymorphism was a risk factor for the three common gynecological tumors, especially for EC among hospital-based populations.

Genetic susceptibility in cervical cancer: From bench to bedside

Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most common malignancy in women globally, and persistent infection with the oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) is recognized as the major risk factor. The pathogenesis of CC relies on the interplay between the tumorigenic properties of the HPV and host factors. Host-related genetic factors, including the presence of susceptibility loci for cervix tumor is substantial importance. Preclinical and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported the associations of genetic variations in several susceptibility loci for the development of cervical cancer. However, many of these reports are inconsistent. In this review, we discuss the findings to date of candidate gene association studies, and GWAS in cervical cancer. The associations between these genetic variations with response to chemotherapy are also discussed.

Association of P73 polymorphisms with susceptibilities of cervical carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Objective

The relation between P73 gene polymorphism and cervical cancer has not been determined. At present, we utilized a meta-analysis method to elucidate the association between P73 and cervical cancer.

Results

The present study included 635 patients with cervical cancer and 998 cancer-free control subjects. Using meta-analysis, we found a significant association of P73 genetic polymorphism with cervical cancer in a recessive model [OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84−0.98; P = 0.02.]. However, this association was not find in a dominant model [OR = 0.76, 95% CI (0.45−1.27); P = 0.29], in a co-dominant model [OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.98–1.04, P = 0.56] or in an allelic model [OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.93−1.00; P = 0.09].

Materials and Methods

To further evaluate the relation between the P73 gene polymorphism and cervical cancer, we selected 5 case-control studies related to P73 gene polymorphism and cervical cancer by searching CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed and EMbase database. We utilized Q-test and I² test to test the heterogeneity between each study. The fixed effects model was utilized to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that P73 gene polymorphism was associated with the risk of cervical cancer. However, our conclusion still requires large sample size of case-control studies or cohort studies to further confirm this result.

Base excision repair pathway: PARP1 genotypes as modulators of therapy response in cervical cancer patients

CONTEXT

Genetic polymorphisms in genes of the base excision repair (BER) pathway appear to modulate the therapy response of cancer patients. PARP1 protein recognizes the DNA strand damage and facilitates the subsequent recruitment of BER proteins. Few studies have reported an association between PARP1 Val762Ala polymorphism (rs1136410) and cancer therapy response.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of our study was to determine whether PARP1 Val762Ala polymorphism have prognostic value in patients with cervical cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two hundred and sixty adult patients, with histologically confirmed cervical cancer, at FIGO-stages IB2-IVA, primarily treated with concurrent chemotherapy (cisplatin) and radiotherapy. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were the primary end points of the analysis. The PARP1 Val762Ala genetic variants were analyzed by allelic discrimination by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

We observed that peri- and postmenopausal women carrying the C-allele present a statistically significant lower OS and DFS (log-rank test, p = 0.008 and p = 0.006, respectively) among those with early stage cervical cancer. Cox regression analysis confirmed these results, after adjustment for other prognostic factors (for OS: HR, 3.70; 95%CI, 1.32-10.38; p = 0.013 and for DFS: HR, 3.97; 95%CI, 1.59-9.93; p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study evaluating the effect of PARP1 Val762Ala polymorphism in treatment response in cervical cancer patients. PARP1 genotypes may contribute as an independent prognostic factor in cervical cancer, being useful in predicting the clinical outcome.

Association between the p73 gene G4C14-to-A4T14 single nucleotide polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer by high resolution melting and PCR with confronting two-pair primers in a Chinese population

As a member of the p53 gene family, the p73 gene can affect an individual's susceptibility to cancer through a p53-like manner. DNA sequence variation in the p73 gene has been reported to be associated with cancer risk. The present study aimed to identify whether the p73 gene G4C14-to-A4T14 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with risk of cervical cancer in a Chinese population. The p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 polymorphism was genotyped in 175 cervical cancer and 189 healthy control peripheral blood DNA samples using high resolution melting, polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers and direct DNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that carriers of the AT/AT genotype were associated with a significantly increased risk of cervical cancer (P=0.042; χ²=4.122; odds ratio = 2.241; 95% confidence interval = 1.013-4.956) compared with the GC/GC genotype carriers. In addition, there was a significant association between p73 genotypes and tumor size in patients with cervical cancer (P=0.014; χ²=8.607). However, no association was identified between p73 genotypes and tumor stage, histological type or lymph node metastasis in patients with cervical cancer. These results suggest that the p73 G4C14-to-A4T14 SNP may function as a marker of genetic susceptibility to cervical cancer in the Chinese population.

Lessons and implications from association studies and post-GWAS analyses of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer has a heritable genetic component. A large number of genetic associations with cervical cancer have been reported in hypothesis-driven candidate gene studies, but many of these results are either inconsistent or have failed to be independently replicated. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified additional susceptibility loci previously not implicated in cervical cancer development, highlighting the power of genome-wide unbiased association analyses. Post-GWAS analyses including pathway-based analysis and functional characterization of associated variants have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. In this review we summarize findings from candidate gene association studies, GWAS, and post-GWAS analyses of cervical cancer. We also discuss gaps in our understanding, possible clinical implications of the findings, and lessons for studies of other complex diseases.

Role of p73 Dinucleotide Polymorphism in Prostate Cancer and p73 Protein Isoform Balance

Background. Molecular markers for prostate cancer (PCa) risks are currently lacking. Here we address the potential association of a dinucleotide polymorphism (DNP) in exon 2 of the p73 gene with PCa risk/progression and discern any disruption of p73 protein isoforms levels in cells harboring a p73 DNP allele. Methods. We investigated the association between p73 DNP genotype and PCa risk/aggressiveness and survival by fitting logistic regression models in 1,292 incident cases and 682 controls. Results. Although we detected no association between p73 DNP and PCa risk, a significant inverse relationship between p73 DNP and PCa aggressiveness (AT/AT + GC/AT versus GC/GC, OR = 0.55, 95%Cl = 0.31–0.99) was detected. Also, p73 DNP is marginally associated with overall death (dominant model, HR = 0.76, 95%Cl = 0.57–1.00, P = 0.053) as well as PCa specific death (HR = 0.69, 95%Cl = 0.45–1.06, P = 0.09). Western blot analyses for p73 protein isoforms indicate that cells heterozygous for the p73 DNP have lower levels of ∆Np73 relative to TAp73 (P < 0.001). Conclusions. Our findings are consistent with an association between p73 DNP and low risk for PCa aggressiveness by increasing the expressed TAp73/∆Np73 protein isoform ratio.

MTHFR C677T polymorphism was an ethnicity-dependent risk factor for cervical cancer development: evidence based on a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Many studies have studied the associations between 5, 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and susceptibilities of cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); however, the results were inconsistent. The aim of this study was to further assess the relationships by the method of meta-analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two investigators independently searched the PubMed, Embase, Wang Fang (Chinese database) and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), with latest update to July 1st, 2011. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) were used to assess the strength of the associations by using fixed- or random-effect model.

RESULTS

Ten case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis including a total of 1,803 cervical cancer or CIN cases and 2,363 controls. Pooled analyses showed that T allele of MTHFR C677T was significantly associated with increased CIN risk [OR (95 % CI): 1.28 (1.03-1.50) for CT vs. CC], especially for low-grade CIN risk. In addition, MTHFR C677T rather than A1298C polymorphism was associated with risk of cervical cancer. Stratifying analyses for ethnicity indicated that T allele of MTHFR C677T was associated with increased cervical cancer risk for Asian [OR (95 % CI): 1.56 (1.17-2.08) for TT vs. CC; 1.53 (1.19-1.96) for TT vs. C carriers] while decreased risk for Caucasian [OR (95 % CI): 0.63 (0.45-0.89) for TT vs. CC; 0.66 (0.56-0.79) for T carriers vs. CC].

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggested that there was no association between MTHFR A1298C polymorphism and cervical cancer risk. However, MTHFR C677T was an ethnicity-dependent risk factor for cervical cancer occurrence. In addition, T allele of C677T was significantly associated with risk of low grade of CIN incidence. Because of modest limitations of our study, well-designed studies with large sample size were needed to confirm our findings in the future.

Role of the RAD51 G172T polymorphism in the clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients under concomitant chemoradiotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women worldwide. Mammalian cells are constantly exposed to a wide variety of genotoxic agents from both endogenous and exogenous sources. The RAD51 protein is required for meiotic and mitotic recombination and plays a central role in homology-dependent recombinational repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Given the functional relevance of the DNA repair system on carcinogenesis, potential associations between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes, cancer risk and response to therapy have been intensively evaluated. This is the first study evaluating the role of the RAD51 G172T genetic variants in cancer prognosis and clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We analyzed RAD51 G172T polymorphism genotypes in cervical cancer patients who underwent a platinum-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy. Genotyping was performed by Taqman™ Allelic Discrimination methodology.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Concerning the overall survival rates found using Kaplan-Meier method and Log Rank Test, we observed that the mean survival rates were statistically different according to the patients RAD51 genotypes. The group of patients carrying the T allele present a higher mean survival rate than the other patients (102.3months vs. 86.4months, P=0.020). Using the Cox regression analysis, we found an increased overall survival time for T-carrier patients, when compared with GG genotype, with tumor stage, age and presence of lymph nodes as covariates [hazard ratio (HR), 0.373; 95% CI, 0.181-0.770; P=0.008]. Among patients (n=193), RAD51 genotype frequency distributions were not under the influence of clinicopathologic characteristics, namely, treatment response (P=0.508), recurrence (P=0.150) and tumor stage (P=0.250).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study evaluating the role of the RAD51 G172T genetic variants in cancer prognosis and clinical outcome of cervical cancer patients. Our results indicate an influence of the RAD51 genetic variants in overall survival of cervical cancer. Thereby, RAD51 G172T genotypes may provide additional prognostic information in cervical cancer patients who underwent cisplatin-based chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy.