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Hoepers PG, Nunes PLF, Almeida-Souza HO, Martins MM, Carvalho RDDO, Dreyer CT, Aburjaile FF, Sommerfeld S, Azevedo V, Fonseca BB. Harnessing probiotics capability to combat Salmonella Heidelberg and improve intestinal health in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103739. [PMID: 38678973 PMCID: PMC11060954 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry faces significant challenges in controlling Salmonella contamination while reducing antibiotic use, particularly with the emergence of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) strains posing risks to food safety and public health. Probiotics, notably lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Saccharomyces boulardii (SB) offer promising alternatives for mitigating Salmonella colonization in broilers. Understanding the efficacy of probiotics in combating SH and their impact on gut health and metabolism is crucial for improving poultry production practices and ensuring food safety standards. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effects of LAB and SB against SH both in vitro and in vivo broilers, while also investigating their impact on fecal metabolites and caecal microbiome composition. In vitro analysis demonstrated strong inhibition of SH by certain probiotic strains, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) and Lacticaseibacillus acidophilus (LA), while others like SB and Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LD) did not exhibit significant inhibition. In vivo testing revealed that broilers receiving probiotics had significantly lower SH concentrations in cecal content compared to the positive control (PC) at all ages, indicating a protective effect of probiotics against SH colonization. Metagenomic analysis of cecal-content microbiota identified predominant bacterial families and genera, highlighting changes in microbiota composition with age and probiotic supplementation. Additionally, fecal metabolomics profiling showed alterations in metabolite concentrations, suggesting reduced oxidative stress, intestinal inflammation, and improved gut health in probiotic-supplemented birds. These findings underscore the potential of probiotics to mitigate SH colonization and improve broiler health while reducing reliance on antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Lucas Figueiredo Nunes
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Hebreia Oliveira Almeida-Souza
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Mario Machado Martins
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Simone Sommerfeld
- Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca
- Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil; Graduate Program in Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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2
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huoying Shi,
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3
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Blossom SJ, Gokulan K, Arnold M, Khare S. Sex-Dependent Effects on Liver Inflammation and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis After Continuous Developmental Exposure to Trichloroethylene in Autoimmune-Prone Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:569008. [PMID: 33250767 PMCID: PMC7673404 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.569008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common environmental toxicant linked with hypersensitivity and autoimmune responses in humans and animal models. While autoimmune diseases are more common in females, mechanisms behind this disparity are not clear. Recent evidence suggests that autoimmunity may be increasing in males, and occupational studies have shown that TCE-mediated hypersensitivity responses occur just as often in males. Previous experimental studies in autoimmune-prone MRL+/+ mice have focused on responses in females. However, it is important to include both males and females in order to better understand sex-disparity in autoimmune disease. In addition, because of an alarming increase in autoimmunity in adolescents, developmental and/or early life exposures to immune-enhancing environmental pollutants should also be considered. Using MRL+/+ mice, we hypothesized that TCE would alter markers related to autoimmunity to a greater degree in female mice relative to male mice, and that TCE would enhance these effects. Mice were continuously exposed to either TCE or vehicle beginning at gestation, continuing during lactation, and directly in the drinking water. Both male and female offspring were evaluated at 7 weeks of age. Sex-specific effects were evident. Female mice were more likely than males to show enhanced CD4+ T cell cytokine responses (e.g., IL-4 and IFN-γ). Although none of the animals developed pathological or serological signs of autoimmune hepatitis-like disease, TCE-exposed female mice were more likely than males in either group to express higher levels of biomarkers in the liver related to regeneration/repair and proliferation. Levels of bacterial populations in the intestinal ileum were also altered by TCE exposure and were more prominent in females as compared to males. Thus, our expectations were correct in that young adult female mice developmentally exposed to TCE were more likely to exhibit alterations in immunological and gut/liver endpoints compared to male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Matthew Arnold
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
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4
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Khare S, DeLoid GM, Molina RM, Gokulan K, Couvillion SP, Bloodsworth KJ, Eder EK, Wong AR, Hoyt DW, Bramer LM, Metz TO, Thrall BD, Brain JD, Demokritou P. Effects of ingested nanocellulose on intestinal microbiota and homeostasis in Wistar Han rats. NANOIMPACT 2020; 18:100216. [PMID: 32190784 PMCID: PMC7080203 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Micron scale cellulose materials are "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) as binders and thickeners in food products. However, nanocellulose materials, which have unique properties that can improve food quality and safety, have not received US-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as food ingredients. In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of ingested nanocellulose revealed minimal cytotoxicity, and no subacute in vivo toxicity. However, ingested materials may modulate gut microbial populations, or alter aspects of intestinal function not elucidated by toxicity testing, which could have important health implications. Here, we report the results of studies conducted in a rat gavage model to assess the effects of ingested cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) on the fecal microbiome and metabolome, intestinal epithelial expression of cell junction genes, and ileal cytokine production. Feces, plasma, and ilea were collected from Wistar Han rats before and after five weeks of biweekly gavages with water or cream, with or without 1% CNF. CNF altered microbial diversity, and diminished specific species that produce short chain fatty acids, and that are associated with increased serum insulin and IgA production. CNF had few effects on the fecal metabolome, with significant changes in only ten metabolites of 366 measured. Exposure to CNF also altered expression of epithelial cell junction genes, and increased production of cytokines that modulate proliferation of CD8 T cells. These perturbations likely represent initiation of an adaptive immune response, however, no associated pathology was seen within the duration of the study. Additional studies are needed to better understand the health implications of these changes in long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Glen M. DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramon M. Molina
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Sneha P. Couvillion
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Kent J. Bloodsworth
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Eder
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Allison R. Wong
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David W. Hoyt
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lisa M. Bramer
- Computing & Analytics Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Brian D. Thrall
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Joseph D. Brain
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- corresponding author: Philip Demokritou,
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5
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Gokulan K, Kolluru P, Cerniglia CE, Khare S. Dose-Dependent Effects of Aloin on the Intestinal Bacterial Community Structure, Short Chain Fatty Acids Metabolism and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:474. [PMID: 30972034 PMCID: PMC6443721 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aloe leaf or purified aloin products possess numerous therapeutic and pharmaceutical properties. It is widely used as ingredients in a variety of food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Animal studies have shown that consumption of aloe or purified aloin cause intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia, and malignancy. Here, we tested antibacterial effects of aloin, against intestinal commensal microbiota. Minimum inhibitory concentration of aloin for several human commensal bacterial species (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) ranged from 1 to 4 mg/ml. Metabolism studies indicated that Enterococcus faecium was capable of degrading aloin into aloe-emodin at a slower-rate compared to Eubacterium spp. As a proof of concept, we incubated 3% rat fecal-slurry (an in vitro model to simulate human colon content) with 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml of aloin to test antimicrobial properties. Low aloin concentrations showed minor perturbations to intestinal bacteria, whereas high concentration increased Lactobacillus sp. counts. Aloin also decreased butyrate-production in fecal microbiota in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h exposure. The 16S rRNA sequence-data revealed that aloin decreases the abundance of butyrate-producing bacterial species. Transepithelial resistant result revealed that aloin alters the intestinal barrier-function at higher concentrations (500 μM). In conclusion, aloin exhibits antibacterial property for certain commensal bacteria and decreases butyrate-production in a dose -dependent manner. HIGHLIGHTS –Aloin exhibits antibacterial properties for certain intestinal commensal bacteria. –In rat fecal slurry (an in vitro model to simulate human colon content), longer aloin exposure (24 h) decreases the butyrate production in dose dependent manner. –The 16s rRNA sequencing data show that aloin decreased the abundance of butyrate producing bacterial species. –Rat intestinal commensal bacteria metabolized aloin into aloe-emodin. –Aloin altered the intestinal epithelial cells barrier integrity, however, the metabolic product of aloin - Aloe-emodin did not alter epithelial cells permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Pranav Kolluru
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Carl E Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
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Exposure to Arsenite in CD-1 Mice during Juvenile and Adult Stages: Effects on Intestinal Microbiota and Gut-Associated Immune Status. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01418-18. [PMID: 30108172 PMCID: PMC6094480 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01418-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota composition and gut-associated immune response can contribute to the toxicity of arsenic. We investigated the potential toxicity of short-term arsenic exposure on gut microbiome composition, intestinal immune status, microbial arsenic resistance gene, and arsenic metabolic profiles in adult and developmental stages of CD-1 mice. The potential toxicity of arsenite [As(III)] was determined for two life stages: (i) adult animals at 24 or 48 h after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg body weight [b.w.] [low dose], 0.1 mg/kg b.w. [medium dose], and 0.2 mg/kg b.w. [high dose]) and repeated exposure at 1 mg/liter for 8 days and (ii) postnatal day 10 (PND10) and PND21 after single gavage (0.05 mg/kg b.w.). Dose- and time-dependent responses in bacterial recovery/microbial composition were observed in adults after a single gavage. Repeated exposure caused a transient decrease in the recovery of intestinal bacteria, a shift in the bacterial population with abundance of arsenic resistance genes, and evidence for host metabolism of arsenite into less-reactive trivalent methylated species. Arsenic exposure in adult animals induced high levels of CC chemokines and of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in intestine. Arsenic exposure at PND21 resulted in the development of distinct bacterial populations. Results of this study highlight significant changes in the intestinal microbiome and gut-associated immune status during a single or repeated exposure to arsenic in juvenile and adult animals. The data warrant investigation of the long-term effects of oral arsenic exposure on the microbiome and of immune system development and responses.IMPORTANCE Transformation of organic arsenic to toxic inorganic arsenic (iAs) is likely carried out by intestinal bacteria, and iAs may alter the viability of certain microbial populations. This study addressed the impact of arsenic exposure on intestinal microbiota diversity and host gut-associated immune mediators during early development or adulthood using scenarios of acute or repeated doses. During acute arsenic exposure, animals developed defense functions characterized by higher abundances of bacteria that are involved in arsenic resistance or detoxification mechanisms. Arsenite had a negative effect on the abundance of bacterial species that are involved in the conversion of protein to butyrate, which is an alternative energy source in the intestine. The intestinal mucosal immune cytokine profile reflected a mechanism of protection from arsenic toxicity.
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Blossom SJ, Fernandes L, Bai S, Khare S, Gokulan K, Yuan Y, Dewall M, Simmen FA, Gilbert KM. Opposing Actions of Developmental Trichloroethylene and High-Fat Diet Coexposure on Markers of Lipogenesis and Inflammation in Autoimmune-Prone Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:313-327. [PMID: 29669109 PMCID: PMC6016708 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a widespread environmental pollutant associated with immunotoxicity and autoimmune disease. Previous studies showed that mice exposed from gestation through early life demonstrated CD4+ T cell alterations and autoimmune hepatitis. Determining the role of one environmental risk factor for any disease is complicated by the presence of other stressors. Based on its known effects, we hypothesized that developmental overnutrition in the form of a moderately high-fat diet (HFD) consisting of 40% kcal fat would exacerbate the immunotoxicity and autoimmune-promoting effects of low-level (<10 μg/kg/day) TCE in autoimmune-prone MRL+/+ mice over either stressor alone. When female offspring were evaluated at 27 weeks of age we found that a continuous exposure beginning at 4 weeks preconception in the dams until 10 weeks of age in offspring that TCE and HFD promoted unique effects that were often antagonistic. For a number of adiposity endpoints, TCE significantly reversed the expected effects of HFD on expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis/insulin resistance, as well as mean pathology scores of steatosis. Although none of the animals developed pathological signs of autoimmune hepatitis, the mice generated unique patterns of antiliver antibodies detected by western blotting attributable to TCE exposure. A majority of cytokines in liver, gut, and splenic CD4+ T cells were significantly altered by TCE, but not HFD. Levels of bacterial populations in the intestinal ileum were also altered by TCE exposure rather than HFD. Thus, in contrast to our expectations this coexposure did not promote synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202
| | - Lorenzo Fernandes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Shasha Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. FDA, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | | | | | - Frank A Simmen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Kathleen M Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
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Gokulan K, Cerniglia CE, Thomas C, Pineiro SA, Khare S. Effects of residual levels of tetracycline on the barrier functions of human intestinal epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:253-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lahiani MH, Gokulan K, Williams K, Khodakovskaya MV, Khare S. Graphene and carbon nanotubes activate different cell surface receptors on macrophages before and after deactivation of endotoxins. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:1305-1316. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. Lahiani
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
- Department of Biology; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR 72204 USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - Katherine Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
| | - Mariya V. Khodakovskaya
- Department of Biology; University of Arkansas at Little Rock; Little Rock AR 72204 USA
- Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences; Vladivostok Russian Federation 690024
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Jefferson AR 72079 USA
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