1
|
Fricker LD. Quantitative Peptidomics: General Considerations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2758:89-108. [PMID: 38549010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3646-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Peptidomics is the detection and identification of the peptides present in a sample, and quantitative peptidomics provides additional information about the amounts of these peptides. It is possible to perform absolute quantitation of peptide levels in which the biological sample is compared to synthetic standards of each peptide. More commonly, relative quantitation is performed to compare peptide levels between two or more samples. Relative quantitation can measure differences between all peptides that are detectable, which can exceed 1000 peptides in a complex sample. In this chapter, various techniques used for quantitative peptidomics are described along with discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. A guide to selecting the optimal quantitative approach is provided, based on the goals of the experiment and the resources that are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd D Fricker
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gou Z, Zhou Y, Jia H, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Yan X. Prenatal diagnosis and mRNA profiles of fetal tetralogy of Fallot. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:853. [PMID: 36402964 PMCID: PMC9675103 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetralogy of fallot (TOF) in the fetus is a typical congential heart disease that occurs during the early embryonic period, being characterized by the abnormal development of conus arteriosus. The early diagnosis and prevention of fetal TOF is very important and there is a great need for exploring the pathogenesis of it in clinic. In this study, there were three cases being detected with TOF by fetal echocardiogram and confirmed by autopsy. We characterize the difference of expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs through sequencing analysis of 3 pairs of myocardial tissues of fetal TOF and those of age-matched controls. Compared with normal group, there were 94 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 83 mRNA transcripts in TOF (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis between lncRNA and mRNA further showed that differentially expressed lncRNA can be linked to mRNAs, suggesting the potential regulator role of lncRNA in mRNA expression. Our data serve as a fundamental resource for understanding the disease etiology of TOF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshan Gou
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Cardiovascular Disease Center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 215008 Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- grid.452799.4Department of Ultrasonography, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 23000 Hefei, Anhui P.R. China
| | - Hongjing Jia
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Ultrasonography, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 215008 Suzhou, Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Zhong Yang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Ultrasonography, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 215008 Suzhou, Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 215008 Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Department of Pharmacology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 215008 Suzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yu B, Yao S, Liu L, Li H, Zhu J, Li M, Han S, Yu Z. The role of polypeptide PDTLN1 in suppression of PI3K/AKT signaling causes cardiogenetic disorders in vitro and in vivo. Life Sci 2022; 289:120244. [PMID: 34922940 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new polypeptide, PDTLN1, derived from the human Talin-1 protein, which is highly expressed in both myocardial tissue and maternal peripheral blood of aborted fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, its role in cardiac developmental disorders has not been disclosed till now. In the present study, we aim to assess the functions of PDTLN1 in heart development of zebrafish and cellular viability, proliferation, and apoptosis of P19 cells. MAIN METHODS Cellular viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8, the EdU Kit was used to evaluate cellular proliferation, and apoptosic rate of P19 was examined using FITC Annexin-V staining followed by flow cytometry. The zebrafish embryos were divided into three groups: PEP group and NC group were microinjected with polypeptides, WT group without any intervention. The protein expression of PI3K/AKT were evaluated by western blotting. KEY FINDINGS PDTLN1 could suppress the proliferation, and facilitate apoptosis. PDTLN1 caused abnormal heart development of zebrafish embryos and the PDTLN1 (50 μM)-injected group showed an aberrant expression pattern of vmhc, amhc and cmlc2. Compared to the CTL group and SC79 group of P19 cells, the PDTLN1 group had a lower phosphorylated PI3K/AKT proteins level, decreased cellular viability and lower proliferation activity. SIGNIFICANCE PDTLN1 caused cardiac developmental defects in zebrafish, inhibited cellular viability, proliferation, and promoted apoptosis of P19 cells via suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our findings provide a fresh perspective on the functional mechanism of human-derived peptides and may promote novel diagnostic biomarkers detection and therapeutic targets in CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boshi Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linjie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingai Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuping Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhangbin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Tian Fei Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Zhang L, Wu Y, Zhu R, Wang Y, Cao Y, Long W, Ji C, Wang H, You L. Peptidome analysis of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC) conditioned medium from preterm and term infants. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:414. [PMID: 32967723 PMCID: PMC7510303 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been widely confirmed in several animal models of premature infant diseases. Micromolecule peptides have shown promise for the treatment of premature infant diseases. However, the potential role of peptides secreted from MSCs has not been studied. The purpose of this study is to help to broaden the knowledge of the hUC-MSC secretome at the peptide level through peptidomic profile analysis. Methods We used tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling technology followed by tandem mass spectrometry to compare the peptidomic profile of preterm and term umbilical cord MSC (hUC-MSC) conditioned medium (CM). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) were conducted to explore the differentially expressed peptides by predicting the functions of their precursor proteins. To evaluate the effect of candidate peptides on human lung epithelial cells stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were, respectively, adopted to detect inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) expression levels at the mRNA and protein levels. Results A total of 131 peptides derived from 106 precursor proteins were differentially expressed in the preterm hUC-MSC CM compared with the term group, comprising 37 upregulated peptides and 94 downregulated peptides. Bioinformatics analysis showed that these differentially expressed peptides may be associated with developmental disorders, inflammatory response, and organismal injury. We also found that peptides 7118TGAKIKLVGT7127 derived from MUC19 and 508AAAAGPANVH517 derived from SIX5 reduced the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in H2O2-treated human lung epithelial cells. Conclusions In summary, this study provides further secretomics information on hUC-MSCs and provides a series of peptides that might have antiinflammatory effects on pulmonary epithelial cells and contribute to the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases in premature infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.,Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Rongping Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Wei Long
- Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Huaiyan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Changzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Lianghui You
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, 210004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Han M, Wang Y, Gao Y, Cui X, Xu P, Ji C, Zhong T, You L, Zeng Y. A Comparative Peptidomic Characterization of Cultured Skeletal Muscle Tissues Derived From db/db Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 31736878 PMCID: PMC6828820 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important secretory organ, skeletal muscle has drawn attention as a potential target tissue for type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM). Recent peptidomics approaches have been applied to identify secreted peptides with potential bioactive. However, comprehensive analysis of the secreted peptides from skeletal muscle tissues of db/db mice and elucidation of their possible roles in insulin resistance remains poorly characterized. Here, we adopted a label-free discovery using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technology and identified 63 peptides (42 up-regulated peptides and 21 down-regulated peptides) differentially secreted from cultured skeletal muscle tissues of db/db mice. Analysis of relative molecular mass (Mr), isoelectric point (pI) and distribution of Mr vs pI of differentially secreted peptides presented the general feature. Furthermore, Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analyses for the parent proteins made a comprehensive functional assessment of these differential peptides, indicating the enrichment in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and striated muscle contraction processes. Intercellular location analysis pointed out most precursor proteins of peptides were cytoplasmic or cytoskeletal. Additionally, cleavage site analysis revealed that Lysine (N-terminal)-Alanine (C-terminal) and Lysine (N-terminal)-Leucine (C-terminal) represents the preferred cleavage sites for identified peptides and proceeding peptides respectively. Mapped to the precursors' sequences, most identified peptides were observed cleaved from creatine kinase m-type (KCRM) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A (Aldo A). Based on UniProt and Pfam database for specific domain structure or motif, 44 peptides out of total were positioned in the functional motif or domain from their parent proteins. Using C2C12 myotubes as cell model in vitro, we found several candidate peptides displayed promotive or inhibitory effects on insulin and mitochondrial-related pathways by an autocrine manner. Taken together, this study will encourage us to investigate the biologic functions and the potential regulatory mechanism of these secreted peptides from skeletal muscle tissues, thus representing a promising strategy to treat insulin resistance as well as the associated metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, NanTong, China
| | - Mei Han
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Tianying Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Lianghui You
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lianghui You
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Yu Zeng
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Chen L, Li Q, Cao J, Gao Y, Li J. Comparative peptidomic profile between human hypertrophic scar tissue and matched normal skin for identification of endogenous peptides involved in scar pathology. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5962-5971. [PMID: 29244193 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous peptides recently attract increasing attention for their participation in various biological processes. Their roles in the pathogenesis of human hypertrophic scar remains poorly understood. In this study, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to construct a comparative peptidomic profiling between human hypertrophic scar tissue and matched normal skin. A total of 179 peptides were significantly differentially expressed in human hypertrophic scar tissue, with 95 upregulated and 84 downregulated peptides between hypertrophic scar tissue and matched normal skin. Further bioinformatics analysis (Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis) indicated that precursor proteins of these differentially expressed peptides correlate with cellular process, biological regulation, cell part, binding and structural molecule activity ribosome, and PPAR signaling pathway occurring during pathological changes of hypertrophic scar. Based on prediction database, we found that 78 differentially expressed peptides shared homology with antimicrobial peptides and five matched known immunomodulatory peptides. In conclusion, our results show significantly altered expression profiles of peptides in human hypertrophic scar tissue. These peptides may participate in the etiology of hypertrophic scar and provide beneficial scheme for scar evaluation and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanli Gao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Peptidomics is the detection and identification of the peptides present in a sample, while quantitative peptidomics provides additional information about the amounts of these peptides. Comparison of peptide levels among two or more samples is termed relative quantitation. It is also possible to perform absolute quantitation of peptide levels in which the biological sample is compared to synthetic standards, which requires a separate standard for each peptide. In contrast, relative quantitation can compare levels of all peptides that are detectable in a sample, which can exceed 1000 peptides in a complex sample. In this chapter, various techniques used for quantitative peptidomics are described along with discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. A guide to selecting the optimal quantitative approach is provided, based on the goals of the experiment and the resources that are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Fricker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Li J, Chen L, Gao Y, Li J. Endogenous peptides profiles of human infantile hemangioma tissue and their clinical significance for treatment. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:4636-4643. [PMID: 29266350 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous peptides play crucial roles in various biological processes. Their effects on the pathogenesis of human infantile hemangioma remains poorly understood. In this study, we construct a comparative peptidomic profiling between human infantile hemangioma tissue and matched normal skin using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 192 peptides were significantly differentially expressed in human infantile hemangioma tissue, with 182 upregulated, and 10 downregulated peptides between infantile hemangioma tissue and matched normal skin. Performing bioinformatics analysis (Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis), we found that precursor proteins of these differentially expressed peptides correlate with metabolic process, biological regulation, binding, catalytic activity, and pathways in cancer occurring during pathological changes of infantile hemangioma. Furthermore, 89 differentially expressed peptides shared homology with antimicrobial peptides and 13 matched known immunomodulatory peptides based on prediction database. In conclusion, our results reveal significantly altered expression profiles of peptides in human infantile hemangioma tissue. These peptides may participate in the etiology of infantile hemangioma and provide beneficial scheme for clinical treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanli Gao
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Medical Institute, The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|