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Qu R, Zhang W, Ma Z, Ma Q, Chen M, Lan T, Zhou L, Hu X. Glaucocalyxin A attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis and improves the associated gut microbiota imbalance. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:51-64. [PMID: 37060267 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis refers to the pathophysiological process of dysplasia on the connective tissue of the liver, caused by a variety of pathogenic factors. Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) has anticoagulation, antibacterial, anti-inflammation, antioxidant and antitumour properties. However, whether GLA ameliorates liver fibrosis or not is still unclear. In this study, a liver fibrosis model was established using male C57BL/6 mice. The mice were treated with 5 and 10 mg/kg GLA via intraperitoneal injection, respectively. The ones that were treated with 5 mg/kg OCA were used as the positive control group. The levels of liver function, liver fibrosis biomarkers and liver pathological changes were then evaluated. We also explored the effects of GLA on inflammatory response and liver cell apoptosis. In addition, we investigated the gut microbiota mechanisms of GLA on liver fibrosis. The results from this study that GLA could significantly decrease the level of liver function (AST, ALT, TBA) and liver fibrosis (HA, LN, PC-III, IV-C). On the other hand, a significant decrease in inflammation levels (IL-1β, TNF-α) were also noted. GLA also improves CCl4-induced pathological liver injuries and collagen deposition, in addition to decreasing apoptosis levels. In addition, an increase in the ratio of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in liver disease was also observed. GLA also improves the gut microbiota. In conclusion, GLA attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and improves the associated gut microbiota imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Qu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianwen Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingju Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuguang Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Li WQ, Liu WH, Qian D, Liu J, Zhou SQ, Zhang L, Peng W, Su L, Zhang H. Traditional Chinese medicine: An important source for discovering candidate agents against hepatic fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962525. [PMID: 36081936 PMCID: PMC9445813 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) refers to the pathophysiological process of connective tissue dysplasia in the liver caused by various pathogenic factors. Nowadays, HF is becoming a severe threat to the health of human being. However, the drugs available for treating HF are limited. Currently, increasing natural agents derived from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been found to be beneficial for HF. A systemic literature search was conducted from PubMed, GeenMedical, Sci-Hub, CNKI, Google Scholar and Baidu Scholar, with the keywords of "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal medicine," "natural agents," "liver diseases," and "hepatic fibrosis." So far, more than 76 natural monomers have been isolated and identified from the TCMs with inhibitory effect on HF, including alkaloids, flavones, quinones, terpenoids, saponins, phenylpropanoids, and polysaccharides, etc. The anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of these compounds include hepatoprotection, inhibition of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activation, regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis & secretion, regulation of autophagy, and antioxidant & anti-inflammation, etc. Natural compounds and extracts from TCMs are promising agents for the prevention and treatment of HF, and this review would be of great significance to development of novel drugs for treating HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Die Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Qiong Zhou
- Hospital of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Cao J, Liu M, Feng S, Li Y, Zheng K. Glaucocalyxin A alleviates lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammation and apoptosis in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and permeability injury by inhibiting STAT3 signaling. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:313. [PMID: 35369532 PMCID: PMC8943557 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucocalyxin A (GLA), an ent-kauranoid diterpene derived from Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx, possesses antibacterial, anti-oxidative and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying GLA in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (hPMVECs) treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were treated with GLA, followed by the detection of cell viability, inflammation, apoptosis and cell permeability. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of apoptosis- and permeability-associated proteins were determined using western blot analysis. Following treatment with a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activator, the protein expression levels of STAT3 and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated proteins were determined, to confirm whether STAT3 signaling was mediated by GLA. Lastly, the mRNA expression level of inflammatory cytokines, apoptosis and permeability injury were also determined following treatment with a STAT3 activator. The results revealed that GLA ameliorated inflammation, apoptosis and permeability injury in LPS-induced hPMVECs. Following treatment with a STAT3 activator, the therapeutic effects of GLA on LPS-induced hPMVECs were abrogated. In conclusion, GLA alleviated LPS-induced inflammation, apoptosis and permeability injury in hPMVECs by inhibiting STAT3 signaling, which highlighted the potential therapeutic value of GLA in the treatment of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Cao
- Pediatrics Department, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Pediatrics Department, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Shufang Feng
- Pediatrics Department, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- Pediatrics Department, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Kaijun Zheng
- Pediatrics Department, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
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Hosohata K, Jin D, Takai S. Glaucocalyxin A Ameliorates Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury in Human Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cell Line HK-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010446. [PMID: 35008870 PMCID: PMC8745506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the major causes of acute kidney injury (AKI), which is increasingly prevalent in clinical settings. Glaucocalxin A (GLA), a biologically ent-kauranoid diterpenoid, has various pharmacological effects like antioxidation, immune regulation, and antiatherosclerosis. In this study, the effect of GLA on AKI and its mechanism were studied in vitro. HK-2 human renal tubular epithelial cells were exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), which were established as an in vitro AKI model. Subsequently, the mRNA expressions of inflammatory and antioxidant factors were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell death were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. GLA pre-treatment improved the cell viability of HK-2 cells exposed to H/R. GLA suppressed the H/R-induced ROS production in HK-2 cells. GLA also elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase of HK-2 cells exposed to H/R. Moreover, GLA prevented H/R-induced cell death in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, GLA ameliorated the activation of the protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in HK-2 cells exposed to H/R. Our findings suggested that GLA protected HK-2 cells from H/R-induced oxidative damage, which was mediated by the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These results indicate that GLA may serve as a promising therapeutic drug for AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hosohata
- Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-690-1271
| | - Denan Jin
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Takai
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan; (D.J.); (S.T.)
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Zhang C, Ma K, Yang Y, Wang F, Li W. Glaucocalyxin A suppresses inflammatory responses and induces apoptosis in TNF-a-induced human rheumatoid arthritis via modulation of the STAT3 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 341:109451. [PMID: 33798506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synoviocyte hyperplasia and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, as well as the destruction of cartilage and bone. Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) is an alkaloid derived from a Chinese medicinal plant that exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective properties. We investigated the effects of GLA on RA-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS cells), and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and further explored the underlying mechanisms. GLA inhibited TNF-a-induced RA-FLS proliferation, increased apoptotic ratios and upregulated levels of caspase-3, cleaved PARP, and Bax. GLA also inhibited the expression of IL-10, IL-1β, and IL-6 in vitro. Levels of p-STAT3 were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Over-expression of STAT3 partly neutralized the GLA-mediated elevation of caspase-3 and cleaved PARP levels as well as the downregulation of IL-10, IL-1B and IL-6 expression levels. This suggests that GLA inactivated the STAT3 pathway. Furthermore, the production of inflammatory cytokines in RA-FLS and a CIA rat model were inhibited effectively by GLA. Taken together, our data suggest that GLA is a potential long-term therapeutic agent for patients with RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diterpenes, Kaurane/pharmacology
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Rats, Wistar
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Synoviocytes/drug effects
- Synoviocytes/metabolism
- Synoviocytes/pathology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province & Orthopedic Institute of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, 471002, PR China
| | - Kun Ma
- Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province & Orthopedic Institute of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, 471002, PR China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province & Orthopedic Institute of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, 471002, PR China
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- Anyang Cancer Hospital, Anyang, Henan, 455000, PR China
| | - Wuyin Li
- Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province & Orthopedic Institute of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, 471002, PR China.
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Glaucocalyxin A induces apoptosis and autophagy in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by regulating ROS. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:235-246. [PMID: 33904969 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is the most common highly invasive oral cancer. Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) is a diterpenoid component isolated from Rabdosia japonica var. with anti-bacterial and anti-cancer biological properties. However, the role of GLA in human TSCC remains uncertain. The aim of this paper was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of GLA on TSCC cells as well as its underlying mechanism. METHODS Cell viability and growth were analyzed by CCK-8 assay and colony formation, respectively. DAPI staining and flow cytometry assay were used to detect the cell apoptosis. Lysotracker Red staining was used to observe the lysosomes and autolysosomes of TSCC cells. ROS fluorescent probe was used to test the intracellular ROS levels. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS GLA inhibits the cell viability and growth in TSCC cells. GLA induces TSCC cells apoptosis, autophagy and ROS production in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, GLA inhibits the viability of TSCC cells by inducing intracellular ROS production. Finally, GLA triggers ROS-dependent apoptosis and autophagy in TSCC cells. CONCLUSION Our results consistently suggested that GLA can induce apoptosis and autophagy in TSCC cells by generating ROS. GLA may serve as a promising therapeutic drug for overcoming TSCC.
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Ma X, Jiang Y, Wen J, Zhao Y, Zeng J, Guo Y. A comprehensive review of natural products to fight liver fibrosis: Alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, coumarins and other compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173578. [PMID: 32976828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of drugs to treat liver fibrosis has long been a challenge over the past decades due to its complicated pathogenesis. As a primary approach for drug development, natural products account for 30% of clinical drugs used for disease treatment. Therefore, natural products are increasingly important for their medicinal value in liver fibrosis therapy. In this part of the review, special focus is placed on the effect and mechanism of natural compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, coumarins and others. A total of 36 kinds of natural compounds demonstrate significant antifibrotic effects in various liver fibrosis models in vivo and in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro. Revealing the mechanism will provide further basis for clinical conversion, as well as accelerate drug discovery. The mechanism was further summarized with the finding of network regulation by several natural products, such as oxymatrine, paeoniflorin, ginsenoside Rg1 and taurine. Moreover, there are still improvements needed in investigating clinical efficacy, determining mechanisms, and combining applications, as well as semisynthesis and modification. Therefore, natural products area promising resource for agents that protect against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yinxiao Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianxia Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yaoguang Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Hou X, Xu G, Wang Z, Zhan X, Li H, Li R, Shi W, Wang C, Chen Y, Ai Y, Xiao X, Bai Z. Glaucocalyxin A alleviates LPS-mediated septic shock and inflammation via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Peng Z, Zhang R, Pan L, Pei H, Niu Z, Wang H, Lv J, Dang X. Glaucocalyxin A Protects H9c2 Cells Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Injury Through the Activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720967672. [PMID: 33172292 PMCID: PMC7784558 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720967672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most serious cardiovascular diseases associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Glaucocalyxin A (GLA) is a biologically active ent-kauranoid diterpenoid that has been found to ameliorate myocardial I/R injury in mice. However, the mechanism has not been fully investigated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of GLA on rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The results showed that GLA treatment improved cell viability of H/R-stimulated H9c2 cells. Administration with GLA suppressed the H/R-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in H9c2 cells. GLA also elevated the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in H/R-stimulated H9c2 cells. Moreover, GLA prevented H/R-stimulated cell apoptosis in H9c2 cells, as evidenced by increased bcl-2 expression, decreased bax expression, as well as reduced caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, GLA enhanced the activation of protein kinase B (Akt)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway in H9c2 cells exposed to H/R. Additionally, treatment with LY294002 reserved the protective effects of GLA on H/R-stimulated oxidative injury in H9c2 cells. In conclusion, these findings suggested that GLA protected H9c2 cells from H/R-stimulated oxidative damage, which was mediated by the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Thus, GLA might be a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of myocardial I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Peng
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Longfei Pan
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Honghong Pei
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zequn Niu
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junhua Lv
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dang
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Su Q, Zhang Y. Glaucocalyxin A attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis in cardiac fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1949-1954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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