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Feng X, Yin D, Fang T, Zhao C, Yue J, Zhu E, Cheng Z. Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infection induces inflammatory responses in chicken embryonic cardiac fibroblasts via PI3K/Akt and IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways. Res Vet Sci 2024; 176:105349. [PMID: 38968647 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the main pathogen of the acute infectious disease hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS). Previous studies have focused on the mechanisms of FAdV-4 caused liver injury, while studies revealing potential mechanisms of inflammatory injury in FAdV-4-infected chicken cardiac cells remain scare. Here we found that FAdV-4 successfully infected chicken embryonic cardiac fibroblasts (CECF) cells in vitro and significantly upregulated production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, suggesting induction of a strong inflammatory response. Mechanistically, FAdV-4 infection increased expression of phosphorylated Akt in a time-dependent manner, while phosphorylation of Akt and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were greatly reduced in FAdV-4-infected CECF cells after treatment with LY294002, a potent inhibitor of PI3K, indicating that the inflammatory response induced by FAdV-4 infection is mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, FAdV-4 infection increased expression of phosphorylated IκBα, a recognized indicator of NF-κB activation, and treatment with the BAY11-7082, a selective IκBα phosphorylation and NF-κB inhibitor, significantly reduced IκBα phosphorylation and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) production in FAdV-4-infected CECF cells, suggesting a critical role of IκBα/NF-κB signaling in FAdV-4-induced inflammatory responses in CECF cells. Taken together, our results suggest that FAdV-4 infection induces inflammatory responses through activation of PI3K/Akt and IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways in CECF cells. These results reveal potential mechanisms of inflammatory damage in chicken cardiac cells caused by FAdV-4 infection, which sheds new insight into clarification of the pathogenic mechanism of FAdV-4 infection and development of new strategies for HHS prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoao Feng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Dejing Yin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Tian Fang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jun Yue
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550001, PR China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Zhentao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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Almasoudi KS, Hussain E, Almotairi R, Bhat T, Mtiraoui N, Ezzidi I, Mir R. Exploring the Association of Biochemical Characterization and Genetic Determinants of TNF-α, CXCR2, and CCR5 Delta 32 Mutation with Predisposition to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:949. [PMID: 39202691 PMCID: PMC11355235 DOI: 10.3390/life14080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
PCOS is a heterogeneous, multifactorial endocrine disorder with a complex pathophysiology. It is a globally rising infertility disorder that affects a large percentage of women of reproductive age, with a relatively high prevalence of 8-13%. Genome-wide association studies have revealed associations of genetic variations with many diseases, including PCOS. The cellular activity of IL8 is mediated by the receptor CXCR2, and transcription of IL8 is controlled by TNF-α. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association of TNF-α, CCR5-delta32, and CXCR2 gene variations with PCOS. METHODOLOGY In this case control study, we used amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR to detect and determine the presence of the polymorphic variants TNF-α, CCR5-delta32, and CXCR2 in the study subjects. These gene polymorphs may serve as critical candidate gene variants in PCOS pathogenesis and therapeutics. RESULTS The case-control study's findings revealed that the majority of the biochemical and endocrine serum biomarkers examined in the investigation-including lipids (LDL, HDL, and cholesterol), T2DM markers (fasting glucose, free insulin, and HOMA-IR), and hormones (FSH, LH, testosterone, and progesterone)-exhibited statistically significant changes in PCOS patients. The distributions of TNF-α (rs1800629), CCR5-delta32, and CXCR2 (rs2230054) genotypes analyzed within PCOS patients and healthy controls in the considered population were significant (p < 0.05). The heterozygosity of CXCR2-CA, TNF-α GA, and CCR5(WT+Δ32*) genotypes was significantly associated with PCOS susceptibility, with high OR and p < 0.05 in the codominant model. Similarly, the A allele of the TNF-α and CXCR2 genes, along with the CCR5Δ32*(mutant) allele, was significantly associated with PCOS susceptibility, with high OR and p < 0.05. Likewise, the CXCR2 (CA+AA) vs CC genotype was associated with increased susceptibility to PCOS, with OR 2.25, p < 0.032. CONCLUSIONS Our study concludes that TNF-α rs1800629G>A, CXCR2-rs2230054C>T, and CCR5-Delta32 rs333 are potential loci for developing PCOS in the Tabuk population. These findings might eventually be useful in identifying and classifying those who are at risk for PCOS. To validate these results, it is advised that further longitudinal studies be conducted in diverse ethnic populations and with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud S. Almasoudi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (E.H.); (R.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Eram Hussain
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (E.H.); (R.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Reema Almotairi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (E.H.); (R.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Tanzeela Bhat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (E.H.); (R.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Nabil Mtiraoui
- Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (N.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Intissar Ezzidi
- Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; (N.M.); (I.E.)
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (E.H.); (R.A.); (T.B.)
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Alsayed BA, Mir R, Mir MM, Alnour TM, Fawzy S, M. Ahmed M, Amle D. Molecular Determination of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-10, and C-X-C Chemokine Receptor-2 Genetic Variations and their Association with Disease Susceptibility and Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Curr Genomics 2024; 25:12-25. [PMID: 38544825 PMCID: PMC10964085 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029272497240103052359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Altered cytokine levels have been associated with poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients. TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10 are key cytokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis, and CXCR-2 is a major chemokine receptor involved in inflammatory response. Polymorphisms in the genes of these proteins are proposed to influence disease outcomes. In this study, we aimed to find out the association of genetic polymorphisms in TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10 and CXCR-2 genes with susceptibility to and mortality of COVID-19. Methods The present case-control study was conducted on 230 subjects, among whom 115 were clinically diagnosed and RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients and 115 healthy control subjects. The polymorphisms in TNFα -308 G>A (rs1800629), IL-8 -251T>A (rs4073), CXCR2 +785 C>T (rs2230054) genes were detected by ARMS -PCR assay whereas for IL-10 (-1082 G>A), rs1800896 G>A allele-specific PCR assay was used and their association with COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality was estimated by multivariate analysis. The results were analyzed for risk of infection and mortality through different inheritance models. Results Frequencies of TNF-α rs1800629 GA, AA, IL-8 rs4073 TA, AA, IL-10 (-1082 G>A), rs1800896 GA and GG, and CXCR2 rs2230054 CT genotypes were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, COVID-19 patients had a higher frequency of the polymorphic A allele of TNF-α, the A allele of IL-8, the G allele of IL-10, and the T allele of CXCR2. The risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 was significantly associated with TNF-α rs1800629 GA, GA+AA genotypes and the A allele, IL-8 rs4073 TA, AA genotypes and A allele, IL-10 rs1800872 GA and CC genotypes and C allele, and CXCR2 rs2230054 CT and CT+CC genotypes. TNF-α-GA and AA genotypes and A allele, IL-8 TA and AA genotypes and A allele and CXCR-2 CC and CT genotypes have significant associations with mortality risk in COVID-19 patients, while GA and GG genotypes of the IL-10 are shown to confer significant protection against mortality from COVID-19. Conclusion The findings of this study provide important insights into the COVID-19 disease and susceptibility risk. The polymorphisms in TNFα -308 G>A (rs1800629), IL-8 -251T>A (rs4073), IL-10 (-1082 G>A), rs1800896 and CXCR2 +785 C>T (rs2230054) are associated with the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 and with mortality in COVID-19 patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr A. Alsayed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Lab technology Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Mir
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences (Biochemistry), College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarig M.S. Alnour
- Department of Medical Lab technology Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shereen Fawzy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mesaik M. Ahmed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dnyanesh Amle
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, 441108, India
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Quan Z, Liu M, Zhao J, Yang X. Correlation between early changes of serum lipids and clinical severity in patients with wasp stings. J Clin Lipidol 2022; 16:878-886. [PMID: 36154999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wasp stings are a serious problem worldwide, and patients in severe cases may experience multi-organ failure. However, the mechanism of hypolipidemia in patients with wasp stings is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between early changes in lipid levels and clinical severity and the possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 212 patients (mild: 77; moderate: 50; severe: 85) with wasp stings was conducted. Clinical data, including lipid test results within 24 h of admission, were analysed. A total of 1060 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were used. RESULTS Patients with wasp stings had lower lipid levels than healthy controls (P<0.01). Lipid levels decreased with disease severity, except for triglycerides (P<0.05). The number of stings, degree of organ failure, need for mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal blood purification, and mortality were higher in the severe group than in the mild and moderate groups (P<0.01). A decrease in lipid levels was accompanied by an increase in inflammatory indicators. In the severe group, a reduction in lipid levels was associated with ventilator application and blood purification, independent of survival status. CONCLUSIONS Patients with wasp stings experience a reduction in lipid levels, which is related to the severity of clinical manifestations. Early lipid levels may serve as a simple indicator for the severity of wasp stings, and targeting lipid metabolism may be a novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Quan
- Jinzhou Medical University, Postgraduate Training Base, Taihe Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China (Dr Quan); Department of Emergency, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China (Dr Quan, Dr Zhao, and Dr Yang).
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China (Dr Liu)
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China (Dr Quan, Dr Zhao, and Dr Yang)
| | - Xianyi Yang
- Department of Emergency, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China (Dr Quan, Dr Zhao, and Dr Yang).
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Xiong X, Liao X, Qiu S, Xu H, Zhang S, Wang S, Ai J, Yang L. CXCL8 in Tumor Biology and Its Implications for Clinical Translation. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:723846. [PMID: 35372515 PMCID: PMC8965068 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.723846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL8 has been found to play an important role in tumor progression in recent years. CXCL8 activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways by binding to its receptors (CXCR1/2), and plays dual pro-tumorigenic roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including directly promoting tumor survival and affecting components of TME to indirectly facilitate tumor progression, which include facilitating tumor cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), pro-angiogenesis, and inhibit anti-tumor immunity. More recently, clinical trials indicate that CXCL8 can act as an independently predictive biomarker in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitions (ICIs) therapy. Preclinical studies also suggest that combined CXCL8 blockade and ICIs therapy can enhance the anti-tumor efficacy, and several clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate this therapy modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Xiong
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyang Liao
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center of Biomedical Big Data, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhong Ai, ; Lu Yang,
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhong Ai, ; Lu Yang,
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Cheng X, Cao Z, Luo J, Hu R, Cao H, Guo X, Xing C, Yang F, Zhuang Y, Hu G. Baicalin ameliorates APEC-induced intestinal injury in chicks by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101572. [PMID: 34844111 PMCID: PMC8633683 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis. Baicalin (BA) possesses multiple pharmacological effects, but the mechanism underlying its activity in APEC-induced intestinal injury remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the protective effects and possible mechanism of BA against APEC-induced intestinal injury. Sixty 1-day-old chicks were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group (basal diet), E. coli group (basal diet), BAI10 group (10 mg/kg BA), and BAI20 group (20 mg/kg BA). After pretreatment with BA for 15 d and subsequent induction of APEC infection by pectoralis injection, the ileum was collected and analyzed. The results showed that BA-pretreatment demonstrated an alleviation of chicks in diarrhea rate, mortality, and histopathological changes in intestinal tissues after APEC infection. Additionally, following APEC infection, BA improved the intestinal barrier by elevating zona occludens (ZO)s (ZO-1, 2, 3), Claudins (Claudin1, 2, 3), Occludin, avian β-defensin (AvBD)s (AvBD1, 2, 4), lysozyme (Lyz) mRNA levels and ZO-1, Claudin1, and Occludin protein levels. Besides, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the SOD-1 and CAT mRNA levels and SOD-1 protein level were elevated by BA pretreatment. BA pretreatment also decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) mRNA levels, and HO-1 protein level after APEC infection. BA alleviated the APEC-induced inflammatory response, including downregulating the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and upregulating the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]). Furthermore, BA decreased the mRNA and protein levels of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) as well as the expression of the phosphorylated forms of these proteins after APEC infection. Collectively, our findings indicate that BA exerts a protective effect against APEC-induced intestinal injury in chicks by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT-mediated NF-κB pathway, suggesting that BA may be a potential therapeutic approach for avian colibacillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cheng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Zhanyou Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Luo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Ruiming Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoquan Guo
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Chenghong Xing
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhuang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, P. R. China.
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