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Öz B, Cücük Ö, Gök M, Akcan A, Sözüer E. Laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours of 6 cm or greater: A single-centre experience. J Minim Access Surg 2024; 20:47-54. [PMID: 37148103 PMCID: PMC10898626 DOI: 10.4103/jmas.jmas_217_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for large adrenal tumours by comparing the outcomes of tumours larger than 6 cm with those smaller than 6 cm and also to identify the risk factors associated with prolonged operative time in transperitoneal LA. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and sixty-three patients underwent LA at our clinic from January 2014 to December 2020. Bilateral LA was performed in 20 of these 163 patients. A total of 143 patients were included in this study. Data were analysed retrospectively from the patients' medical records collected. RESULTS Large tumour (LT) group consists of 33 patients and the small tumour (ST) group consists of 110 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding conversion to open surgery and complications. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the independent predictors of prolonged operation time. The tumour size ≥8 cm (odds ratio [OR], 19.132; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.881-94.303; P < 0.001) and diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (OR, 2.762; 95% CI, (1.123-6.789, P = 0.026) were the significant predictors of prolonged operation time. CONCLUSION Our study shows that LA can be considered the treatment of choice for small and large adrenal tumours. The tumour size ≥8 cm and diagnosis of pheochromocytoma are the independent risk factors for the prolonged operative time in transperitoneal LA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadır Öz
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ömer Cücük
- Clinic of General Surgery, Gaziantep Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Gök
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alper Akcan
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Sözüer
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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AbuDraz N, Al-Masruri MS, Al Badaai G, Al-Shamari Y, Elshafie O, Siddiqui KM. Evolution of Minimally Invasive Adrenal Surgery at a Tertiary Care Centre in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2023; 23:32-35. [PMID: 36865435 PMCID: PMC9974037 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.4.2022.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to review the case records and report the outcomes of open and laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) cases. Methods This retrospective study included patients who underwent adrenal surgery from January 2010 to December 2020 at Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. Demographic details, indications, surgical approaches, intra-operative data, complications, final pathology and outcome at the last follow-up were analysed. Results A total of 52 patients underwent 61 adrenalectomies; six patients had a bilateral procedure while three patients had to undergo revision surgery resulting in a total of 55 individual procedures. Open adrenalectomy (OA) was performed on 11 patients and 44 patients underwent LA. Most patients (n = 27) were obese with a body mass index >30. Functional adenoma was excised in 36 patients with final diagnosis of Conn's syndrome in 15, pheochromocytoma in 13 and Cushing's syndrome in nine patients. Five patients had surgery for oncological indications. Non-functional adenoma was excised in 13 patients, with a mean size of 8.9 cm (range: 4-15 cm). The mean duration of surgery was less in laparoscopic procedure compared to open (199 versus 246 minutes). The mean estimated blood loss in LA was significantly less (108 versus 450 mL; P <0.05). Out of 55 procedures, only one patient developed Clavien-Dindo grade 2 complication. Conclusion Both LA and OA were safely performed at the researchers' institution. There is a growing trend for LA, and with experience, the duration of surgery and estimated mean blood loss are demonstrating a positive trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najib AbuDraz
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Ghalib Al Badaai
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yamam Al-Shamari
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Omayma Elshafie
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman,Corresponding Author’s e-mail:
| | - Khurram M. Siddiqui
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Girón F, Rey Chaves CE, Rodríguez L, Rueda-Esteban RJ, Núñez-Rocha RE, Toledo S, Conde D, Hernández JD, Vanegas M, Nassar R. Postoperative outcomes of minimally invasive adrenalectomy: do body mass index and tumor size matter? A single-center experience. BMC Surg 2022; 22:280. [PMID: 35854264 PMCID: PMC9297646 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-022-01725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since Gagner performed the first laparoscopic adrenalectomy in 1992, laparoscopy has become the gold-standard procedure in the treatment of adrenal surgical diseases. A review of the literature indicates that the rate of intra- and postoperative complications are not negligible. This study aims to describe the single-center experience of adrenalectomies; and explore the associations between body mass index (BMI) and tumor volume in main postoperative outcomes. Methods Retrospective observational study with a prospective database in which we described patients who underwent adrenalectomy between January 2015 and December 2020. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, conversion rate, complications, length of hospital stay, and comparison of the number of antihypertensive drugs used before and after surgery were analyzed. Analysis of BMI and tumor volume with postoperative outcomes such as anti-hypertensive change (AHC) in drug usage and pre-operative conditions were performed. Results Forty-five adrenalectomies were performed, and all of them were carried out laparoscopically. Four were performed as a robot-assisted laparoscopy approach. Nineteen were women and 26 were men. Mean age was 54.9 ± 13.8 years. Mean tumor volume was 95.698 mm3 (3.75–1010.87). Mean operative time was shorter in right tumors (2.64 ± 0.75 h) than in left tumors (3.33 ± 2.73 h). Pearson correlation was performed to assess the relationship between BMI and AHC showing a direct relationship between increased BMI and higher change in anti-hypertensive drug usage at postoperative period r(45) = 0.92, p > 0.05 CI 95%. Higher tumor volume showed a longer operative time, r(45) = 0.6 (p = 0.000 CI 95%). Conclusions Obese patients could have an increased impact with surgery with an increased change in postoperative anti-hypertensive management. Tumor volume is associated with increased operative time and blood loss, our data suggest that it could be associated with increased rates of morbidity. However, further prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Girón
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, 110111, Bogotá, DC, Colombia. .,School of Medicine, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 7 # 117-15, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia. .,School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
| | | | - Lina Rodríguez
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | | | | | - Sara Toledo
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Danny Conde
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 7 # 117-15, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Juan David Hernández
- Department of Surgery, Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, 110111, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Marco Vanegas
- School of Medicine, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 7 # 117-15, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Nassar
- School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, 111711, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.,Fundación Santa Fé de Bogotá, 110111, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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Han JH, Lee BC, Park YM, Jung HJ, Kim DI, Choi JB. Initial experience with laparoscopic posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy in single tertiary center. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2021; 17:90-95. [PMID: 36945664 PMCID: PMC9942749 DOI: 10.14216/kjco.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Laparoscopic posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy (LPRA) is a surgical method that accesses the adrenal gland through the back. The aim of this study was to report initial experience of LPRA and evaluate possibilities for surgical application. Methods From March 2018 to December 2019, a total of 30 consecutive patients diagnosed with adrenal tumor underwent surgical treatment at Pusan National University Hospital were enrolled. Clinicopathologic features and various peri- and postoperative parameters were analyzed by retrospective medical record review. The mean age of the patients was 48.20±13.66 years. Results The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.50±4.30 kg/m2. Primary hyperaldosteronism was the most frequently preoperative diagnosed disease (n=13, 43.4%), followed by adrenal incidentaloma (n=8, 26.6%), Cushing syndrome (n=5, 16.6%) and pheochromocytoma (n=4, 13.3%). The mean size of postoperative adrenal tumor was 2.72±1.76 cm. The mean operating time was 162±58.14 minutes. Among the 30 patients, 28 patients underwent total adrenalectomy (93.3%) and two patients underwent cortical sparing adrenalectomy (6.7%). When LPRA was performed for patients with BMI >23.16 kg/m2, the operating time was longer than the average (P=0.016). Conclusion LPRA was suitable and safe for patients with benign adrenal tumors. BMI, retroperitoneal fat density and postoperative adrenal weight may be related to the operating time, so they should be considered when deciding on a surgical method for adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hee Han
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Lee
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Young Mok Park
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyuk Jae Jung
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong-il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jung Bum Choi
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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Kook Y, Choi HR, Kang SW, Kim JK, Lee CR, Lee J, Jeong JJ, Nam KH, Chung WY. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison of outcomes between posterior retroperitoneoscopic and transperitoneal adrenalectomy with 10 years' experience. Gland Surg 2021; 10:2104-2112. [PMID: 34422581 DOI: 10.21037/gs-21-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely used for treating various adrenal tumors. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy was introduced after transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The comparability and superiority of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy have been widely investigated. We aimed to compare the outcomes of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy and transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy using 10 years' data. The changes in outcomes over time were also analyzed. Methods This was a retrospective observational study. A total of 505 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy between 2009 and 2018 were included. The patients were divided into two groups: transperitoneal (n=114) and retroperitoneal (n=391) groups. Patients who underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy were further classified into sub-groups (sub-group 1: 2009-2012; sub-group 2: 2013-2015; and sub-group 3: 2016-2018) based on time periods. Clinicopathological factors and postoperative outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results The retroperitoneal group showed significantly shorter operation time, diet initiation time, and hospital stay compared to the transperitoneal group (P=0.000, 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). Analgesics were used less frequently in the retroperitoneal group than in the transperitoneal group (P=0.048). In the retroperitoneal group, the time to postoperative diet initiation shortened over time (P=0.000). Conclusions Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy is a favorable surgical method that results in patient outcomes that are comparable to those of conventional transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy, without compromising patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonwon Kook
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ryeon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Eulji Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Kang
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cho Rok Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Ju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Hyun Nam
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woong Youn Chung
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Giordano A, Alemanno G, Bergamini C, Valeri A, Prosperi P. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for giant adrenal tumours: Technical considerations and surgical outcome. J Minim Access Surg 2021; 17:76-80. [PMID: 32098938 PMCID: PMC7945656 DOI: 10.4103/jmas.jmas_266_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Giant adrenal tumours are tumours with size ≥6 cm. These are rare cancer associated with malignancy in 25% of cases. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records of patients admitted to our high-volume centre of Careggi University Hospital with a giant adrenal tumour and submitted to adrenalectomy between January 2008 and December 2018. The group of patients who underwent to laparoscopic adrenalectomy was compared with a group of patients that was submitted to open adrenalectomy. Results: In the past 10 years, we performed about 245 adrenalectomies for benign and malignant adrenal tumours. Fifty (20.4%) of these were giant tumours. The medium size was 9.9 cm (7–22 cm). The mean age was 57 years (21–81 years). Thirty-four (68%) of these cancers were laparoscopically removed and 16 (32%) with an open approach. The surgical outcomes in these patients were optimal if compared to the group of patients submitted to open approach in terms of good pain control, hospital stay, mean operative time and bloodless. No difference was observed about post-operative complications in the two groups. The follow-up after 30 months for malignant tumours did not show local recurrences. Conclusion: Our results pinpoint the advantages of performing a laparoscopic adrenalectomy for giant adrenal tumours. The tumour size is only a predictive parameter of possible malignancy, and the laparoscopic approach is a safe and feasible method in terms of surgical and oncological, only if performed by expert surgeons and in high-volume centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Giordano
- Department of Emergency, Emergency Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alemanno
- Department of Emergency, Emergency Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Bergamini
- Department of Emergency, Emergency Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Valeri
- Department of Emergency, Emergency Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Prosperi
- Department of Emergency, Emergency Surgery Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Currently, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is worldwide considered the gold standard technique. Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches have proved their efficacy with excellent outcomes. Since the introduction of da Vinci System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA), robotic surgery has made many steps forward gaining progressively more diffusion in the field of general and endocrine surgery. The robotic technique offers advantages to overcome some laparoscopic shortcomings (rigid instruments, loss of 3D vision, unstable camera). Indeed, the robotic system is provided of stereoscopic 3D-magnified vision, additional degree of freedom, tremor-filtering technology and a stable camera. Recently, several case series have demonstrated the feasibility and the safety of robot-assisted adrenalectomy in high-volume centers with outcomes comparable to laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Notwithstanding, the technical advantages of the robotic system have not yet demonstrated significant improvements in terms of outcomes to undermine laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Moreover, robotic adrenalectomy harbor inherits drawbacks, such as longer operative time and elevated costs, that limit its use. In particular, the high cost associated with the use of the robotic system is primarily related to the purchase and the maintenance of the unit, the high instruments cost and the longer operative time. Notably, these aspects make robotic adrenalectomy up to 2.3 times more costly than laparoscopic adrenalectomy. This literature review summarizes the current available studies and provides an overview about the robotic scenario including applicability, technical details and surgical outcomes.
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Large Adrenal Lesion Series in a Tertiary Care Center in Northern India: Diagnostic and Operative Challenges. Indian J Surg Oncol 2020; 11:518-526. [PMID: 33013138 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-020-01114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large adrenal tumors pose varied challenges to surgeons in terms of diagnosis, planning surgical approach, and also intra-operative difficulties in resection. The aim of this study is to discuss challenges in the management of large and difficult adrenal lesions. A retrospective analysis was done on data of all patients with large adrenal lesions/paragangliomas managed from 1 June 2016 to 30 August 2018. Forty-eight patients with adrenal lesions underwent treatment in 2 years duration. Pain in the abdomen was the most common presentation. Mean age was 34.4 years (range 2-60), female to male (23:25) and right to left side to bilateral tumor 30:16:2. Thirty-one (64.6%) patients had large adrenal masses (size > 6 cm). Surgical approaches included open transperitoneal adrenalectomy (n = 20) and laparoscopic transperitoneal (n = 9 and 2 others had conversion to open procedure). Challenges faced are described in the table below: [Table: see text] There were no major peri-operative morbidities, but two patients died in perioperative period. Large adrenal tumors pose a challenge in surgical planning, approach, and resection and need careful planning and multidisciplinary team approach to have the best outcomes.
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Mihai R, Donatini G, Vidal O, Brunaud L. Volume-outcome correlation in adrenal surgery-an ESES consensus statement. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2019; 404:795-806. [PMID: 31701230 PMCID: PMC6908553 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-019-01827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published data in the last decade showed that a majority of adrenal operations are done by surgeons performing only one such case per year and based on the distribution of personal workloads 'high-volume' surgeons are defined as those doing 4 or more cases/year. PURPOSE This paper summarises literature data identified by a working group established by the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES). The findings were discussed during ESES-2019 conference and members agreed on a consensus statement. RESULTS The annual of adrenal operations performed yearly in individual countries was reported to be 800/year in UK and over 1600/year in France. The learning curve of an individual surgeon undertaking laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic or robotic adrenalectomy is estimated to be 20-40 cases. Preoperative morbidity and length of stay are more favourable in high-volume centres. CONCLUSION The main recommendations are that adrenal surgery should continue only in centres performing at least 6 cases per year, surgery for adrenocortical cancer should be restricted to centres performing at least 12 adrenal operations per year, and an integrated multidisciplinary team should be established in all such centres. Clinical information regarding adrenalectomies should be recorded prospectively and contribution to the established EUROCRINE and ENSAT databases is strongly encouraged. Surgeons wishing to develop expertise in this field should seek mentorship and further training from established adrenal surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Mihai
- Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Gianluca Donatini
- Department of Surgery and INSERM U1082, CHU Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Oscar Vidal
- ICMDiM, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Brunaud
- Department of Surgery and INSERM U954, CHU Nancy (Brabois), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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Limberg J, Ullmann TM, Gray KD, Stefanova D, Zarnegar R, Li J, Fahey TJ, Beninato T. Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Has the Same Operative Risk as Routine Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. J Surg Res 2019; 241:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Laparoscopic Treatment of Adrenal Tumors: A Single-Center Experience with 58 Patients. Surg Res Pract 2016; 2016:9574391. [PMID: 27975081 PMCID: PMC5128712 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9574391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of this study is to discuss the laparoscopic approach and assess the immunohistochemical expression profiles of synaptophysin, Ki-67, and inhibin and patient outcomes in adrenal masses through a series of cases treated at our institution. Method. The study was conducted on 58 patients who were diagnosed with adrenal masses. All cases were operated on laparoscopically for adrenal masses. Results. Both inhibin and synaptophysin were found positive in 45 patients (77,6%). Ki-67 was negative in 11 patients, whereas it was found positive in 42 with a rate of 1%. The size of the masses ranged from 1 up to 9 cm (mean 4,3 ± 1,5). Urine hormone excretion was measured within normal ranges in 47 out of 58 patients (81%). Most of the diagnosed patients were harboring Cortical Adenoma (n: 38; 65,5%). All of the masses were successfully resected without complication except 3 patients. Because of complications of bleeding, the operation was converted to open surgery for 2 patients. Conclusion. Morbidity, mortality, and healing were comparable, regardless of tumor size, yet involvement in both laparoscopic and adrenal surgery was required. Our results suggested that laparoscopic adrenalectomy should replace open surgery as the standard treatment for most adrenal masses.
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12
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Sautter AE, Cunningham SC, Kowdley GC. Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Adrenal Cancer—A Systematic Review. Am Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481608200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is increasingly employed for removal of adrenal masses. As adrenal tumors increase in size, however, their malignant potential likewise increases, raising concerns for the use of laparoscopy for removal of large adrenal malignancies. We present a systematic review of the use of laparoscopic adrenalectomy of large malignant tumors. A PubMed search was undertaken and two independent reviewers reviewed the manuscripts and a methodological index for nonrandomized studies score was determined. Manuscripts with scores greater than eight were included. The primary end points were rate of cancer recurrence, rate of conversion to open, complications, and surgical technique. Our initial search produced 412 manuscripts. After abstract review, 44 manuscripts were scored, of which 19 manuscripts were used. A total of 2183 tumors were removed, of which 517 were malignant. Average follow-up time was 38.7 months. The recurrence rate was 12.9 per cent. The rate of conversion was 3.6 per cent. The main techniques used were transabdominal and retroperitoneal. No significant differences in rate of recurrence or complications were seen when compared with open. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be performed for large and malignant tumors; however, most manuscripts on this subject lack significant scientific rigor and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gopal C. Kowdley
- Department of Surgery, Saint Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Conzo G, Tartaglia E, Gambardella C, Esposito D, Sciascia V, Mauriello C, Nunziata A, Siciliano G, Izzo G, Cavallo F, Thomas G, Musella M, Santini L. Minimally invasive approach for adrenal lesions: Systematic review of laparoscopic versus retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy and assessment of risk factors for complications. Int J Surg 2015; 28 Suppl 1:S118-23. [PMID: 26708860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, minimally invasive transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the standard of care for surgical resection of the adrenal gland tumors. Recently, however, adrenalectomy by a mininvasive retroperitoneal approach has reached increasingly popularity as alternative technique. Short hospitalization, lower postoperative pain and decrease of complications and a better cosmetic resolution are the main advantages of these innovative techniques. In order to determine the better surgical management of adrenal neoplasms, the Authors analyzed and compared the feasibility and the postoperative complications of minimally invasive adrenalectomy approaches. A systematic research of the English literature, including major meta-analysis articles, clinical randomized trials, retrospective studies and systematic reviews was performed, comparing laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy versus retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy. Many studies support that posterior retroperitoneal adrenalectomy is superior or at least comparable to laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy in operation time, pain score, blood loss, hospitalization, complications rates and return to normal activity. However, laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy is up to now a safe and standardized procedure with a shorter learning curve and a similar low morbidity rate, even for tumors larger than 6 cm. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to objectively evaluate these techniques, excluding selection bias and bias related to differences in surgeons' experiences with this approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conzo
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - E Tartaglia
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - C Gambardella
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - D Esposito
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - V Sciascia
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - C Mauriello
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - A Nunziata
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - G Siciliano
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - G Izzo
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - F Cavallo
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - G Thomas
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
| | - M Musella
- Advanced Biomedical Sciences Department, AOU "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - L Santini
- Unit of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Anesthesiologic, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery Second University of Naples, Italy.
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Feo CV, Portinari M, Maestroni U, Del Rio P, Severi S, Viani L, Pravisani R, Soliani G, Zatelli MC, Ambrosio MR, Tong J, Terrosu G, Bresadola V. Applicability of laparoscopic approach to the resection of large adrenal tumours: a retrospective cohort study on 200 patients. Surg Endosc 2015; 30:3532-40. [PMID: 26541739 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversies exist in the best surgical approach (open vs. laparoscopy) to large adrenal tumours without peri-operative evidence of primary carcinoma, mainly due to possible capsular disruption of an unsuspected malignancy. In addition, intra-operative blood loss, conversion rate, operative time, and hospital stay may be increased with laparoscopy. THE AIMS OF OUR STUDY WERE (1) to compare clinical outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large versus small adrenal tumours and (2) to identify risk factors associated with increased operative time and hospital stay in laparoscopic adrenalectomy. METHODS This is a multicentre retrospective cohort study in a large patient population (N = 200) who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy in 2004-2014 at three Italian academic hospitals. Patients were divided into two cohorts according to tumour size: "large" tumours were defined as ≥5 cm (N = 50) and "small" tumours as <5 cm (N = 150). Further analysis adopting a ≥8 cm (N = 15) cut-off size was performed. RESULTS The study groups were comparable in age and gender distribution as well as their tumour characteristics. The operative time (p = 0.671), conversion rate (p = 0.488), intra- (p = 0.876) and post-operative (p = 0.639) complications, and hospital stay (p = 0.229) were similar between groups. With a cut-off size ≥5 cm, the early study period (2004-2009), which included operators' learning curve, was associated with increased risk of longer operative time (HR 0.57; 95 % CI 0.40-0.82), while American Society of Anaesthesiology score ≥3 was associated with prolonged hospital stay (HR 0.67; 95 % CI 0.47-0.97). Tumour size ≥8 cm was associated with prolonged operative time (HR 0.47; 95 % CI 0.24-0.94). CONCLUSIONS Surgeons skilled in advanced laparoscopy and adrenal surgery can perform laparoscopic adrenalectomy safely in patients with ≥5-cm tumours with no increase in hospital stay, or conversion rate, although operative time may be increased for ≥8-cm tumours. Surgeon' experience, size ≥8 cm, and patient comorbidities have the largest impact on operative time and length of hospital stay in laparoscopic large adrenal tumour resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo V Feo
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mattia Portinari
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
- Clinica Chirurgica, Arcispedale S. Anna, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro, 8 | 1C2 Room 2 34 03, 44124, Ferrara (Cona), Italy.
| | - Umberto Maestroni
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Del Rio
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Severi
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Viani
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pravisani
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Medical and Biological Science, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giorgio Soliani
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, S. Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Giovanni Terrosu
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Medical and Biological Science, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bresadola
- Section of Clinica Chirurgica, Department of Medical and Biological Science, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Complications associated with laparoscopic adrenalectomy: Description and standardized assessment. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:445-50. [PMID: 24561053 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is the procedure of choice for surgical management of the adrenal masses. Our objective is to show a standardized assessment of perioperative complications in one LA series. MATERIAL AND METHODS 322 LA were performed consecutively between June of 1993 and September of 2012 in patients diagnosed with suprarenal tumour. In order to evaluate perioperative complications, data were collected prospectively and analysed retrospectively. Intraoperative complications were defined using Satava classification and Clavien-Dindo classification of postoperative complications. RESULTS Twenty five LA showed perioperative complications (7.3%); 11 (3.2%) were intraoperative complications, most of them vascular diaphragmatic lesions (Satava Grade 2); and 14 (4.1%) were postoperative complications. Six patients showed complications requiring surgery (Clavien IIIa/IIIb) and/or support in Intensive Care Unit (Clavien IV). Conversion to open surgery was necessary in one case (.3%). Despite all appropriate preoperative endocrine measures were taken, an uncontrolled hypertensive crisis and cardio-respiratory arrest recovered were developed during surgery in one patient carrier of pheochromocytoma who died from massive cerebral infarction at 5 days (Clavien V). CONCLUSIONS Standardized criteria of surgical complications are necessary. Standardization is possible by combined application of two tools. We believe that this evaluation concept of the surgery morbidity must be used systematically in order to achieve a new standard refined, concise and comparative for reports of adverse perioperative events.
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16
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Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large adrenal masses: Single team experience. Int J Surg 2014; 12 Suppl 1:S72-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Agha A, Iesalnieks I, Hornung M, Phillip W, Schreyer A, Jung M, Schlitt HJ. Laparoscopic trans- and retroperitoneal adrenal surgery for large tumors. J Minim Access Surg 2014; 10:57-61. [PMID: 24761076 PMCID: PMC3996732 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9941.129943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for tumors larger than 6 cm is currently a matter of controversial discussion because of difficult mobilization from surrounding organs and a possible risk of capsule rupture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data of consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy between 1/1994 and 7/2012 were collected and analysed retrospectively. Intra- and postoperative morbidity in patients with tumors ≤6 cm (group 1, n = 227) were compared to patients with tumors >6 cm, (group 2, n = 52). RESULTS Incidence of adrenocortical carcinoma was significantly higher in group 2 patients (6.3% vs. 0.4%, P = 0.039) whereas the incidence of aldosterone-producing adenoma was lower (2% vs. 25%, P = 0.001). Mean duration of surgery was longer (105 min vs. 88 min, P = 0.03) and the estimated blood loss was higher (470 mL vs. 150 mL) in group 2 patients. Intraoperative bleeding rate (5.7% vs. 0.8%, P = 0.041), and the conversion rate were significantly higher (5.7% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.011) in group 2. Also, postoperative complication rate was significantly higher in group 2 (11.5% vs. 3.0%, P = 0.022). However, only two major complications occurred, one in each group. CONCLUSION Minimally invasive adrenal surgery can be performed by an experienced surgeon even in patients with large tumors (>6 cm) with an increased but still acceptable intra- and postoperative morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Agha
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Igors Iesalnieks
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany ; Department of Surgery, Marienhospital Gelsenkirchen, Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hornung
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wiggermann Phillip
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schreyer
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Jung
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Joy PS, Marak CP, Nashed NS, Guddati AK. Giant adrenal myelolipoma masquerading as heart failure. Case Rep Oncol 2014; 7:182-7. [PMID: 24748868 PMCID: PMC3985784 DOI: 10.1159/000360981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal myelolipomas are rare benign tumors of the adrenal cortex composed of adipose and hematopoietic cells. They have been postulated to arise from repeated stimulation by stress, inflammation and ACTH oversecretion. Myelolipomas are usually detected incidentally on imaging and do not require any active intervention besides regular follow-up by imaging. However, myelolipomas may insidiously grow to large sizes and cause mass effects and hemorrhage. Timely diagnosis and surgical resection are curative and lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat S Joy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, and University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa, Iowa., USA
| | - Creticus P Marak
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tahlequah City Hospital, Tahlequah, Okla., USA
| | - Nadia S Nashed
- Department of Pathology, Hahnemann University Hospital and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
| | - Achuta K Guddati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Mass., USA
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Jain S, Gupta N, Kumar R, Sen AK, Arora MP. Giant Adrenal Non-functioning Tumor: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Surg Oncol 2013; 3:30-2. [PMID: 23450947 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-011-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Jain
- Department of Surgery, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital and PGIMER, Delhi, India
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Incidental detection of adrenal myelolipoma: a case report and review of literature. Case Rep Urol 2013; 2013:789481. [PMID: 23509660 PMCID: PMC3590507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/789481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Adrenal myelolipoma is a rare tumor that is benign in nature, usually asymptomatic, unilateral, and nonsecreting. It is composed of variable mixture of mature adipose tissue and hematopoietic elements and develops within the adrenal gland. With the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and computed tomography, the incidental detection of these tumors is increasing in frequency. Case Presentation. We report a case of adrenal myelolipoma in a 63-year-old Kashmiri male, who presented with pain in the right upper abdomen. Physical examination was unremarkable. Ultrasound abdomen showed the presence of a hyperechoic mass in the right suprarenal region with undefined margins. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of abdomen revealed a well-defined, round lesion in the right suprarenal region with heterogeneous attenuation suggesting the possibility of myelolipoma. The patient was subjected to right adrenalectomy and his postoperative course was uneventful. The histopathological evaluation of the mass confirmed the initial diagnosis of adrenal myelolipoma. Conclusion. Although mostly discovered as an "incidentaloma", the diagnosis of adrenal myelolipoma warrants thorough diagnostic study. Imaging techniques such as ultrasonography and CT scans as well as biochemical studies are useful for indicating the best treatment taking into account the size of the mass and possible hormone production. Surgical resection is advocated through extraperitoneal approach as it minimizes postoperative complications and leads to quicker recovery.
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21
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Hattori S, Miyajima A, Maeda T, Hasegawa M, Takeda T, Kosaka T, Kikuchi E, Nakagawa K, Shibata H, Oya M. Risk Factors for Perioperative Complications of Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy Including Single-Site Surgery. J Endourol 2012; 26:1463-7. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2012.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Hattori
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Hasegawa
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takeda
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Asari R, Koperek O, Niederle B. Endoscopic adrenalectomy in large adrenal tumors. Surgery 2012; 152:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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23
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Castleman's disease - an unusual indication for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne 2011; 7:50-4. [PMID: 23256001 PMCID: PMC3516954 DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2011.25620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Castleman's disease is one of the rare entities which cause lymph node hyperplasia with no characteristic clinical symptoms. Pathomorphological examination usually enables diagnosis, especially in the case of a localized form. Its uncommon location in the retroperitoneal cavity is estimated at 12% in the literature. Asymptomatic nature of the disease and its untypical location in the adrenal field imitated incidentaloma of this gland in the imaging examinations. Surgical treatment, laparoscopic excision of the tumour (lymph node) and right adrenal gland from the lateral, transperitoneal approach allowed final diagnosis and offered effective therapy.
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Virseda J, Ruiz-Mondéjar R, Donate M, Carrión P, Martínez-Ruiz J, Martínez-Sanchiz C, Perán M, Pastor H. [Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy]. Actas Urol Esp 2011; 35:546-51. [PMID: 21700366 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present our results with transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy after completion of 70 procedures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between July 2002 and December 2010, transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed in 70 patients with the following diagnoses: Conn syndrome (22 cases), nonfunctioning adenomas (18), Cushing syndrome (10), pheochromocytomas (7), myelolipomas (4), metastasis after treatment of primary nonadrenal tumors (6), ganglioneuroma (1), adrenal gland hematoma (1) and adrenal carcinoma (1). We describe the size, surgical and hospitalization times, blood loss, need for transfusion, surgical complications and rate of conversion to open surgery. RESULTS Of 70 patients, 35 were men and 35 women (1:1) with a mean age of 58.2 years (range, 82.2- 29.1). The most common site was left (58%) compared to right (42%). The mean size of the surgical specimen was 5.11 cm, mean surgical time was 119.2 minutes (50-240) and mean operative bleeding was 140.6 (30-800) cc. Only 3 patients required blood transfusion. The mean time until oral feeding was 17 hours, and the mean hospital stay was 4.3 (2-15) days. Complications included 2 cases of surgical infections, 1 of prolonged paralytic ileus, and 1 of splenic laceration and 1 of intestinal perforation which both which required reconversion to open surgery (4.28%). CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe procedure, with a low percentage of complications and a short hospital stay. The choice of this approach will depend on the surgeon's experience with the lesion etiology and size in each case.
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Chaudhary R, Deshmukh A, Singh K, Biswas R. Laparoscopic resection of a large (11 cm) adrenal phaeochromocytoma. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.08.2011.4575. [PMID: 22679235 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma is a rare cause of hypertension. Usually the tumour arises in the adrenal and the only cure is surgical extirpation. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the gold standard. Traditionally, laparoscopic removal of adrenal tumour of more than 5-6 cm in size is contraindicated. The authors removed a 11×8 cm phaeochromocytoma by laparoscopic approach without any complications. A 52-year-old male presented with complaints of throbbing headache with palpitations. On evaluation, he was found to be severely hypertensive and his blood sugar levels were moderately elevated. Radiological investigations revealed a 11×8 cm left supra renal mass. A provisional diagnosis of left pheochromocytoma was made which was strengthened by the fact that 24 hourly urine sample revealed elevated vanillylmandelic acid levels. The authors decided to surgically extirpate the adrenal mass. This was successfully accomplished by a laparoscopic transperitoneal approach. No complications were encountered. Histopathology showed pheochromocytoma of left adrenal gland without capsular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chaudhary
- Department of Surgery, Unit of Urology, People's College of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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26
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Zografos GN, Farfaras A, Vasiliadis G, Pappa T, Aggeli C, Vassilatou E, Vasilatou E, Kaltsas G, Piaditis G. Laparoscopic resection of large adrenal tumors. JSLS 2011; 14:364-8. [PMID: 21333189 PMCID: PMC3041032 DOI: 10.4293/108680810x12924466007160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of this study suggest that laparoscopic adrenalectomy should be the treatment of choice for benign adrenal tumors. However, experience in advanced laparoscopic and open abdominal surgery is necessary in the management of large adrenal tumors. Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has rapidly replaced open adrenalectomy as the procedure of choice for benign adrenal tumors. It still remains to be clarified whether the laparoscopic resection of large (≥8cm) or potentially malignant tumors is appropriate or not due to technical difficulties and concern about local recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term outcome of 174 consecutive laparoscopic and open adrenalectomies performed in our surgical unit. Methods: Our data come from a retrospective analysis of 174 consecutive adrenalectomies performed on 166 patients from May 1997 to December 2008. Fifteen patients with tumors ≥8cm underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Sixty-five patients were men and 101 were women, aged 16 years to 80 years. Nine patients underwent either synchronous or metachronous bilateral adrenalectomy. Tumor size ranged from 3.2cm to 27cm. The largest laparoscopically excised tumors were a ganglioneuroma with a mean diameter of 13cm and a myelolipoma of 14cm. Results: In 135 patients, a laparoscopic procedure was completed successfully, whereas in 14 patients the laparoscopic procedure was converted to open. Seventeen patients were treated with an open approach from the start. There were no conversions in the group of patients with tumors >8cm. Operative time for laparoscopic adrenalectomies ranged from 65 minutes to 240 minutes. In the large adrenal tumor group, operative time for laparoscopic resection ranged from 150 minutes to 240 minutes. The postoperative hospital stay for laparoscopic adrenalectomy ranged from 1 day to 2 days (mean, 1.5) and from 5 days to 20 days for patients undergoing the open or converted procedure. The mean postoperative stay was 2 days for the group with large tumors resected by laparoscopy. Conclusion: Laparoscopic resection of large (≥8cm) adrenal tumors is feasible and safe. Short- and long-term results did not differ in the 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N Zografos
- Third Department of Surgery, Athens General Hospital «G. Gennimatas», Greece, MD, 10 Oyrani Street, Athens 15237, Greece.
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Abstract
Robotic surgery is being performed more frequently for a variety of urologic procedures. Since the first robotic adrenalectomy less than a decade ago, this modality has gained increased acceptance in the urologic community and has been employed with increased frequency in minimally invasive centers. This review evaluates the current literature on robotic adrenalectomy, its indications, as well as its advantages and limitations compared with other forms of surgical management of adrenal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Rosoff
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Jeong BC, Park YH, Han DH, Kim HH. Laparoendoscopic single-site and conventional laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a matched case-control study. J Endourol 2010; 23:1957-60. [PMID: 19909074 DOI: 10.1089/end.2009.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe our initial clinical experience and assess the feasibility of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) in the treatment of benign adrenal adenoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Nine patients undergoing LESS adrenalectomy for benign adrenal adenoma were compared with 17 patients undergoing conventional laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Controls were matched for age, sex, surgical indications, and tumor size via a statistically generated selection of all conventional laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed during the same period of time. RESULTS No significant differences in the mean operative time (169 vs. 144.5 minutes, p = 0.287), blood loss (177.8 vs. 204.7 mL, p = 0.792), and postoperative hospital stay (3.2 vs. 3.5 days, p = 0.525) were observed between the LESS and conventional laparoscopy group. However, postoperative pain, as measured by the number of days of intravenous (IV) patient controlled anesthesia use, was significantly lower in the LESS group (0.9 vs. 1.9 days, p = 0.047). Perioperative complications were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS LESS adrenalectomy for benign adrenal adenoma is comparable to the conventional laparoscopic approach with regard to the operative time, blood loss, length of hospital stay, and degree of complication, and has demonstrated more desirable cosmetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Giant adrenal myelolipoma, a rare urological issue with increasing incidence: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:8863. [PMID: 19918346 PMCID: PMC2769476 DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Adrenal myelolipomas are relatively rare, non-functioning benign tumours composed of mature fatty and active hematopoietic elements. They can be asymptomatic, even if their size is massive. Diagnosis is relatively simple using ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical resection through an extraperitoneal approach is advocated in cases of symptomatic or large myelolipomas exceeding 5-cm in diameter. Their low incidence seems to be increasing from 0.2% to 10% during the last decade. Case presentation We present a case of a giant adrenal myelolipoma in a 68-year-old Caucasian male, who was presented with left lumbar pain. Renal ultrasound, CT and MRI demonstrated a well demarcated mass, with a maximum diameter of 10-cm. The differential diagnosis comprised the adrenal myelolipoma, the retroperitoneal liposarcoma and the renal angiomyolipoma. Thus, the patient was subjected to a left adrenalectomy. Conclusion Multiple theories have been proposed for the increasing frequency and natural course of the adrenal myelolipoma, with chronic adrenal stimulation and the contemporary stressful lifestyle to be the most appealing. Surgical treatment is advocated through an extraperitoneal approach because of the quicker recovery of the patient and the smaller postoperative complication rate.
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Boylu U, Oommen M, Lee BR, Thomas R. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large adrenal masses: pushing the envelope. J Endourol 2009; 23:971-5. [PMID: 19456243 DOI: 10.1089/end.2008.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the role of laparoscopy for large adrenal tumors in terms of outcomes, pathology, operative time, and morbidity. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective review of 24 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed to record the size of the lesions, surgical techniques used, operative times, estimated blood loss, duration of hospital stay, need for blood transfusion, conversion to open surgery, and complications. The laparoscopic adrenalectomy patients were divided into two groups based on tumor size: <8 cm (n = 16, group 1) and >or=8 cm (n = 8, group 2). RESULTS Mean tumor size was 5.6 cm for group 1 and 12.1 cm for group 2. Mean operative times were 143.12 and 188.75 minutes for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Mean estimated blood loss was 89.69 mL for group 1 and 334.38 mL for group 2. Operative time and blood loss were significantly higher in group 2. Pathologic examination revealed eight adrenal cortical adenomas, five myolipomas, four pheochromocytomas, four cysts/pseudocysts, and three adrenocortical hyperplasias. No significant difference was found between groups concerning transfusion rates, duration of hospital stay, and conversion to open surgery. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a feasible procedure for large masses but results in longer operative times and higher total blood loss when compared with results for masses smaller than 8 cm. Our findings suggest, however, that laparoscopic adrenalectomy for masses larger than 8 cm can produce comparable results concerning hospital stay, conversion to open surgery rate, and pathologic outcome in comparison with results for adrenal masses smaller than 8 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Boylu
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Erbil Y, Barbaros U, Karaman G, Bozbora A, Ozarmağan S. The change in the principle of performing laparoscopic adrenalectomy from small to large masses. Int J Surg 2009; 7:266-71. [PMID: 19410021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become the gold standard in most patients with adrenal tumors. It is unclear; however, at what size an adrenal neoplasm should be resected by means of an open or a laparoscopic approach. The aim of the present study was to compare the outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large tumors with smaller tumors. METHODS A prospective study of patients who underwent adrenalectomy during the period 2006-2009 was undertaken. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the tumor size. Group 1 (n=29) consisted of patients presenting tumors smaller than 5 cm in diameter; group 2 (n=31) consisted of patients with tumors larger than 5 cm in diameter. RESULTS Two of the 29 tumors in group 1 (6.8%) were malignant at final histology. However, 11 of the 31 tumors in group 2 (35.4%) were malignant. There were no significant differences between operating time and complications of groups 1 and 2. The intra-operative blood loss was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a reasonable procedure for selected large adrenal tumors when a complete resection is technically feasible and there is no evidence of local invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Erbil
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of General Surgery, 34340 Capa/Istanbul, Turkey.
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Tsuru N, Ihara H, Suzuki K. Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for a 6-cm Pheochromocytoma of the Left Adrenal Gland. J Endourol 2008; 22:1947-8; discussion 1955. [DOI: 10.1089/end.2008.9771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Tsuru
- Department of Urology, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Shintoshi Clinic, Iwata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ihara
- Department of Urology, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Shintoshi Clinic, Iwata, Japan
| | - Kazuo Suzuki
- Department of Urology, Institute of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Shintoshi Clinic, Iwata, Japan
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Hemal AK, Singh A, Gupta NP. Whether adrenal mass more than 5 cm can pose problem in laparoscopic adrenalectomy? An evaluation of 22 patients. World J Urol 2008; 26:505-8. [PMID: 18536881 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-008-0270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate technical feasibility and analyze outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) for large adrenal masses more than 5 cm. METHODS The data of 22 patients (8 men, 14 women), who underwent LA for adrenal masses >5 cm between January 1995 and July 2007 were analyzed for this study. RESULTS Twenty-two patients with a mean age of 42.5 years underwent LA for large adrenal masses (>5 cm) between January 1995 and July 2007. Transperitoneal and retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (TPLA and RPLA) was performed in 15 and 7 patients, respectively. The mean-operative time, blood loss, tumor size and hospital stay were 149.33 and 132.1 min, 132.33 and 94.28 ml, 7.85 and 5.85 cm and 3.5 and 3.28 days, respectively. Histopathological examination of the specimen confirmed adrenal carcinoma in 5, pheochromocytoma in 14, myelolipoma in 2 and adenoma in 1 patient. Two patients of pheochromocytoma had required open conversion, one from each group (TPLA and RPLA). Three patients had postoperative complications (wound infection 1, pneumonitis with fever 1 and retroperitoneal collection 1). CONCLUSIONS The size of an adrenal mass on preoperative imaging studies alone should not be the primary factor in determining whether LA should be performed. LA for adrenocortical cancers could be performed safely and effectively in the selected group. Transperitoneal approach is most suitable and recommended for large adrenal tumor and adrenal carcinoma to employ laparoscopy. One approach (TP or RP) over the other also does not lead to the substantial benefits either to the patients or to the surgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Hemal
- Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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Abstract
Open adrenalectomy has been the gold-standard therapy for adrenal neoplasms. Minimally invasive treatments, however, have assumed a more central role in the management of these lesions. The traditional benefits of laparoscopy, including reduced blood loss, shorter hospital duration, and improved convalescence, extend to adrenal disease without compromising the oncologic efficacy of the surgery. Contemporary series suggest that minimally invasive surgery is also a reasonable therapeutic modality for larger adrenal masses. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for these large masses is a technically demanding procedure that should be undertaken by experienced laparoscopic surgeons familiar with retroperitoneal anatomy and adept with vascular techniques in the event of an open conversion. Oncologic outcomes collectively suggest that in the setting of adequate surgical resection, recurrence patterns relate more to disease-process biology than surgical approach. Neither size criteria, suspicion of malignancy, nor locally invasive disease should be considered an absolute contraindication to laparoscopic adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Rosoff
- Department of Urology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 East 68th Street, Starr 900, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Lin Y, Li L, Zhu J, Qiang W, Makiyama K, Kubota Y. Experience of retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in 195 patients with primary aldosteronism. Int J Urol 2008; 14:910-3. [PMID: 17880287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become an effective option for aldosteronoma. We evaluated the retroperitoneal approach with regard to safety, efficacy, invasiveness and cost-benefit ratio in patients with primary aldosteronism. METHODS Between July 1999 and June 2005, we carried out a total of 195 retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomies (RA) in one hospital, including 108 on the left and 87 on the right, in 78 men and 113 women aged 20-78 years (mean age 48.2 years) with aldosteronoma. Average adrenal tumor size was 16 mm (range 10-32 mm). The 195 operations were divided into 10 groups of 20 operations each, and the mean duration and estimated blood loss for each group were compared. RESULTS The mean operating time and intraoperative blood loss in RA were 93.2 +/- 37.4 (45-210) min and 68.5 +/- 53.2 (5-210) mL, respectively. Compared to group 1 (cases 1-20), a statistically significant decrease in operative time and estimated blood loss were seen in and after group 4 (>or= case 61, 94.5 +/- 30.3 vs 139.2 +/- 44.7 min, P < 0.01), and in and after group 5 (>or= case 81, 67.5 +/- 50.5 vs 120.5 +/- 60.9 mL, P < 0.01), respectively. No differences were found in duration of surgery and estimated blood loss between left and right sided tumors (P > 0.05). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 +/- 1.2 days. Postoperative complications, including hematoma and wound infection, occurred in 4.1% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy for aldosteronoma is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive approach with an advantageous cost-benefit ratio. With accumulated experience, it can expedite the learning curve for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Institute of Urology, Tianjin, China.
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Over 10 Years of Experience in the Laparoscopic Treatment of Adrenal Lesions via Lateral Transperitoneal Approach. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2008. [DOI: 10.2478/v10035-008-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Liao CH, Chueh SC, Lai MK, Hsiao PJ, Chen J. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for potentially malignant adrenal tumors greater than 5 centimeters. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3080-3. [PMID: 16720665 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) is controversial for large, potentially malignant tumors. We report a series of LA or hand-assisted LA for large (>5 cm) adrenal tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Among 210 LAs performed in 6 yr, 39 patients had potentially malignant tumors greater than 5 cm in diameter. Their perioperative and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS All 39 patients had successful LAs without perioperative mortality, conversion to open surgery, or capsular disruption during dissection. The mean tumor size was 6.2 cm (range, 5-12 cm), operative time 207 min (115-315 min), and blood loss 75 ml (minimal-1400 ml). Complications included one intraoperative diaphragmatic perforation, three mild wound infections, and one pneumonia. Preoperatively there were 27 nonfunctioning tumors, seven pheochromocytomas, three cortisol-secreting tumors, and two virilizing tumors. Final pathology revealed eight malignant (four adrenocortical carcinomas and four metastatic carcinomas) and 31 benign tumors (14 cortical adenomas, eight pheochromocytomas, six myelolipomas, and three ganglioneuromas). Median follow-up was 39 months. Four patients (two adrenocortical carcinomas, one metastatic hepatoma, and one lymphoma) died 24, 10, 9, and 3 months after surgery, respectively. A hand-assisted device was used in 10 patients. Only the tumor size was larger and length of postoperative hospital stay longer for those in the hand-assisted group. CONCLUSIONS LA is a reasonable option for selected large adrenal tumors when complete resection is technically feasible and there is no evidence of local invasion. Hand-assisted LA is a good alternative to open conversion if a difficult dissection is encountered intraoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hou Liao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cardinal Tien Hospital, 231 Taipei, Taiwan
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Minimally invasive surgery in urology. Curr Opin Urol 2006; 16:112-7. [PMID: 16479214 DOI: 10.1097/01.mou.0000193398.85092.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zacharias M, Haese A, Jurczok A, Stolzenburg JU, Fornara P. Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outline of the preoperative management, surgical approach, and outcome. Eur Urol 2006; 49:448-59. [PMID: 16481096 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The laparoscopic approach to the adrenal gland has evolved to be the gold standard for most cases of adrenal conditions requiring surgical treatment. There is general consent about the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of laparoscopic adrenal surgery. Compared to the open surgery, significant advantages with regard to shorter hospitalization time, decreased postoperative morbidity, improved cosmetics, and quicker convalescence are evident. The anatomic location of the adrenal gland led to the development of various approaches, including lateral transperitoneal, anterior transperitoneal, lateral retroperitoneal, posterior retroperitoneal, and even transthoracic approaches. The lateral transperitoneal approach is the technique most frequently used for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. A large operative field provides good orientation and visualization of familiar landmarks known from open surgery. In particular in the early learning curve this represents an advantage of the transperitoneal laparoscopic approach. This article describes in detail the indications, contraindications, preoperative evaluation, surgical technique, management of intraoperative complications, and outcome after lateral transperitoneal adrenalectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Zacharias
- Department of Urology, University Clinic Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg. Germany
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Abstract
Laparoscopic extirpation of the suprarenal gland is considered the 'gold standard' of surgery for benign conditions, but its indication in suprarenal cancer is still controversial. In this article, we review the pros and cons of the laparoscopic approach in the different disorders that affect the adrenal gland, pheochromocytoma, cancer, partial and bilateral adrenalectomy, etc.
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LiteratureWatch. J Endourol 2005; 19:1045-62. [PMID: 16253079 DOI: 10.1089/end.2005.19.1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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