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Kido J, Shimohata T, Aihara M, Tsunedomi A, Hatayama S, Amano S, Sato Y, Fukushima S, Kanda Y, Tentaku A, Ishida K, Iba H, Harada Y, Uebanso T, Mawatari K, Akutagawa M, Takahashi A. Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni contamination by using UVA-LED and sodium hypochlorite on the surface of chicken meat. JOURNAL OF MICROORGANISM CONTROL 2024; 29:91-97. [PMID: 38880621 DOI: 10.4265/jmc.29.2_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans and is a major concern in food safety. Commercially prepared chicken meats are frequently contaminated with C. jejuni, which is closely associated with the diffusion of intestinal contents in poultry processing plants. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is commonly used during chicken processing to prevent food poisoning; however, its antimicrobial activity is not effective in the organic-rich solutions. In this study, we investigated the potential of a new photo-disinfection system, UVA-LED, for the disinfection of C. jejuni-contaminated chicken surfaces. The data indicated that UVA irradiation significantly killed C. jejuni and that its killing ability was significantly facilitated in NaClO-treated chickens. Effective inactivation of C. jejuni was achieved using a combination of UVA and NaClO, even in the organic-rich condition. The results of this study show that synergistic disinfection using a combination of UVA and NaClO has potential beneficial effects in chicken processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kido
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Takaaki Shimohata
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Faculty of Marine Biosciences, Fukui Prefectural University
| | - Mutsumi Aihara
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences,Tokushima University
| | - Akari Tsunedomi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Fukuoka Women's Junior College
| | - Sho Hatayama
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture
| | - Sachie Amano
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Yuri Sato
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Shiho Fukushima
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Yuna Kanda
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Aya Tentaku
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Kai Ishida
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Hitomi Iba
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Management, Nagasaki International University
| | - Yumi Harada
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Takashi Uebanso
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Kazuaki Mawatari
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
| | - Masatake Akutagawa
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Socio Techno Sciences, Tokushima UniversityGraduate School
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Preventive Environment and Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
- Department of Microbial Control, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School
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Sinclair LG, Dougall LR, Ilieva Z, McKenzie K, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Laboratory evaluation of the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy of a low-irradiance visible 405-nm light system for surface-simulated decontamination. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 13:1-15. [PMID: 37363345 PMCID: PMC10264887 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-023-00761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Lighting systems which use visible light blended with antimicrobial 405-nm violet-blue light have recently been developed for safe continuous decontamination of occupied healthcare environments. This paper characterises the optical output and antibacterial efficacy of a low irradiance 405-nm light system designed for environmental decontamination applications, under controlled laboratory conditions. Methods In the current study, the irradiance output of a ceiling-mounted 405-nm light source was profiled within a 3×3×2 m (18 m3) test area; with values ranging from 0.001-2.016 mWcm-2. To evaluate antibacterial efficacy of the light source for environmental surface decontamination, irradiance levels within this range (0.021-1 mWcm-2) at various angular (Δ ϴ=0-51.3) and linear (∆s=1.6-2.56 m) displacements from the source were used to generate inactivation kinetics, using the model organism, Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, twelve bacterial species were surface-seeded and light-exposed at a fixed displacement below the source (1.5 m; 0.5 mWcm-2) to demonstrate broad-spectrum efficacy at heights typical of high touch surfaces within occupied settings. Results Results demonstrate that significant (P≤0.05) inactivation was successfully achieved at all irradiance values investigated, with spatial positioning from the source affecting inactivation, with greater times required for inactivation as irradiance decreased. Complete/near-complete (≥93.28%) inactivation of all bacteria was achieved following exposure to 0.5 mWcm-2 within exposure times realistic of those utilised practically for whole-room decontamination (2-16 h). Conclusion This study provides fundamental evidence of the efficacy, and energy efficiency, of low irradiance 405-nm light for bacterial inactivation within a controlled laboratory setting, further justifying its benefits for practical infection control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G Sinclair
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura R Dougall
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Zornitsa Ilieva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen McKenzie
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Pokhrel D, Thames HT, Zhang L, Dinh TTN, Schilling W, White SB, Ramachandran R, Theradiyil Sukumaran A. Roles of Aerotolerance, Biofilm Formation, and Viable but Non-Culturable State in the Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry Processing Environments. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2165. [PMID: 36363757 PMCID: PMC9699079 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of foodborne human gastroenteritis in the developed world. This bacterium colonizes in the ceca of chickens, spreads throughout the poultry production chain, and contaminates poultry products. Despite numerous on farm intervention strategies and developments in post-harvest antimicrobial treatments, C. jejuni is frequently detected on broiler meat products. This indicates that C. jejuni is evolving over time to overcome the stresses/interventions that are present throughout poultry production and processing. The development of aerotolerance has been reported to be a major survival strategy used by C. jejuni in high oxygen environments. Recent studies have indicated that C. jejuni can enter a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state or develop biofilm in response to environmental stressors such as refrigeration and freezing stress and aerobic stress. This review provides an overview of different stressors that C. jejuni are exposed to throughout the poultry production chain and the genotypic and phenotypic survival mechanisms, with special attention to aerotolerance, biofilm formation, and development of the VBNC state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Pokhrel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hudson T. Thames
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Thu T. N. Dinh
- Tyson Foods, 2200 W. Don Tyson Parkway, Springdale, AR 72762, USA
| | - Wes Schilling
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya B. White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39762, USA
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Exploiting Violet-Blue Light to Kill Campylobacter jejuni: Analysis of Global Responses, Modeling of Transcription Factor Activities, and Identification of Protein Targets. mSystems 2022; 7:e0045422. [PMID: 35924857 PMCID: PMC9426514 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00454-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a microaerophilic foodborne zoonotic pathogen of worldwide concern as the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Many strains are increasingly antibiotic resistant and new methods of control are required to reduce food-chain contamination. One possibility is photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using violet-blue (VB) light, to which C. jejuni is highly susceptible. Here, we show that flavin and protoporphyrin IX are major endogenous photosensitizers and that exposure of cells to VB light increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to high levels, as indicated by a dichlorodihydrofluorescein reporter. Unusually for an oxygen-respiring bacterium, C. jejuni employs several ROS-sensitive iron-sulfur cluster enzymes in central metabolic pathways; we show that VB light causes rapid inactivation of both pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductases, thus interrupting the citric acid cycle. Cells exposed to VB light also lose heme from c-type cytochromes, restricting electron transport, likely due to irreversible oxidation of heme-ligating cysteine residues. Evaluation of global gene expression changes by RNAseq and probabilistic modeling showed a two-stage protein damage/oxidative stress response to VB light, driven by specific regulators, including HspR, PerR, Fur, and RacR. Deletion mutant analysis showed that superoxide dismutase and the cytochrome CccA were particularly important for VB light survival and that abolishing repression of chaperones and oxidative stress resistance genes by HcrA, HspR, or PerR increased tolerance to VB light. Our results explain the high innate sensitivity of C. jejuni to VB light and provide new insights that may be helpful in exploiting PDI for novel food-chain interventions to control this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Campylobacteriosis caused by C. jejuni is one of the most widespread zoonotic enteric diseases worldwide and represents an enormous human health and economic burden, compounded by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. New interventions are urgently needed to reduce food-chain contamination. Although UV light is well known to be bactericidal, it is highly mutagenic and problematic for continuous exposure in food production facilities; in contrast, narrow spectrum violet-blue (VB) light is much safer. We confirmed that C. jejuni is highly susceptible to VB light and then identified some of the global regulatory networks involved in responding to photo-oxidative damage. The identification of damaged cellular components underpins efforts to develop commercial applications of VB light-based technologies.
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Bang JI, Kim JH, Choi A, Sung M. The Wavelength-Based Inactivation Effects of a Light-Emitting Diode Module on Indoor Microorganisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9659. [PMID: 35955018 PMCID: PMC9368635 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the increased incidence of infectious disease outbreaks in recent years such as the COVID-19 pandemic, related research is being conducted on the need to prevent their spread; it is also necessary to develop more general physical-chemical control methods to manage them. Consequently, research has been carried out on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as an effective means of light sterilization. In this study, the sterilization effects on four types of representative bacteria and mold that occur indoors, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Cladosporium cladosporidides, were confirmed using LED modules (with wavelengths of 275, 370, 385, and 405 nm). Additionally, power consumption was compared by calculating the time required for 99.9% sterilization of each microorganism. The results showed that the sterilization effect was high, in the order 275, 370, 385, and 405 nm. The sterilization effects at 385 and 405 nm were observed to be similar. Furthermore, when comparing the power consumption required for 99.9% sterilization of each microorganism, the 275 nm LED module required significantly less power than those of other wavelengths. However, at 405 nm, the power consumption required for 99.9% sterilization was less than that at 370 nm; that is, it was more efficient and similar to or less than that at 385 nm. Additionally, because 405 nm can be applied as general lighting, it was considered to have wider applicability and utility compared with UV wavelengths. Consequently, it should be possible to respond to infectious diseases in the environment using LEDs with visible light wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Bang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Ji-Hi Kim
- Specialization Strategy Technology Department, EAN Technology Co., Ltd., EAN Institute of Sustainable Technology, 77-gil Teheran-Ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06159, Korea
| | - Anseop Choi
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Minki Sung
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-Ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
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Efficacy of 405 nm Light-Emitting Diode Illumination and Citral Used Alone and in Combination for Inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on Shrimp. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142008. [PMID: 35885251 PMCID: PMC9324625 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a widely distributed pathogen, which is frequently the lead cause of infections related to seafood consumption. The objective of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the combination of 405 nm light-emitting diode (LED) and citral on V. parahaemolyticus. The antimicrobial effect of LED illumination and citral was evaluated on V. parahaemolyticus not only in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) but also on shrimp. Quality changes of shrimp were determined by sensory evaluation. Changes in bacteria cell membrane morphology, cell membrane permeability, cell lipid oxidation level, and DNA degradation were examined to provide insights into the antimicrobial mechanism. The combination of LED treatments and citral had better antimicrobial effects than either treatment alone. LED combined with 0.1 mg/mL of citral effectively reduced V. parahaemolyticus from 6.5 log CFU/mL to below the detection limit in PBS. Combined treatment caused a 3.5 log reduction of the pathogen on shrimp within 20 min and a 6 log reduction within 2 h without significant changes in the sensory score. Furthermore, combined LED and citral treatment affected V. parahaemolyticus cellular morphology and outer membrane integrity. The profile of the comet assay and DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that combination treatment did not cause a breakdown of bacterial genomic DNA. In conclusion, LED may act synergistically with citral. They have the potential to be developed as novel microbial intervention strategies.
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Yu X, Zheng P, Zou Y, Ye Z, Wei T, Lin J, Guo L, Yuk HG, Zheng Q. A review on recent advances in LED-based non-thermal technique for food safety: current applications and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7692-7707. [PMID: 35369810 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2049201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is an eco-friendly light source with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Recent studies have extensively been conducted to evaluate its efficacy in microbiological safety and the potential as a preservation method to extend the shelf-life of foods. This review aims to present the latest update of recent studies on the basics (physical, biochemical and mechanical basics) and antimicrobial activity of LEDs, as well as its application in the food industry. The highlight will be focused on the effects of LEDs on different types (bacteria, yeast/molds, viruses) and forms (planktonic cells, biofilms, endospores, fungal toxin) of microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity of LEDs on various food matrices was also evaluated, together with further analysis on the food-related factors that lead to the differences in LEDs efficiency. Besides, the applications of LEDs on the food-related conditions, packaged food, and equipment that could enhance LEDs efficiency were discussed to explore the future trends of LEDs technology in the food industry. Overall, the present review provides important insights for future research and the application of LEDs in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Yu
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wei
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junfang Lin
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqiong Guo
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Qianwang Zheng
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Wang D, Kyere E, Ahmed Sadiq F. New Trends in Photodynamic Inactivation (PDI) Combating Biofilms in the Food Industry-A Review. Foods 2021; 10:2587. [PMID: 34828868 PMCID: PMC8621587 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms cause problems in the food industry due to their persistence and incompetent hygiene processing technologies. Interest in photodynamic inactivation (PDI) for combating biofilms has increased in recent years. This technique can induce microbial cell death, reduce cell attachment, ruin biofilm biomolecules and eradicate structured biofilms without inducing microbial resistance. This review addresses microbial challenges posed by biofilms in food environments and highlights the advantages of PDI in preventing and eradicating microbial biofilm communities. Current findings of the antibiofilm efficiencies of this technique are summarized. Additionally, emphasis is given to its potential mechanisms and factors capable of influencing biofilm communities, as well as promising hurdle strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Emmanuel Kyere
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
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Suciu M, Porav S, Radu T, Rosu MC, Lazar MD, Macavei S, Socaci C. Photodynamic effect of light emitting diodes on E. coli and human skin cells induced by a graphene-based ternary composite. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 223:112298. [PMID: 34474299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the photodynamic effect of a ternary nanocomposite (TiO2-Ag/graphene) on Escherichia coli bacteria and two human cell lines: A375 (melanoma) and HaCaT (keratinocyte) after exposure to different wavelength domains (blue, green or red-Light Emitting Diode, LED) was analyzed. The results obtained through bioassays were correlated with the morphological, structural and spectral data obtained through FT-IR, XPS and UV-Vis spectroscopy, powder X-Ray diffractometry (XRD) and STEM/EDX techniques, leading to conclusions that showed different photodynamic activation mechanisms and effects on bacteria and human cells, depending on the wavelength. The nanocomposite proved a therapeutic potential for blue light-activated antibacterial treatment and revealed a keratinocyte cytotoxic effect under blue and green LEDs. The red light-nanocomposite duo gave a metabolic boost to normal keratinocytes and induced stasis to melanoma cells. The light and nanocomposite combination could be a potential therapy for bacterial keratosis or for skin tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Suciu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Biology and Geology Faculty, Babes-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Str, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian Porav
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Teodora Radu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcela C Rosu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela D Lazar
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Macavei
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Crina Socaci
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat 67-103 Str., RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Schneider G, Schweitzer B, Steinbach A, Pertics BZ, Cox A, Kőrösi L. Antimicrobial Efficacy and Spectrum of Phosphorous-Fluorine Co-Doped TiO 2 Nanoparticles on the Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081786. [PMID: 34441563 PMCID: PMC8391345 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of meats and meat products with foodborne pathogenic bacteria raises serious safety issues in the food industry. The antibacterial activities of phosphorous-fluorine co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (PF-TiO2) were investigated against seven foodborne pathogenic bacteria: Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shewanella putrefaciens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. PF-TiO2 NPs were synthesized hydrothermally at 250 °C for 1, 3, 6 or 12 h, and then tested at three different concentrations (500 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL, 20 μg/mL) for the inactivation of foodborne bacteria under UVA irradiation, daylight exposure or dark conditions. The antibacterial efficacies were compared after 30 min of exposure to light. Distinct differences in the antibacterial activities of the PF-TiO2 NPs, and the susceptibilities of tested foodborne pathogenic bacterium species were found. PF-TiO2/3 h and PF-TiO2/6 h showed the highest antibacterial activity by decreasing the living bacterial cell number from ~106 by ~5 log (L. monocytogenes), ~4 log (EHEC), ~3 log (Y. enterolcolitca, S. putrefaciens) and ~2.5 log (S. aureus), along with complete eradication of C. jejuni and S. Typhimurium. Efficacy of PF-TiO2/1 h and PF-TiO2/12 h NPs was lower, typically causing a ~2–4 log decrease in colony forming units depending on the tested bacterium while the effect of PF-TiO2/0 h was comparable to P25 TiO2, a commercial TiO2 with high photocatalytic activity. Our results show that PF-co-doping of TiO2 NPs enhanced the antibacterial action against foodborne pathogenic bacteria and are potential candidates for use in the food industry as active surface components, potentially contributing to the production of meats that are safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.S.); (B.Z.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bettina Schweitzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.S.); (B.Z.P.)
| | - Anita Steinbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.S.); (B.Z.P.)
| | - Botond Zsombor Pertics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (B.S.); (A.S.); (B.Z.P.)
| | - Alysia Cox
- Department of Biotechnology, Nanophagetherapy Center, Enviroinvest Corporation, Kertváros Street 2, H-7632 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - László Kőrösi
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, Pázmány Péter Street 4, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary;
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Soro AB, Whyte P, Bolton DJ, Tiwari BK. Modelling the effect of UV light at different wavelengths and treatment combinations on the inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Zheng Z, Xie Y, Ma S, Tu J, Li J, Liang S, Xu Y, Shi C. Effect of 405-nm light-emitting diode on environmental tolerance of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula. Food Res Int 2021; 144:110343. [PMID: 34053539 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that can survive extreme desiccation, heat, acid, and osmotic stress. This can increase the risk of infection, resulting in severe diseases, mainly in neonates. The inactivation effect of 405 ± 5-nm light-emitting diode (LED) illumination on C. sakazakii with different initial concentrations and C. sakazakii strains isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) and baby rice cereal (BRC) were firstly evaluated. Then, the effect of 405 ± 5-nm LED on the tolerance of diverse environmental conditions of C. sakazakii in PIF was investigated. Conditions involving desiccation [PIF, Water activity (aw): 0.2-0.5], heat (45, 50, and 55 °C), acid (simulated gastric fluid: SGF, pH 4.75 ± 0.25), and bile salt (0.2%, bile salt solution) were used to study the effects of 405-nm LED on C. sakazakii resistance. The transcription levels of ten tolerance-associated genes and changes in bacterial cell membrane were examined to understand the response of C. sakazakii to LED illumination. The results showed that 405-nm LED effectively inactivated C. sakazakii ATCC 29544 with initial concentration from 8 to 1 log CFU/g in PIF and strains isolated from PIF and BRC. Moreover, 405-nm LED could decrease the tolerance of C. sakazakii in PIF to desiccation, heat treatment at 50 and 55 °C, SGF, and bile salt to different degrees, but the resistance to the heat treatment at 45 °C was not influenced by LED illumination. In addition, the transcription levels of the ten tolerance-associated genes measured in the LED-illuminated C. sakazakii cells were significantly downregulated compared with those in unilluminated controls. The damage on cell membrane was confirmed for LED-treated cells by LIVE/DEAD® assay. These results indicate that 405-nm LED illumination may be effective at reducing the environmental resistance of C. sakazakii in PIF. Furthermore, this study suggests the potential for applying 405-nm LED technology in the prevention and control of pathogens in food processing, production, and storage environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwen Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yawen Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junhong Tu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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13
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Kim DK, Kang DH. Efficacy of light-emitting diodes emitting 395, 405, 415, and 425 nm blue light for bacterial inactivation and the microbicidal mechanism. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110105. [PMID: 33641972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli O157:H7 of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting blue light of four different peak wavelengths ranging from 395 to 425 nm in water. Furthermore, we investigated inactivation in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to elucidate the contribution of bacterial inactivation. An aluminum chamber was constructed and coated in carbon to block exterior light, and a single blue light LED with a rear heat sink was attached to the chamber lid. Effective inactivation of the pathogen was observed for all blue light LED irradiation at 305, 405, 415, and 425 nm. The log-linear with shoulder and tail model and log-linear model described the survival of the bacteria after blue light LED treatments. Not just the effects of ROS but also photophysical effects were shown with the addition of mannitol, a ROS scavenger. The integrity of the cell membrane was damaged regardless of the presence of ROS, which indicates that photophysical effects were sufficient to induce damage to the cell membrane. In addition, activity of succinate-coenzyme Q reductase, which participates in respiratory metabolism to generate energy, decreased in the absence of ROS and decreased further in the presence of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Kyun Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kang
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do 25354, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Moazzami M, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Reducing Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria on transport crates for chickens by irradiation with 265-nm ultraviolet light (UV–C LED). Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Hadi J, Wu S, Brightwell G. Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance. Foods 2020; 9:E1895. [PMID: 33353056 PMCID: PMC7767196 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light primarily exhibits antimicrobial activity through the activation of endogenous photosensitizers, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that attack components of bacterial cells. Current data show that blue light is innocuous on the skin, but may inflict photo-damage to the eyes. Laboratory measurements indicate that antimicrobial blue light has minimal effects on the sensorial and nutritional properties of foods, although future research using human panels is required to ascertain these findings. Food properties also affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light, with attenuation or enhancement of the bactericidal activity observed in the presence of absorptive materials (for example, proteins on meats) or photosensitizers (for example, riboflavin in milk), respectively. Blue light can also be coupled with other treatments, such as polyphenols, essential oils and organic acids. While complete resistance to blue light has not been reported, isolated evidence suggests that bacterial tolerance to blue light may occur over time, especially through gene mutations, although at a slower rate than antibiotic resistance. Future studies can aim at characterizing the amount and type of intracellular photosensitizers across bacterial species and at assessing the oxygen-independent mechanism of blue light-for example, the inactivation of spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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16
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Hyun JE, Lee SY. Blue light-emitting diodes as eco-friendly non-thermal technology in food preservation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Dorey AL, Lee BH, Rotter B, O'Byrne CP. Blue Light Sensing in Listeria monocytogenes Is Temperature-Dependent and the Transcriptional Response to It Is Predominantly SigB-Dependent. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2497. [PMID: 31798538 PMCID: PMC6874125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that is tolerant to many of the stresses commonly used during food preservation. Outside the host, the bacterium has a saprophytic lifestyle that includes periodic exposure to solar irradiance. The blue component of this light is known to influence the activity of the stress-inducible sigma factor Sigma B (σB). In this study, the influence of temperature and growth phase on the response of L. monocytogenes to blue light was investigated and the global transcriptional response to blue light was elucidated using an RNAseq-based approach. Stationary phase cells were found to be significantly more resistant to killing by blue light (470 nm) than exponential phase cells. Temperature also had a marked effect on blue light resistance with cells cultured at 37°C being much more sensitive than cells grown at 30°C. The role of σB in light tolerance was confirmed but this effect was observed only at 30°C. σB activation by blue light was assessed by measuring the transcriptional response of known σB-dependent genes (sigB, lmo2230, and opuCA) to light. The transcripts were induced by blue light only at 30°C suggesting that blue light fails to activate σB at 37°C. The light-induced transcription at 30°C was dependent on a functional blue light sensor, Lmo0799 (which we rename herein as RsbL). A transcriptomic analysis of the response to sub-lethal levels of blue light found that the changes in transcription were almost entirely σB-dependent. A mutant where the light sensing mechanism of RsbL was inactivated through an amino acid substitution (Cys56Ala) was found to have an attenuated response to blue light, but residual activation of σB-dependent genes suggested that alternative routes for activation of σB by light are likely to exist. Overall, the study highlights the central role of σB in the response of this pathogen to visible light and further shows that light sensing is absent at temperatures that exist within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Dorey
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Bacterial Stress Response Group, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Conor P O'Byrne
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Bacterial Stress Response Group, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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18
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Lu T, Marmion M, Ferone M, Wall P, Scannell AGM. Processing and retail strategies to minimizeCampylobactercontamination in retail chicken. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lu
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Center for Food Safety University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthew Marmion
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | - Mariateresa Ferone
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | - Patrick Wall
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Center for Food Safety University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, O'Brien Science Centre South University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | - Amalia G. M. Scannell
- Center for Food Safety University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health, O'Brien Science Centre South University College Dublin, National University of Ireland Dublin Ireland
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19
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Kang S, Meng Y, Cheng X, Tu J, Guo D, Xu Y, Liang S, Xia X, Shi C. Effects of 405-nm LED Treatment on the Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to Subsequent Environmental Stresses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1907. [PMID: 31474971 PMCID: PMC6706791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes can persist under a wide range of stress conditions, contributing to its ubiquitous distribution and unique pathogenic traits. Light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has recently been shown to inactivate various pathogens. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of light treatment using a 405-nm LED on the subsequent resistance of L. monocytogenes to environmental stresses, including oxidative stress, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, low temperature, osmotic pressure, simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and bile salts. Following 405-nm LED illumination at 4°C for 150 min, the survival of L. monocytogenes was examined after exposure to oxidative stress (0.04% H2O2), UV irradiation (253.7 nm), low temperature (4°C), osmotic pressure (10, 15, or 20% NaCl), SGF (pH 2.5), or bile salts (2%). The mechanisms responsible for changes in stress tolerance were identified by assessing the transcriptional responses and membrane integrity of L. monocytogenes. The 405-nm LED treatment reduced the resistance of L. monocytogenes to all the stresses tested. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the transcription of multiple genes associated with stress resistance, including betL, gbuA, oppA, fri, bsh, and arcA, was reduced by 405-nm LED. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that 405-nm LED treatment disrupted the integrity of the L. monocytogenes cell membrane compared with untreated bacteria. Therefore, 405-nm LED illumination appears to reduce the resistance of L. monocytogenes to various stress conditions. These findings suggest that 405-nm LED treatment could be used to effectively prevent and/or control with L. monocytogenes contamination along the entire food-processing chain, from production to consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenmin Kang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yujie Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junhong Tu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Du Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Xu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sen Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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20
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Al-Asmari F, Mereddy R, Sultanbawa Y. The effect of photosensitization mediated by curcumin on storage life of fresh date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Park SH, Kang JW, Kang DH. Inactivation of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce by combined treatment with UV-C radiation and chlorine dioxide gas, and mechanisms of synergistic inactivation. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Tomb RM, White TA, Coia JE, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Maclean M. Review of the Comparative Susceptibility of Microbial Species to Photoinactivation Using 380-480 nm Violet-Blue Light. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:445-458. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Tracy A. White
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - John E. Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; Glasgow Royal Infirmary; Glasgow UK
| | - John G. Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Scott J. MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST); Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow UK
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23
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Kim MJ, Adeline Ng BX, Zwe YH, Yuk HG. Photodynamic inactivation of Salmonella enterica Enteritidis by 405 ± 5-nm light-emitting diode and its application to control salmonellosis on cooked chicken. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Al-Asmari F, Mereddy R, Sultanbawa Y. A novel photosensitization treatment for the inactivation of fungal spores and cells mediated by curcumin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Sommers C, Gunther NW, Sheen S. Inactivation of Salmonella spp., pathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., or Listeria monocytogenes in chicken purge or skin using a 405-nm LED array. Food Microbiol 2016; 64:135-138. [PMID: 28213017 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Raw poultry are sometimes contaminated with foodborne pathogens, which can lead to illness in humans. In recent years research has focused on a variety of light technologies to decontaminate food and food contact surfaces during meat and poultry processing. In this study we evaluated the ability of 405-nm light generated from an LED array to inactivate multi-isolate cocktails of either Salmonella spp., pathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., or Listeria monocytogenes suspended in chicken purge or skin. When exposed to 180 J/cm2 405-nm light at two separate light intensities (300 mW/cm2/s or 150 mW/cm2/s) the maximum pathogen reduction on chicken skin was ca. 0.4 log. When the pathogens were suspended in chicken purge the maximum log reductions ranged from 0.23 to 0.68 log (180 J/cm2; 150 mW/cm2/s) versus 0.69 to 1.01 log (180 J/cm2; 300 mW/cm2/s). Log reductions of each pathogen, when they were subjected to heat shock prior to 405-nm light treatment, were reduced, indicating that thermal effects accounted for much of the bacterial inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sommers
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
| | - Nereus W Gunther
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Shiowshuh Sheen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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26
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Hessling M, Spellerberg B, Hoenes K. Photoinactivation of bacteria by endogenous photosensitizers and exposure to visible light of different wavelengths - a review on existing data. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 364:fnw270. [PMID: 27915252 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible light has strong disinfectant properties, a fact that is not well known in comparison to the antibacterial properties of UV light. This review compiles the published data on bacterial inactivation caused by visible light and endogenous photosensitizers. It evaluates more than 50 published studies containing information on about 40 different bacterial species irradiated within the spectral range from 380 to 780 nm. In the available data a high variability of photoinactivation sensitivity is observed, which may be caused by undefined illumination conditions. Under aerobic conditions almost all bacteria except spores should be reduced by at least three log-levels with a dose of about 500 J cm-2 of 405 nm irradiation, including both Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative microorganisms. Irradiation of 470 nm is also appropriate for photoinactivating all bacteria species investigated so far but compared to 405 nm illumination it is less effective by a factor between 2 and 5. The spectral dependence of the observed photoinactivation sensitivities gives reason to the assumption that a so far unknown photosensitizer may be involved at 470 nm photoinactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - K Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
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27
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A New Proof of Concept in Bacterial Reduction: Antimicrobial Action of Violet-Blue Light (405 nm) in Ex Vivo Stored Plasma. JOURNAL OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION 2016; 2016:2920514. [PMID: 27774337 PMCID: PMC5059568 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2920514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of injectable stored biological fluids such as blood plasma and platelet concentrates preserved in plasma at room temperature is a major health risk. Current pathogen reduction technologies (PRT) rely on the use of chemicals and/or ultraviolet light, which affects product quality and can be associated with adverse events in recipients. 405 nm violet-blue light is antibacterial without the use of photosensitizers and can be applied at levels safe for human exposure, making it of potential interest for decontamination of biological fluids such as plasma. As a pilot study to test whether 405 nm light is capable of inactivating bacteria in biological fluids, rabbit plasma and human plasma were seeded with bacteria and treated with a 405 nm light emitting diode (LED) exposure system (patent pending). Inactivation was achieved in all tested samples, ranging from low volumes to prebagged plasma. 99.9% reduction of low density bacterial populations (≤103 CFU mL−1), selected to represent typical “natural” contamination levels, was achieved using doses of 144 Jcm−2. The penetrability of 405 nm light, permitting decontamination of prebagged plasma, and the nonrequirement for photosensitizing agents provide a new proof of concept in bacterial reduction in biological fluids, especially injectable fluids relevant to transfusion medicine.
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28
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Gunther NW, Phillips JG, Sommers C. The Effects of 405-nm Visible Light on the Survival of Campylobacter on Chicken Skin and Stainless Steel. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:245-50. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nereus W. Gunther
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - John G. Phillips
- Agricultural Research Service–Retired, Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher Sommers
- Food Safety and Intervention Technologies Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
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29
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Kim MJ, Mikš-Krajnik M, Kumar A, Yuk HG. Inactivation by 405 ± 5 nm light emitting diode on Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shigella sonnei under refrigerated condition might be due to the loss of membrane integrity. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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MIKŠ-KRAJNIK MARTA, YUK HYUNGYUN, KUMAR AMIT, YANG YISHAN, ZHENG QIANWANG, KIM MINJEONG, GHATE VINAYAK, YUAN WENQIAN, PANG XINYI. ENSURING FOOD SECURITY THROUGH ENHANCING MICROBIOLOGICAL FOOD SAFETY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219607715500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Food safety and food security are interrelated concepts with a profound impact on the quality of human life. Food security describes the overall availability of food at different levels from global to individual household. While, food safety focuses on handling, preparation and storage of foods in order to prevent foodborne illnesses. This review focuses on innovative thermal and non-thermal technologies in the area of food processing as the means to ensure food security through improving food safety with emphasis on the reduction and control of microbiological risks. The antimicrobial efficiency and mechanism of new technologies to extend the shelf life of food product were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARTA MIKŠ-KRAJNIK
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Chair of Industrial and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - HYUN-GYUN YUK
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - AMIT KUMAR
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - YISHAN YANG
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - QIANWANG ZHENG
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - MIN-JEONG KIM
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - VINAYAK GHATE
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - WENQIAN YUAN
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - XINYI PANG
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Antibacterial effect and mechanism of high-intensity 405±5nm light emitting diode on Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus under refrigerated condition. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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D'Souza C, Yuk HG, Khoo GH, Zhou W. Application of Light-Emitting Diodes in Food Production, Postharvest Preservation, and Microbiological Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig D'Souza
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Hyun-Gyun Yuk
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Gek Hoon Khoo
- Post-Harvest Technology Dept, Technology & Industry Development Group; Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore; 2 Perahu Road Singapore 718915 Singapore
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Food Science and Technology Programme, c/o Dept. of Chemistry; National Univ. of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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Ghate V, Leong AL, Kumar A, Bang WS, Zhou W, Yuk HG. Enhancing the antibacterial effect of 461 and 521 nm light emitting diodes on selected foodborne pathogens in trypticase soy broth by acidic and alkaline pH conditions. Food Microbiol 2015; 48:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gupta S, Maclean M, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Meek RMD, Grant MH. Inactivation of micro-organisms isolated from infected lower limb arthroplasties using high-intensity narrow-spectrum (HINS) light. Bone Joint J 2015; 97-B:283-8. [PMID: 25628296 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.97b2.35154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity narrow-spectrum (HINS) light is a novel violet-blue light inactivation technology which kills bacteria through a photodynamic process, and has been shown to have bactericidal activity against a wide range of species. Specimens from patients with infected hip and knee arthroplasties were collected over a one-year period (1 May 2009 to 30 April 2010). A range of these microbial isolates were tested for sensitivity to HINS-light. During testing, suspensions of the pathogens were exposed to increasing doses of HINS-light (of 123mW/cm(2) irradiance). Non-light exposed control samples were also used. The samples were then plated onto agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours before enumeration. Complete inactivation (greater than 4-log10 reduction) was achieved for all of the isolates. The typical inactivation curve showed a slow initial reaction followed by a rapid period of inactivation. The doses of HINS-light required ranged between 118 and 2214 J/cm(2). Gram-positive bacteria were generally found to be more susceptible than Gram-negative. As HINS-light uses visible wavelengths, it can be safely used in the presence of patients and staff. This unique feature could lead to its possible use in the prevention of infection during surgery and post-operative dressing changes. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:283-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Southern General Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF and ROLEST, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK
| | - M Maclean
- ROLEST, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XWUK
| | - J G Anderson
- ROLEST, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XWUK
| | - S J MacGregor
- ROLEST, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XWUK
| | - R M D Meek
- Southern General Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - M H Grant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Building, Glasgow G4 0NW, UK
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Maclean M, McKenzie K, Anderson J, Gettinby G, MacGregor S. 405 nm light technology for the inactivation of pathogens and its potential role for environmental disinfection and infection control. J Hosp Infect 2014; 88:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Tomb RM, Maclean M, Herron PR, Hoskisson PA, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Inactivation of Streptomyces phage ɸC31 by 405 nm light: Requirement for exogenous photosensitizers? BACTERIOPHAGE 2014; 4:e32129. [PMID: 25101216 PMCID: PMC4116386 DOI: 10.4161/bact.32129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to narrowband violet-blue light around 405 nm wavelength can induce lethal oxidative damage to bacteria and fungi, however effects on viruses are unknown. As photosensitive porphyrin molecules are involved in the microbicidal inactivation mechanism, and since porphyrins are absent in viruses, then any damaging effects of 405 nm light on viruses might appear unlikely. This study used the bacteriophage ɸC31, as a surrogate for non-enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses, to establish whether 405 nm light can induce virucidal effects. Exposure of ɸC31 suspended in minimal media, nutrient-rich media, and porphyrin solution, demonstrated differing sensitivity of the phage. Significant reductions in phage titer occurred when exposed in nutrient-rich media, with ~3-, 5- and 7-log10 reductions achieved after exposure to doses of 0.3, 0.5 and 1.4 kJ/cm2, respectively. When suspended in minimal media a 0.3-log10 reduction (P = 0.012) occurred after exposure to 306 J/cm2: much lower than the 2.7- and > 2.5-log10 reductions achieved with the same dose in nutrient-rich, and porphyrin-supplemented media, suggesting inactivation is accelerated by the photo-activation of light-sensitive components in the media. This study provides the first evidence of the interaction of narrowband 405 nm light with viruses, and demonstrates that viral susceptibility to 405 nm light can be significantly enhanced by involvement of exogenous photosensitive components. The reduced susceptibility of viruses in minimal media, compared with that of other microorganisms, provides further evidence that the antimicrobial action of 405 nm light is predominantly due to the photo-excitation of endogenous photosensitive molecules such as porphyrins within susceptible microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK ; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Paul R Herron
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Paul A Hoskisson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies; University of Strathclyde; Glasgow, Scotland UK
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Lubart R, Lipovski A, Nitzan Y, Friedmann H. A possible mechanism for the bactericidal effect of visible light. Laser Ther 2014; 20:17-22. [PMID: 24155508 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.20.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Visible light at high intensity was found to kill bacteria while low-power light in the visible and near infrared region enhances bacterial proliferation. The present review summarizes evidence demonstrating that the mechanism of visible light- bacteria interaction involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The ROS are photo induced by bacterial endogenous photosensitizers. Phototoxic effects were found to involve induction of high amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the bacteria while low amounts of ROS may promote their proliferation. Intense blue light, preferably at 415nm, is better than red light for bacteria killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lubart
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Birmpa A, Vantarakis A, Paparrodopoulos S, Whyte P, Lyng J. Efficacy of three light technologies for reducing microbial populations in liquid suspensions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:673939. [PMID: 24724092 PMCID: PMC3960526 DOI: 10.1155/2014/673939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three nonthermal light technologies (NUV-Vis, continuous UV, and HILP) on their ability to inactivate Escherichia coli K12 and Listeria innocua. E. coli K12 was selected as a representative microorganism for the enterohaemorrhagic foodborne pathogen E. coli O157:H7 and L. innocua as a surrogate microorganism for the common foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, respectively. The liquid matrix used for the disinfection experiments was a liquid matrix (MRD solution). The results of the present study show that the HILP treatment inactivated both E. coli and L. innocua more rapidly and effectively than either continuous UV-C or NUV-vis treatment. With HILP at 2.5 cm from the lamp, E. coli and L. innocua populations were reduced by 3.07 and 3.77 log10 CFU/mL, respectively, after a 5 sec treatment time, and were shown to be below the limit of detection (<0.22 log10 CFU/mL) following 30 sec exposure to HILP (106.2 J/cm(2)). These studies demonstrate the bactericidal efficacy of alternative nonthermal light technologies and their potential as decontamination strategies in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Birmpa
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Apostolos Vantarakis
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros Paparrodopoulos
- Environmental Microbiology Unit, Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Patras, Rio, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James Lyng
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Enhanced inactivation of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes by exposure to 405nm light under sub-lethal temperature, salt and acid stress conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 170:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Hope CK, Hindley JA, Khan Z, de Jong EDJ, Higham SM. Lethal photosensitization of Porphyromonas gingivalis by their endogenous porphyrins under anaerobic conditions: an in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:677-82. [PMID: 24284127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lethal photosensitization has been previously demonstrated in Porphyromonas gingivalis, but oxygen is considered to be essential to this process. However, since P. gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen which grows in the low oxygen conditions found in the subgingival crevice, it was considered prudent to study its photosensitivity in anaerobic conditions. METHODS A series of experiments were undertaken to attempt to induce lethal photosensitization in P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) under strict anaerobic conditions using two different 405 nm light sources. Samples of P. gingivalis were grown on a blood-containing, solid growth medium before being suspended in saline and then exposed to 405 nm light delivered by either a hand-held light source (Toothcare™) (11.4 mW/cm(2)) or a laser pointer (328.5 mW/cm(2)). With the exception of the adjustment of the P. gingivalis suspensions to a fixed optical density, the experiments were carried out in their entirety within an anaerobic chamber. RESULTS The lowest Toothcare light dose tested (0.34 J/cm(2); 30s) yielded a statically significant kill of 63.4% which increased to 94.1% kill at higher light doses (3.42 J/cm(2); 300 s). The laser pointer similarly achieved kills of 90.2% at the lower light dose tested (9.86 J/cm(2); 30s) and 94.5% kill at the highest light dose (98.55 J/cm(2); 300 s). CONCLUSIONS Lethal photosensitization can be instigated in planktonic suspensions of P. gingivalis at 405 nm delivered by hand-held devices under anaerobic conditions. This suggests the possibility that lethal photosensitization occurred by the oxygen-independent type I pathway as oppose to the oxygen-dependent type II pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Hope
- Department of Health Services Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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41
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Antibacterial effect of light emitting diodes of visible wavelengths on selected foodborne pathogens at different illumination temperatures. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 166:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lethal effects of high-intensity violet 405-nm light on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and on dormant and germinating spores of Aspergillus niger. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:519-27. [PMID: 23931117 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of high-intensity violet light on selected yeast and mould fungi. Cell suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, and dormant and germinating spores (conidia) of the mould Aspergillus niger were exposed to high-intensity narrow band violet light with peak output at 405 nm generated from a light-emitting diode (LED) array. All three fungal species were inactivated by the 405-nm light without a requirement for addition of exogenous photosensitiser chemicals. Of the fungal species tested, S. cerevisiae was most sensitive and dormant conidia of A. niger were most resistant to 405-nm light exposure. Five-log10 colony forming units per millilitre (CFU ml(-1)) reductions of the tested species required exposure doses of 288 J cm(-2) for S. cerevisiae, 576 J cm(-2) for C. albicans, and a much higher value of 2.3 kJ cm(-2) for dormant conidia of A. niger. During germination, A. niger conidia became more sensitive to 405-nm light exposure and sensitivity increased as germination progressed over an 8 h test period. Light exposure under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, together with results obtained using ascorbic acid as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, revealed that 405-nm light inactivation in fungi involved an oxygen-dependent mechanism, as previously described in bacteria. The inactivation results achieved with yeast cells and fungal spores together with operational advantages associated with the use of a visible (nonultraviolet (UV)) light source highlight the potential of 405-nm light for fungal decontamination applications.
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McKenzie K, Maclean M, Timoshkin IV, Endarko E, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Photoinactivation of bacteria attached to glass and acrylic surfaces by 405 nm light: potential application for biofilm decontamination. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:927-35. [PMID: 23550978 DOI: 10.1111/php.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of bacteria to surfaces and subsequent biofilm formation remains a major cause of cross-contamination capable of inducing both food-related illness and nosocomial infections. Resistance to many current disinfection technologies means facilitating their removal is often difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of 405 nm light for inactivation of bacterial attached as biofilms to glass and acrylic. Escherichia coli biofilms (10(3)-10(8) CFU mL(-1)) were generated on glass and acrylic surfaces and exposed for increasing times to 405 nm light (5-60 min) at ca 140 mW cm(-2). Successful inactivation of biofilms has been demonstrated, with results highlighting complete/near-complete inactivation (up to 5 log10 reduction on acrylic and 7 log10 on glass). Results also highlight that inactivation of bacterial biofilms could be achieved whether the biofilm was on the upper "directly exposed" surface or "indirectly exposed" underside surface. Statistically significant inactivation was also shown with a range of other microorganisms associated with biofilm formation (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes). Results from this study have demonstrated significant inactivation of bacteria ranging from monolayers to densely populated biofilms using 405 nm light, highlighting that with further development this technology may have potential applications for biofilm decontamination in food and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McKenzie
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, ROLEST, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland.
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44
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Susceptibility of Campylobacter to high intensity near ultraviolet/visible 395±5nm light and its effectiveness for the decontamination of raw chicken and contact surfaces. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 159:267-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Maclean M, Murdoch LE, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Sporicidal effects of high-intensity 405 nm visible light on endospore-forming bacteria. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:120-6. [PMID: 22803813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of bacterial endospores to treatments, including biocides, heat and radiation is a persistent problem. This study investigates the susceptibility of Bacillus and Clostridium endospores to 405 nm visible light, wavelengths which have been shown to induce inactivation of vegetative bacterial cells. Suspensions of B. cereus endospores were exposed to high-intensity 405 nm light generated from a light-emitting diode array and results demonstrate the induction of a sporicidal effect. Up to a 4-log(10) CFU mL(-1) reduction in spore population was achieved after exposure to a dose of 1.73 kJ cm(-2). Similar inactivation kinetics were demonstrated with B. subtilis, B. megaterium and C. difficile endospores. The doses required for inactivation of endospores were significantly higher than those required for inactivation of B. cereus and C. difficile vegetative cells, where ca 4-log(10) CFU mL(-1) reductions were achieved after exposure to doses of 108 and 48 J cm(-2), respectively. The significant increase in dose required for inactivation of endospores compared with vegetative cells is unsurprising due to the notorious resilience of these microbial structures. However, the demonstration that visible light of 405 nm can induce a bactericidal effect against endospores is significant, and could have potential for incorporation into decontamination methods for the removal of bacterial contamination including endospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland.
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46
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Wasson CJ, Zourelias JL, Aardsma NA, Eells JT, Ganger MT, Schober JM, Skwor TA. Inhibitory effects of 405 nm irradiation on Chlamydia trachomatis growth and characterization of the ensuing inflammatory response in HeLa cells. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:176. [PMID: 22894815 PMCID: PMC3438111 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular bacterium that resides in the conjunctival and reproductive tract mucosae and is responsible for an array of acute and chronic diseases. A percentage of these infections persist even after use of antibiotics, suggesting the need for alternative treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated anti-bacterial effects using different wavelengths of visible light at varying energy densities, though only against extracellular bacteria. We investigated the effects of visible light (405 and 670 nm) irradiation via light emitting diode (LEDs) on chlamydial growth in endocervical epithelial cells, HeLa, during active and penicillin-induced persistent infections. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of this photo treatment on the ensuing secretion of IL-6 and CCL2, two pro-inflammatory cytokines that have previously been identified as immunopathologic components associated with trichiasis in vivo. Results C. trachomatis-infected HeLa cells were treated with 405 or 670 nm irradiation at varying energy densities (0 – 20 J/cm2). Bacterial growth was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR analyzing the 16S: GAPDH ratio, while cell-free supernatants were examined for IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) production. Our results demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on chlamydial growth during both active and persistent infections following 405 nm irradiation. Diminished bacterial load corresponded to lower IL-6 concentrations, but was not related to CCL2 levels. In vitro modeling of a persistent C. trachomatis infection induced by penicillin demonstrated significantly elevated IL-6 levels compared to C. trachomatis infection alone, though 405 nm irradiation had a minimal effect on this production. Conclusion Together these results identify novel inhibitory effects of 405 nm violet light on the bacterial growth of intracellular bacterium C. trachomatis in vitro, which also coincides with diminished levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6.
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Endarko E, Maclean M, Timoshkin IV, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. High-Intensity 405 nm Light Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:1280-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murdoch LE, Maclean M, Endarko E, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Bactericidal effects of 405 nm light exposure demonstrated by inactivation of Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Mycobacterium species in liquid suspensions and on exposed surfaces. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:137805. [PMID: 22566760 PMCID: PMC3330698 DOI: 10.1100/2012/137805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The bactericidal effect of 405 nm light was investigated on taxonomically diverse bacterial pathogens from the genera Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, Listeria, and Mycobacterium. High-intensity 405 nm light, generated from an array of 405-nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs), was used to inactivate bacteria in liquid suspension and on exposed surfaces. L. monocytogenes was most readily inactivated in suspension, whereas S. enterica was most resistant. In surface exposure tests, L. monocytogenes was more susceptible than Gram-negative enteric bacteria to 405 nm light when exposed on an agar surface but interestingly less susceptible than S. enterica after drying onto PVC and acrylic surfaces. The study findings, that 405 nm light inactivates diverse types of bacteria in liquids and on surfaces, in addition to the safety advantages of this visible (non-UV wavelength) light, indicate the potential of this technology for a range of decontamination applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Murdoch
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde-Glasgow, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK.
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Lubart R. Metal-oxide nanoparticles increase the bactericidal effect of blue light. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:115-7. [PMID: 22316330 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.9891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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50
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McDonald R, Macgregor SJ, Anderson JG, Maclean M, Grant MH. Effect of 405-nm high-intensity narrow-spectrum light on fibroblast-populated collagen lattices: an in vitro model of wound healing. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:048003. [PMID: 21529098 DOI: 10.1117/1.3561903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity narrow-spectrum (HINS) 405-nm light is a novel technology developed to address the significant problem of health-care associated infection. Its potential for wound-decontamination applications is assessed on mammalian cells and bacteria. The fibroblast-populated collagen lattice (FPCL) is used as an in vitro model of wound healing, and the effect of HINS light on contraction is examined. Effects on cell proliferation, morphological changes, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression are investigated. Bactericidal effects are assessed using the bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis. Low doses of HINS light were found to have no significant inhibitory effects on FPCL contraction, cell proliferation, or α-SMA expression. Doses of up to 18 Jcm(-2) had no significant inhibitory effects on FPCL cell numbers, and this dose was shown to cause almost complete inactivation of bacteria. These results show that HINS light has potential for disinfection applications without adversely influencing wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McDonald
- University of Strathclyde, Bioengineering Unit, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, Strathclyde G4 0NW, United Kingdom
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