1
|
El-araby A, Azzouzi A, Ayam IM, Samouh KF, Errachidi F. Survey on technical management of strawberries in Morocco and evaluation of their post-harvest microbial load. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1115340. [PMID: 36704550 PMCID: PMC9871894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The climatic conditions of the growing regions influence the fruit's microbiological quality and their tolerance to post-harvest pathogens. The present work aims to identify the prevalence of bacterial and fungal strains of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) in the Gharb and Loukkos regions of Morocco. Thus, to establish a correlation between the microbial load and the climatic conditions of the two targeted regions. The bacteriological analyses were studied according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) methodologies. Regarding the mycological study, fungal species determination was performed using identification keys. Yeast species determination was done using genus analysis, assimilation, and fermentation tests. Emberger bioclimatic quotients (Q2) were calculated for the Gharb and Loukkos regions and bioclimatic stages were determined. Salmonella spp. was not detected in the studied samples. However, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli were isolated from the Gharb samples. Sulfite-reducing clostridia spores were found in two Gharb samples versus one Loukkos sample. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were negative in all samples analyzed. Loukkos and Gharb regions were contaminated by Bacillus cereus with percentages of occurrence of 5.2 and 7.8%, respectively. The fungi found in strawberries from both regions were Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Alternaria alternata with a significant predominance in the Loukkos samples. Indeed, a marked presence is noted for Candida sake and Rhodotorula glutinis in strawberries from Loukkos. Gharb is located on the semi-arid stage, while Loukkos is located on the sub-humid stage. Climatic conditions have a strong influence on plant microbial load, which explains the prevalence of bacteria in strawberries from Gharb and the prevalence of fungi in strawberries from Loukkos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir El-araby
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco,*Correspondence: Abir El-araby, ✉
| | - Amal Azzouzi
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Iman Msegued Ayam
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| | - Khaoula Filali Samouh
- Department of Biology, Immunology and Biodiversity Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Faouzi Errachidi
- Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ortiz-Solà J, Viñas I, Colás-Medà P, Anguera M, Abadias M. Occurrence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens and microbiological quality of fresh and frozen strawberries sold in Spain. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 314:108392. [PMID: 31698282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry production and exports have been increasing in Spain in recent decades. However, little information is available about their microbiological quality. Due to the growing concern about the microbial safety of these fruits, the objective of this investigation was to study the microbiological quality and the prevalence of the main foodborne pathogens on strawberries sold in Spain. Fresh (n = 152) and frozen (n = 31) samples were obtained from marketplaces and fields in 2017 and 2018. The samples were assayed for total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms (TAM), moulds and yeasts (M&Y), total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes as well as Norovirus (NoV) GI and GII. The microbiological counts ranged from <1.70 (detection limit, dl) - 5.89 log10 CFU/g (mean 3.78 log10 CFU/g) for TAM; 2.10-5.86 log10 CFU/g (mean 3.80 log10 CFU/g) for M&Y; and <0.70 (dl) - 4.91 log10 CFU/g (mean 2.15 log10 CFU/g) for TC in fresh strawberries. In frozen strawberries, the counts were <1.70 (dl) - 3.66 log10 CFU/g (mean 2.30 log10 CFU/g) for TAM; <1.70 (dl) - 2.76 log10 CFU/g (mean 1.82 log10 CFU/g) for M&Y; and <0.70(dl) - 1.74 log10 CFU/g (mean 0.77 log10 CFU/g) for TC. All the samples in this study tested negative for Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes. E. coli and NoV GI and GII genome. A global overview of all the data was executed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and the results showed that the scores and loadings according to principal components 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2) accounted for 75.9% of the total variance, allowing a distinction between fresh and frozen samples. The presence of moulds was significantly higher in the supermarket samples whereas the presence of total coliforms was significantly higher in the field samples (p < 0.05). Although pathogenic microorganisms were not found, preventative measures and prerequisites in the strawberry production chain must be considered in order to avoid possible foodborne diseases related to the microbiological quality of the fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ortiz-Solà
- Universitat de Lleida, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, XaRTA-Postharvest, Centro Agrotecnio, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - I Viñas
- Universitat de Lleida, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, XaRTA-Postharvest, Centro Agrotecnio, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - P Colás-Medà
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - M Anguera
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain
| | - M Abadias
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, 25003 Lleida, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira M, Rodrigues CM, Teixeira P. Microbiological quality of raw berries and their products: A focus on foodborne pathogens. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02992. [PMID: 31867463 PMCID: PMC6906664 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Berry samples (n = 316; strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries) obtained from a fruit processing plant were examined regarding bacteriological quality and their potential public health risk. Three types of berry products were analysed including raw material, product from the mixing step and final product. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, sulphite-reducing clostridia spores and coagulase-positive staphylococci were the parameters investigated. Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup and L. monocytogenes were isolated from one fruit sample of raw material each. Two samples harboured E. coli between 0.7 and 0.9 log cfu g-1, not exceeding the hygienic criteria. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were not detected in the studied samples; however, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from a small proportion of samples mainly raspberries. Presumptive B. cereus were isolated from a relatively large proportion of the samples, raspberries and blackberries being the most contaminated fruits. The absence of pathogenic microorganisms in the final product as well as the low prevalence of presumptive B. cereus and CNS indicates proper implementation of good manufacturing and hygiene practices (GMPs/GHPs) by the food industry. Nevertheless, the results indicate that the raw material examined may contain pathogenic bacteria and thereby represent a risk to consumers regarding the manifestation of foodborne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Oliveira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Paula Teixeira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dziedzinska R, Vasickova P, Hrdy J, Slany M, Babak V, Moravkova M. Foodborne Bacterial, Viral, and Protozoan Pathogens in Field and Market Strawberries and Environment of Strawberry Farms. J Food Sci 2018; 83:3069-3075. [PMID: 30468260 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Field-grown strawberries, the environment of strawberry farms and fresh strawberries from marketplaces were examined for bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens. The presence of bacteria was determined using culture and real-time PCR (qPCR), presence of protozoa and viruses using qPCR and reverse transcription qPCR, respectively. The highest proportion of positivity was observed for Escherichia coli both in field and purchased strawberries (up to 48.6%). Finding of Cronobacter ranged from 0.6% to 9% both for field and market strawberries. The prevalence of other pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium sp., and Norovirus) in strawberries was below 4.5%; HAV was not detected at all. Positivity of the environment was determined to be lower than 2.1% for all microorganisms, except for E. coli. The concentration of pathogens in most samples did not exceed 100 CFU/g using culture and 1.8 × 102 GE/g of strawberries or swabbing area 6.1 × 102 GE/mL or swabbing area of environmental samples using qPCR. All studied farms applied preventive measures such as drip irrigation, avoidance of organic fertilizers, and use of mulch foils or gloves for workers to decrease contamination of strawberries. Despite this, certain pathogens were found in fresh strawberries. Even at low concentrations, these pathogens can be a source of infection for consumers. Thus, their presence in strawberries is of particular significance as these are mostly consumed fresh and without any thermal processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nonlegislatively monitored pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin were found in strawberries. Monitoring the presence of these pathogens in ready-to-eat food is therefore meaningful and important in terms of food safety, especially in relation to pathogens with low infectious dose (for example, viruses, parasites).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jakub Hrdy
- Veterinary Research Inst., Brno, Czech Republic.,Masaryk Univ., Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma R, Wang G, Tian Y, Wang K, Zhang J, Fang J. Non-thermal plasma-activated water inactivation of food-borne pathogen on fresh produce. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:643-651. [PMID: 26282219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-thermal plasma has been widely considered to be an effective method for decontamination of foods. Recently, numerous studies report that plasma-activated water (PAW) also has outstanding antibacterial ability. This study presents the first report on the potential of PAW for the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) inoculated on strawberries. PAW treatments achieved a reduction of S. aureus ranging from 1.6 to 2.3 log at day-0 storage, while 1.7 to 3.4 log at day-4 storage. The inactivation efficiency depended on the plasma-activated time for PAW generation and PAW-treated time of strawberries inoculated with S. aureus. LIVE/DEAD staining and scanning electron microscopy results confirm that PAW could damage the bacterial cell wall. Moreover, optical emission spectra and oxidation reduction potential results demonstrate the inactivation is mainly attributed to oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species in PAW. In addition, no significant change was found in color, firmness and pH of the PAW treated strawberries. Thus, PAW can be a promising alternative to traditional sanitizers applied in the fresh produce industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Ma
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Guomin Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ying Tian
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Kaile Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva SRMD, Maldonade IR, Ginani VC, Lima SA, Mendes VS, Azevedo MLX, Gurgel-Gonçalves R, Machado ER. Detection of intestinal parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 47:801-5. [PMID: 25626665 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0044-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the presence of pathogenic human parasites on field-grown strawberries in the Federal District of Brazil. METHODS A total of 48 samples of strawberries and 48 soil samples from 16 properties were analyzed. RESULTS Contaminated strawberries were detected in 56% of the properties. Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascaris suum, Balantidium coli, Endolimax nana, and Entamoeba spp. were detected. Soil was contaminated with Entamoeba spp., Entamoeba coli, Strongyloides spp., Ancylostomatidae, and Hymenolepis nana. CONCLUSIONS Producers should be instructed on the safe handling of strawberries in order to reduce the incidence of strawberries that are contaminated with enteroparasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iriani Rodrigues Maldonade
- Laboratório de Ciência de Alimentos, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Hortaliças, DF, Brasília
| | - Verônica Cortez Ginani
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasília
| | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Médica e Biologia de Vetores, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasília
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Johannessen GS, Eckner KF, Heiberg N, Monshaugen M, Begum M, Økland M, Høgåsen HR. Occurrence of Escherichia coli, Campylobcter, Salmonella and Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli in Norwegian Primary Strawberry Production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:6919-32. [PMID: 26090606 PMCID: PMC4483739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the bacteriological quality of strawberries at harvest and to study risk factors such as irrigation water, soil and picker's hand cleanliness. Four farms were visited during the harvest season in 2012. Samples of strawberries, irrigation water, soil and hand swabs were collected and analyzed for E. coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella and STEC Although fecal indicators and pathogens were found in environmental samples, only one of 80 samples of strawberries was positive for E. coli (1.0 log10 cfu/g) and pathogens were not detected in any of the strawberry samples. The water samples from all irrigation sources were contaminated with E. coli in numbers ranging from 0 to 3.3 log10 cfu/g. Campylobacter (8/16 samples) and Salmonella (1/16 samples) were isolated from samples with high numbers of E. coli. The water samples collected from a lake had lower numbers of E. coli than the samples from rivers and a stream. The present study indicated continuous background contamination in the primary production environment. Although the background contamination was not reflected on the strawberries tested here, the results must be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gro S Johannessen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo N-0106, Norway.
| | - Karl F Eckner
- Vann-og Avløpsetaten, P.O. Box 4704 Sofienberg, 0506 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nina Heiberg
- Gartnerhallen SA, P.O. Box 111 Alnabru, Oslo N-0614, Norway.
| | - Marte Monshaugen
- School of Veterinary Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., Oslo N-0033, Norway.
| | - Mumtaz Begum
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo N-0106, Norway.
| | - Marianne Økland
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo N-0106, Norway.
| | - Helga R Høgåsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, Oslo N-0106, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Microbial safety and sanitary quality of strawberry primary production in Belgium: risk factors for Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli contamination. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2562-70. [PMID: 25636845 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03930-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberries are an important fruit in Belgium in both production and consumption, but little information is available about the presence of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in these berries, the risk factors in agricultural production, and possible specific mitigation options. In 2012, a survey was undertaken of three soil and three soilless cultivation systems in Belgium. No Salmonella spp. were isolated. No STEC was detected in the strawberry samples (0 of 72), but STEC was detected by PCR in 11 of 78 irrigation water and 2 of 24 substrate samples. Culture isolates were obtained for 2 of 11 PCR-positive irrigation water samples and 2 of 2 substrate samples. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed elevated generic E. coli numbers (the odds ratio [OR] for a 1 log increase being 4.6) as the most important risk factor for STEC, together with the berry-picking season (elevated risk in summer). The presence of generic E. coli in the irrigation water (≥1 CFU per 100 ml) was mainly influenced by the type of irrigation water (collected rainfall water stored in ponds was more often contaminated than groundwater pumped from boreholes [OR = 5.8]) and the lack of prior treatment (untreated water versus water subjected to sand filtration prior to use [OR = 19.2]). The follow-up study in 2013 at one of the producer locations indicated cattle to be the most likely source of STEC contamination of the irrigation water.
Collapse
|
9
|
Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non‐animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonella and Norovirus in berries). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
|
10
|
Doménech-Sánchez A, Laso E, Pérez MJ, Berrocal CI. Microbiological Levels of Randomly Selected Food Contact Surfaces in Hotels Located in Spain During 2007–2009. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1025-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Sánchez
- Saniconsult Ibérica SL., Son Cladera Nou, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Área de Microbiología and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elena Laso
- Saniconsult Ibérica SL., Son Cladera Nou, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María José Pérez
- Saniconsult Ibérica SL., Son Cladera Nou, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|