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O’Neill L, Manzanilla EG, Ekhlas D, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37998818 PMCID: PMC10669415 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli of animal origin presents a threat to human health. Although animals are not the primary source of human infections, humans may be exposed to AMR E. coli of animal origin and their AMR genes through the food chain, direct contact with animals, and via the environment. For this reason, AMR in E. coli from food producing animals is included in most national and international AMR monitoring programmes and is the subject of a large body of research. As pig farming is one of the largest livestock sectors and the one with the highest antimicrobial use, there is considerable interest in the epidemiology of AMR in E. coli of porcine origin. This literature review presents an overview and appraisal of current knowledge of AMR in commensal E. coli of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with a focus on its evolution during the pig lifecycle and the relationship with antimicrobial use. It also presents an overview of the epidemiology of resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and colistin in pig production. The review highlights the widespread nature of AMR in the porcine commensal E. coli population, especially to the most-used classes in pig farming and discusses the complex interplay between age and antimicrobial use during the pig lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O’Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Finola C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
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Barros MM, Castro J, Araújo D, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Outor-Monteiro D, Almeida C. Swine Colibacillosis: Global Epidemiologic and Antimicrobial Scenario. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040682. [PMID: 37107044 PMCID: PMC10135039 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine pathogenic infection caused by Escherichia coli, known as swine colibacillosis, represents an epidemiological challenge not only for animal husbandry but also for health authorities. To note, virulent E. coli strains might be transmitted, and also cause disease, in humans. In the last decades, diverse successful multidrug-resistant strains have been detected, mainly due to the growing selective pressure of antibiotic use, in which animal practices have played a relevant role. In fact, according to the different features and particular virulence factor combination, there are four different pathotypes of E. coli that can cause illness in swine: enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that comprises edema disease E. coli (EDEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Nevertheless, the most relevant pathotype in a colibacillosis scenario is ETEC, responsible for neonatal and postweaning diarrhea (PWD), in which some ETEC strains present enhanced fitness and pathogenicity. To explore the distribution of pathogenic ETEC in swine farms and their diversity, resistance, and virulence profiles, this review summarizes the most relevant works on these subjects over the past 10 years and discusses the importance of these bacteria as zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margarida Barros
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Joana Castro
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Araújo
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Divanildo Outor-Monteiro
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carina Almeida
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Awawdeh L, Turni C, Mollinger JL, Henning J, Cobbold RN, Trott DJ, Gibson JS. Antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid replicon typing, phylogenetic grouping, and virulence potential of avian pathogenic and faecal Escherichia coli isolated from meat chickens in Australia. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:349-360. [PMID: 35417283 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2065969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Globally, avian colibacillosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, associated with economic losses and welfare problems. Here, clinical avian pathogenic E. coli isolates (CEC; n=50) and faecal E. coli isolates from healthy (FEC; n=187) Australian meat chickens collected between 2006 and 2014 were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phylogenetic grouping, plasmid replicon (PR) typing, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence gene (VG) profiling. Extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)- and fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant E. coli isolates underwent further genetic characterisation. Significant proportions of CEC and FEC were respectively susceptible (13/50 [26%]; 48/187 [26%],) or MDR (9/50 [18%]; 26/187 [14%]) to 20 tested antimicrobials. Phylogenetic groups A and C, and PR types IncFIB and IncFrep were most commonly represented. Five tested CEC-associated VGs were more prevalent in CEC (≥90%) compared to FEC isolates (≤58%). Some isolates (CEC n=3; FEC n=7) were resistant to ESCs and/or FQs and possessed signature mutations in chromosomal FQ target genes and plasmid-mediated qnrS, blaCMY-2, and blaDHA-1 genes. Sequence type 354 (n=4), associated with extraintestinal infections in a broad range of hosts, was prevalent among the ESC- and/or FQ-resistant FEC.This study confirmed the existence of a small reservoir of ESC- and FQ-resistant E. coli in Australian commercial meat chickens despite the absence of use in the industry of these drug classes. Otherwise, a diversity of VGs and PR types in both faecal and clinical E. coli populations were identified. It's hypothesised that the source of ESC- and FQ-resistant E. coli may be external to poultry production facilities.Highlights1. Low-level resistance to older and newer generation antimicrobial drugs detected2. The most common sequence type (ST) associated with FQ resistance was ST354 (4/10)3. A small proportion of CEC (n=3) and FEC (n=7) were resistant to ESCs and/or FQs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Awawdeh
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.,Eastern Institute of Technology, Hawke's Bay, 501 Gloucester Street, Taradale, Napier 4112, New Zealand
| | - C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Austalia
| | - J L Mollinger
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health & Food Science Precinct, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - J Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - R N Cobbold
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - D J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Mudla Wirra Rd, Roseworthy, 5371, Australia
| | - J S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
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Dai X, Gu Y, Guo J, Huang L, Cheng G, Peng D, Hao H. Clinical Breakpoint of Apramycin to Swine Salmonella and Its Effect on Ileum Flora. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031424. [PMID: 35163350 PMCID: PMC8835974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the clinical breakpoint (CBP) of apramycin (APR) against Salmonella in swine and evaluate its effect on intestinal microbiota. The CBP was established based on three cutoff values of wild-type cutoff value (COWT), pharmacokinetic-pharmadynamic (PK/PD) cutoff value (COPD) and clinical cutoff value (COCL). The effect of the optimized dose regimen based on ex vivo PK/PD study. The evolution of the ileum flora was determined by the 16rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics. This study firstly established the COWT, COPD in ileum, and COCL of APR against swine Salmonella, the value of these cutoffs were 32 µg/mL, 32 µg/mL and 8 µg/mL, respectively. According to the guiding principle of the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the final CBP in ileum was 32 µg/mL. Our results revealed the main evolution route in the composition of ileum microbiota of diarrheic piglets treated by APR. The change of the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Euryarchaeota was the most obvious during the evolution process. Methanobrevibacter, Prevotella, S24-7 and Ruminococcaceae were obtained as the highest abundance genus. The abundance of Methanobrevibacter increased significantly when APR treatment carried and decreased in cure and withdrawal period groups. The abundance of Prevotella in the tested groups was significantly lower than that in the healthy group. A decreased of abundance in S24-7 was observed after Salmonella infection and increased slightly after cure. Ruminococcaceae increased significantly after Salmonella infection and decreased significantly after APR treatment. In addition, the genera of Methanobrevibacter and Prevotella were defined as the key node. Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, D-Glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, D-Alanine metabolism, Peptidoglycan and amino acids biosynthesis were the top five Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the ileum microbiota of piglets during the Salmonella infection and APR treatment process. Our study extended the understanding of dynamic shift of gut microbes during diarrheic piglets treated by APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dai
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yufeng Gu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinli Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.H.); Tel.: +86-027-87287140 (ext. 8115) (H.H.)
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.D.); (Y.G.); (J.G.); (L.H.); (G.C.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (H.H.); Tel.: +86-027-87287140 (ext. 8115) (H.H.)
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Dankar I, Hassan H, Serhan M. Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of dairy farmers regarding antibiotic use: Lessons from a developing country. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1519-1532. [PMID: 34998539 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In lower- and middle-income countries, uncontrolled use of antibiotics is causing antimicrobial resistance, affecting both animal welfare and public health. Meanwhile, studies on antibiotic use in these countries are limited. A crucial step to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is to examine the use of these drugs and identify its determinants. The aim of our study, the first of its kind in Lebanon, was to assess dairy farmers' knowledge and awareness of antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR. For this, 18 farmers from different regions, educational backgrounds, experience levels, and herd sizes were interviewed. Results showed that owners of larger farms were more aware of AMU and AMR, and trying to implement preventive actions, whereas nonsystematic antimicrobial use was prevalent among the smaller farms. Mastitis and laminitis were the most treated diseases, and antibiotics used were oxytetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin, and florfenicol. Overall, antibiotic use was found as a preventive measure and a treatment of nonbacterial diseases. Irregular uses were linked to easy access of farmers to antibiotics, interrupted relations with veterinary authorities, and lack of self-assessment and inspection. Lebanese dairy farmers and owners reported feeling disadvantaged in their local trade field, facing illegal competition and unauthorized farms and industries, and lacking support from the government. Training and awareness programs must be implemented, and policies and regulations must be set, to reduce antibiotic use and hinder the spread of AMR in Lebanon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Dankar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Koura, PO Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Hassan
- Nutrition Program, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, PO Box 13-5053, Chouran 1102 2901, Lebanon.
| | - Mireille Serhan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Koura, PO Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Yang Y, Xiao T, Li J, Cheng P, Li F, Yu H, Liu R, Muhammad I, Zhang X. Wild-type cutoff for Apramycin against Escherichia coli. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:309. [PMID: 32847547 PMCID: PMC7448428 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apramycin is used exclusively for the treatment of Escherichia coli (E.coli) infections in swine around the world since the early 1980s. Recently, many research papers have demonstrated that apramycin has significant in vitro activity against multidrug-resistant E.coli isolated in hospitals. Therefore, ensuring the proper use of apramycin in veterinary clinics is of great significance of public health. The objectives of this study were to develop a wild-type cutoff for apramycin against E.coli using a statistical method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and to investigate the prevalence of resistance genes that confer resistance to apramycin in E. coli. Results Apramycin susceptibility testing of 1230 E.coli clinical isolates from swine were determinded by broth microdilution testing according to the CLSI document M07-A9. A total number of 310 E.coli strains from different minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) subsets (0.5–256 μg/mL) were selected for the detection of resistance genes (aac(3)-IV; npmA; apmA) in E. coli by PCR. The percentage of E. coli isolates at each MIC (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 256 μg/mL) was 0.08, 0.08, 0.16, 2.93, 31.14, 38.86, 12.85, 2.03, 1.46, and 10.41%. The MIC50 and MIC90 were 16 and 64 μg/mL. All the 310 E.coli isolates were negative for npmA and apmA gene, and only the aac(3)-IV gene was detected in this study. Conclusions The wild-type cutoff for apramycin against E.coli was defined as 32 μg/mL. The prevelance of aac(3)-IV gene mainly concentrated in these MIC subsets ‘MIC ≥ 64 μg/ mL’, which indicates that the wild-type cutoff established in our study is reliable. The wild-type cutoff offers interpretion criteria of apramycin susceptibility testing of E.coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Yang
- Pharmacology Teaching and Research Department, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing Road, University Town, Huaxi District, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshi Xiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fulei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiao Yu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruimeng Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development. Faculty of Basic Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Tian E, Muhammad I, Hu W, Wu Z, Li R, Lu X, Chen C, Li J. Tentative epidemiologic cut-off value and resistant characteristic detection of apramycin against Escherichia coli from chickens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5569653. [PMID: 31518404 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli are important foodborne zoonotic pathogens. Apramycin is a key aminoglycoside antibiotic used by veterinarians against E. coli. This study was conducted to establish the epidemiological cut-off value (ECV) and resistant characteristics of apramycin against E. coli. In this study, 1412 clinical isolates of E. coli from chickens in China were characterized. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of apramycin were assessed by broth microdilution method. MIC50 and MIC90 for apramycin against E. coli (0.5-256 µg/mL) were 8 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, the tentative ECV was determined to be 16 µg/mL by the statistical method and 32 µg/mL by ECOFFinder software. Besides, the percentages of aac(3)-IV positive strains ascended with the increase of MIC values of apramycin, and the gene npmA was detected in strains with higher MICs. Sixteen apramycin highly resistant strains displayed multiple drug resistance (100%) to amoxicillin, ampicillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, tetracycline, trimethoprim and florfenicol, while most of them were susceptible to amikacin and spectinomycin. In summary, the tentative ECV of apramycin against E. coli was recommended to be 16 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjie Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wanjun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Wenxian County Agriculture and Forestry Bureau, Jiaozuo 454850, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
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8
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Nayme K, Barguigua A, Diawara I, El Otmani F, Elmdaghri N, Zerouali K, Timinouni M. Occurrence of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:798-801. [PMID: 31441325 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1650163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the experiment was to determine the occurrence of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from chicken meat.2. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the disc diffusion test. AMEs and virulence profile were determined by PCR/sequencing.3. Out of 195 meat samples collected, 185 (95%) isolates were identified as E. coli. Disc diffusion showed a resistance value of 22% (n = 42) for at least one of the antibiotic aminoglycosides (AGs) tested (tobramycin, gentamycin, amikacin and kanamycin). PCR screening showed the presence of three classes of AMEs, namely, aac(3)-II (12%), aac(6')-Ib (7%) and aac(2')-Ia (5%). Eight of the 42 isolates were positive for the stx1 and sxt2 genes and were defined as Shiga toxin-producing E coli., while the eae gene was positive in one strain. Among the 42 isolates, group A was the predominant phylogenetic identified (76%), followed by group D (21%). One isolate belonged to subgroup B23.4. The results suggested that chicken meat could be an important reservoir of AMEs, and pose a potential risk by dissemination of resistance to humans through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nayme
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - A Barguigua
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Développement Durable des Ressources Naturelles, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - I Diawara
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Santé, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - F El Otmani
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Department of Biology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - N Elmdaghri
- University Hospital Center, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - K Zerouali
- University Hospital Center, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M Timinouni
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli has become a worrying issue that is increasingly observed in human but also in veterinary medicine worldwide. E. coli is intrinsically susceptible to almost all clinically relevant antimicrobial agents, but this bacterial species has a great capacity to accumulate resistance genes, mostly through horizontal gene transfer. The most problematic mechanisms in E. coli correspond to the acquisition of genes coding for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins), carbapenemases (conferring resistance to carbapenems), 16S rRNA methylases (conferring pan-resistance to aminoglycosides), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (conferring resistance to [fluoro]quinolones), and mcr genes (conferring resistance to polymyxins). Although the spread of carbapenemase genes has been mainly recognized in the human sector but poorly recognized in animals, colistin resistance in E. coli seems rather to be related to the use of colistin in veterinary medicine on a global scale. For the other resistance traits, their cross-transfer between the human and animal sectors still remains controversial even though genomic investigations indicate that extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers encountered in animals are distinct from those affecting humans. In addition, E. coli of animal origin often also show resistances to other-mostly older-antimicrobial agents, including tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fosfomycin. Plasmids, especially multiresistance plasmids, but also other mobile genetic elements, such as transposons and gene cassettes in class 1 and class 2 integrons, seem to play a major role in the dissemination of resistance genes. Of note, coselection and persistence of resistances to critically important antimicrobial agents in human medicine also occurs through the massive use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, such as tetracyclines or sulfonamides, as long as all those determinants are located on the same genetic elements.
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10
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Belaynehe KM, Shin SW, Hong-Tae P, Yoo HS. Occurrence of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes among isolates of Escherichia coli exhibiting high levels of aminoglycoside resistance isolated from Korean cattle farms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018. [PMID: 28637330 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated 247 Escherichia coli isolates collected from four cattle farms to characterize aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme (AME) genes, their plasmid replicons and transferability. Out of 247 isolates a high number of isolates (total 202; 81.78%) were found to be resistant to various antibiotics by disc diffusion. Of the 247 strains, 139 (56.3%) were resistant to streptomycin, and other antibiotic resistances followed as tetracycline (12.15%), ampicillin (7%), chloramphenicol (5.7%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (0.8%). Among 247 isolates B1 was the predominant phylogenetic group identified comprising 151 isolates (61.1%), followed by groups A (27.9%), D (7%) and B2 (4%). Out of 139 isolates investigated for AME, 130 (93.5%) isolates carried at least one AME gene. aph3″-1a and aph3″-1b (46%) were the principal genes detected, followed by aac3-IVa (34.5%). ant2″-1a was the least detected gene (2.2%). Nine (6.5%) strains carried no AME genes. Twelve (63.2%) among 19 isolates transferred an AME gene to a recipient and aph3΄-1a was the dominant transferred gene. Transferability mainly occurred via the IncFIB replicon type (52.6%). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing demonstrated a higher degree of diversity with 14 distinct cluster types. This result suggests that commensal microflora from food-producing animals has a tremendous ability to harbor and transfer AME genes, and poses a potential risk by dissemination of resistance to humans through the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuastros Mekonnen Belaynehe
- Department of infectious diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Shin
- Department of infectious diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of infectious diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zhang A, Li Y, Guan Z, Tuo H, Liu D, Yang Y, Xu C, Lei C, Wang H. Characterization of Resistance Patterns and Detection of Apramycin Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken Feces and Houseflies after Apramycin Administration. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29535694 PMCID: PMC5835136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of apramycin administration on the development of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from chicken feces and houseflies under field conditions. Chickens in the medicated group (n = 25,000) were given successive prophylactic doses (0.5 mg/l) of apramycin in their drinking water from Days 1 to 5, while no antibiotics were added to the un-medicated groups drinking water (n = 25,000). Over 40 days, a total of 1170 E. coli strains were isolated from fecal samples obtained from medicated and un-medicated chickens and houseflies from the same chicken farm. Apramycin MIC90 values for E. coli strains obtained from the medicated group increased 32-128 times from Days 2 to 6 (256-1024 μg/ml) when compared to those on Day 0 (8 μg/ml). Strains isolated from un-medicated chickens and houseflies had consistently low MIC90 values (8-16 μg/ml) during the first week, but showed a dramatic increase from Days 8 to 10 (128-1024 μg/ml). The apramycin resistance gene aac(3)-IV was detected in E. coli strains from medicated (n = 71), un-medicated (n = 32), and housefly groups (n = 42). All strains positive for aac(3)-IV were classified into 12 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types. PFGE types A, E, and G were the predominant types in both the medicated and housefly groups, suggesting houseflies play an important role in spreading E. coli-resistant strains. Taken together, our study revealed that apramycin administration could facilitate the occurrence of apramycin-resistant E. coli and the apramycin resistance gene acc(3)-IV. In turn, these strains could be transmitted by houseflies, thus increasing the potential risk of spreading multi-drug-resistant E. coli to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongbin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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12
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Isanga J, Tochi BN, Mukunzi D, Chen Y, Liu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of a specific monoclonal antibody assay and a rapid testing strip for the detection of apramycin residues in food samples. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1202211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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13
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Xu F, Jiang W, Zhou J, Wen K, Wang Z, Jiang H, Ding S. Production of Monoclonal Antibody and Development of a New Immunoassay for Apramycin in Food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3108-3113. [PMID: 24661253 DOI: 10.1021/jf405379r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Apramycin (APR) residue in food of animal origin can cause harmful effects on human health. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) was successfully produced using APR-BSA as immunogen, which was prepared by using the glutaraldehyde method. mAb 2A2 showed low cross-reactivity (<0.1%) with other aminoglycoside antibiotics, and its IC50 value was 0.35 ng/mL. On the basis of this mAb, a novel immunoassay in the format of an immunoaffinity test column (IATC) was developed. An immunoaffinity column filled with anti-APR antibody-Sepharose 4B gel was used as solid phase. APR in sample and HRP-APR conjugate compete with each other for the limited antibody on the column. The approach was able to give a naked-eye color signal for the detection of analyte. A blue color appears for negative results and no color for positive. The method was then successfully applied to the detection of APR in animal-origin food. To further evaluate the assay, direct competitive ELISA (dcELISA) based on the same antibody was developed for comparison in different aspects. Compared to the dcELISA, the detection time of IATC is shortened to 20 min, whereas a similar sensitivity for various samples was observed. The limits of detection (LOD) for raw milk, muscles, and livers are 3 ng/mL, 3 μg/kg, and 10 μg/kg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 1000193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 1000193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 1000193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 1000193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Reference Laboratory for Residues of Veterinary Drugs, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- National Reference Laboratory for Residues of Veterinary Drugs, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyang Ding
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 1000193, People's Republic of China
- National Reference Laboratory for Residues of Veterinary Drugs, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Cummings KJ, Aprea VA, Altier C. Antimicrobial Resistance Trends Among Escherichia coli Isolates Obtained from Dairy Cattle in the Northeastern United States, 2004–2011. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:61-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cummings
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | | | - Craig Altier
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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15
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Szmolka A, Nagy B. Multidrug resistant commensal Escherichia coli in animals and its impact for public health. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:258. [PMID: 24027562 PMCID: PMC3759790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the era of plentiful antibiotics we are alarmed by the increasing number of antibiotic resistant strains. The genetic flexibility and adaptability of Escherichia coli to constantly changing environments allows to acquire a great number of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Commensal strains of E. coli as versatile residents of the lower intestine are also repeatedly challenged by antimicrobial pressures during the lifetime of their host. As a consequence, commensal strains acquire the respective resistance genes, and/or develop resistant mutants in order to survive and maintain microbial homeostasis in the lower intestinal tract. Thus, commensal E. coli strains are regarded as indicators of antimicrobial load on their hosts. This chapter provides a short historic background of the appearance and presumed origin and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal intestinal E. coli of animals with comparative information on their pathogenic counterparts. The dynamics, development, and ways of evolution of resistance in the E. coli populations differ according to hosts, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial classes used. The most frequent tools of E. coli against a variety of antimicrobials are the efflux pumps and mobile resistance mechanisms carried by plasmids and/or other transferable elements. The emergence of hybrid plasmids (both resistance and virulence) among E. coli is of further concern. Co-existence and co-transfer of these "bad genes" in this huge and most versatile in vivo compartment may represent an increased public health risk in the future. Significance of multidrug resistant (MDR) commensal E. coli seem to be highest in the food animal industry, acting as reservoir for intra- and interspecific exchange and a source for spread of MDR determinants through contaminated food to humans. Thus, public health potential of MDR commensal E. coli of food animals can be a concern and needs monitoring and more molecular analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Béla Nagy
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of SciencesBudapest, Hungary
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16
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Lim SK, Nam HM, Lee HS, Kim AR, Jang GC, Jung SC, Kim TS. Prevalence and characterization of apramycin-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolated from healthy and diseased pigs in Korea during 1998 through 2009. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1443-6. [PMID: 23905803 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apramycin resistance was observed in 22.8% (81 of 355) of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates collected from pigs from 1998 through 2009 in Korea. All apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates also were cross-resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin. Among the seven types of aminoglycoside resistance genes tested, only four types were detected in the apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates: aac (3)-IV, aac (3)-II, aac (3)-III, and ant (2'')-I. Although the aac (3)-IV gene was found in all apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, aac (3)-II, aac (3)-III, and ant (2'')-I genes were detected in five (6.2%), two (2.5%), and three (3.7%) isolates, respectively. The apramycin-resistant isolates comprised six phage types, of which PT193 (16 of 81 isolates, 19.8%) was most commonly observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing characteristics of apramycin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium isolates in Korea. Further study is warranted to determine whether apramycin use in animals results in cross-resistance to gentamicin, which may affect public health when gentamicin is required for disease treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal, Plant, and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang 430-757, Republic of Korea.
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Wachino JI, Arakawa Y. Exogenously acquired 16S rRNA methyltransferases found in aminoglycoside-resistant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria: an update. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:133-48. [PMID: 22673098 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Exogenously acquired 16S rRNA methyltransferase (16S-RMTase) genes responsible for a very high level of resistance against various aminoglycosides have been widely distributed among Enterobacteriaceae and glucose-nonfermentative microbes recovered from human and animal. The 16S-RMTases are classified into two subgroups, N7-G1405 16S-RMTases and N1-A1408 16S-RMTases, based on the mode of modification of 16S rRNA. Both MTases add the methyl group of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the specific nucleotides at the A-site of 16S rRNA, which interferes with aminoglycoside binding to the target. The genetic determinants responsible for 16S-RMTase production are often mediated by mobile genetic elements like transposons and further embedded into transferable plasmids or chromosome. This genetic apparatus may thus contribute to the rapid worldwide dissemination of the resistance mechanism among pathogenic microbes. More worrisome is the fact that 16S-RMTase genes are frequently associated with other antimicrobial resistance mechanisms such as NDM-1 metallo-β-lactamase and CTX-M-type ESBLs, and some highly pathogenic microbes including Salmonella spp. have already acquired these genes. Thus far, 16S-RMTases have been reported from at least 30 countries or regions. The worldwide dissemination of 16S-RMTases is becoming a serious global concern and this implies the necessity to continue investigations on the trend of 16S-RMTases to restrict their further worldwide dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Wachino
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Lim SK, Nam HM, Kim A, Jang GC, Lee HS, Jung SC. Detection and Characterization of Aparmycin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Humans in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:563-6. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Kyung Lim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Mi Nam
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Aeran Kim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gum-Chan Jang
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Lee
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Chan Jung
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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