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Allam A, Shafik N, Zayed A, Khalifa I, Bakry IA, Farag MA. Plain set and stirred yogurt with different additives: implementation of food safety system as quality checkpoints. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14648. [PMID: 36726723 PMCID: PMC9885861 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a risk management protocol developed to ensure food safety through a precautionary approach that is believed to offer assurances in producing safe food for customers. Yogurt is made in a number of phases, commencing with the collection of raw milk and ending with consumer consumption. While this is happening, major economic and health issues might arise from exposing the manufacturing line to biological, chemical, and/or physical contaminations. As a result, the decision tree approach was used to determine the CCPs during the production of yogurt. Additionally, biological dangers are incorporated as a by-product of the system's implementation performance. In particular, the plain set and nut puree-honey-fortified stirred yogurt manufacturing techniques are highlighted for the first time in this study. The potential manufacturing risks are described for the first time, together with information on how HACCP plans may guard against major risks that could result in the production of yogurt that is not in compliance with established standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Allam
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Shafik
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A. Bakry
- Food and Dairy Technology Department, Faculty of Technology and Development, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Kaptchouang Tchatchouang CD, Fri J, De Santi M, Brandi G, Schiavano GF, Amagliani G, Ateba CN. Listeriosis Outbreak in South Africa: A Comparative Analysis with Previously Reported Cases Worldwide. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E135. [PMID: 31963542 PMCID: PMC7023107 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria species are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which do not produce endospores. The genus, Listeria, currently comprises 17 characterised species of which only two (L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii) are known to be pathogenic to humans. Food products and related processing environments are commonly contaminated with pathogenic species. Outbreaks and sporadic cases of human infections resulted in considerable economic loss. South Africa witnessed the world's largest listeriosis outbreak, characterised by a progressive increase in cases of the disease from January 2017 to July 2018. Of the 1060 laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis reported by the National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), 216 deaths were recorded. Epidemiological investigations indicated that ready-to-eat processed meat products from a food production facility contaminated with L. monocytogenes was responsible for the outbreak. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that a large proportion (91%) of the isolates from patients were sequence type 6 (ST6). Recent studies revealed a recurrent occurrence of small outbreaks of listeriosis with more severe side-effects in humans. This review provides a comparative analysis of a recently reported and most severe outbreak of listeriosis in South Africa, with those previously encountered in other countries worldwide. The review focuses on the transmission of the pathogen, clinical symptoms of the disease and its pathogenicity. The review also focuses on the major outbreaks of listeriosis reported in different parts of the world, sources of contamination, morbidity, and mortality rates as well as cost implications. Based on data generated during the outbreak of the disease in South Africa, listeriosis was added to the South African list of mandatory notifiable medical conditions. Surveillance systems were strengthened in the South African food chain in order to assist in preventing and facilitating early detection of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of infections caused by these pathogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justine Fri
- Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (C.-D.K.T.); (J.F.)
| | - Mauro De Santi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy; (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (G.A.)
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Bramante 17, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy; (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (G.A.)
- Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via Bramante 17, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
| | | | - Giulia Amagliani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, via S. Chiara 27, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy; (M.D.S.); (G.B.); (G.A.)
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (C.-D.K.T.); (J.F.)
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa
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3
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Naing YW, Wai SS, Lin TN, Thu WP, Htun LL, Bawm S, Myaing TT. Bacterial content and associated risk factors influencing the quality of bulk tank milk collected from dairy cattle farms in Mandalay Region. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1063-1071. [PMID: 30918649 PMCID: PMC6418432 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the bacterial content and risk factors associated with the hygienic quality of raw milk, a cross-sectional study was conducted in four townships of Mandalay Region, Myanmar. From April to October 2017, bulk tank milk samples (n = 233) were collected from 233 dairy cattle farms located in Tada-U, Pyin Oo Lwin, Meiktila, and Patheingyi Townships. From each farm, approximately 100 ml of bulk tank milk was collected and examined for bacterial content. Total bacterial count (TBC) and coliform count (CC) in milk samples were determined using milk agar and violet red bile agar. Of 233 milk samples, 68.2% (159/233) showed TBC higher than 1.0 × 105 cfu/ml, and 78.4% (183/233) showed CC higher than 100 cfu/ml. The mean value of TBC among 233 farms was 2.55 × 107 cfu/ml, ranging from 6.0 × 103 to 3.0 × 109 cfu/ml, whereas the mean value of CC was 1.59 × 105 cfu/ml, ranging from 10 to 8.4 × 106 cfu/ml. TBC tended to increase as CC increased in milk samples. The number of precautionary measures for milking operation, choice of cleaning materials, training experience of the farmers, cleanliness score of milking cows, and CMT scores of milk were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with TBC in bulk tank milk. Similarly, the number of precautionary measures for milking operation, choice of cleaning materials, training experience of the farmers, cleanliness scores of milking cows, CMT scores of milk samples, herd size, and type of milking practice showed significant association (p < 0.05) with CC in bulk tank milk. The effects of these potential risk factors should be minimized, farmers should be trained properly, and technical support should be provided, so that the quality of raw milk produced in Myanmar can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wint Naing
- Livestock Upgrading SectionLivestock Breeding and Veterinary DepartmentMingalardonMyanmar
| | - Soe Soe Wai
- Department of Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary ScienceYezinMyanmar
| | - Thant Nyi Lin
- Department of Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary ScienceYezinMyanmar
| | - Wink Phyo Thu
- Department of Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary ScienceYezinMyanmar
| | - Lat Lat Htun
- Department of Pharmacology and ParasitologyUniversity of Veterinary ScienceYezinMyanmar
| | - Saw Bawm
- Department of Pharmacology and ParasitologyUniversity of Veterinary ScienceYezinMyanmar
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4
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Listeria monocytogenes in Milk: Occurrence and Recent Advances in Methods for Inactivation. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Milk is one of the most important food items consumed by humans worldwide. In addition to its nutritional importance, milk is an excellent culture medium for microorganisms, which may include pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). Traditional processing of milk for direct consumption is based on thermal treatments that efficiently eliminate pathogens, including pasteurization or sterilization. However, the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in milk as a consequence of failures in the pasteurization process or postpasteurization contamination is still a matter of concern. In recent years, consumer demand for minimally processed milk has increased due to the perception of better sensory and nutritional qualities of the products. This review deals with the occurrence of L. monocytogenes in milk in the last 10 years, including regulatory aspects, and recent advances in technologies for the inactivation of this pathogen in milk. The results from studies on nonthermal technologies, such as high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields, ultrasounds, and ultraviolet irradiation, are discussed, considering their potential application in milk processing plants.
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5
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Amagliani G, Petruzzelli A, Carloni E, Tonucci F, Foglini M, Micci E, Ricci M, Di Lullo S, Rotundo L, Brandi G. Presence of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in Raw Ovine Milk Destined for Cheese Production and Evaluation of the Equivalence Between the Analytical Methods Applied. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:626-632. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Amagliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Urbino (PU), Italy
| | | | - Elisa Carloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Franco Tonucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Martina Foglini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Micci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Ricci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Di Lullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Luca Rotundo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Urbino (PU), Italy
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6
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Stipetic K, Chang YC, Peters K, Salem A, Doiphode SH, McDonough PL, Chang YF, Sultan A, Mohammed HO. The risk of carriage of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in food animals in dynamic populations. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:246-254. [PMID: 29067200 PMCID: PMC5645852 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes are foodborne pathogens of global importance. We assessed their risks and associated factors in a highly dynamic population of animals. Animal and environmental samples were collected from dairy cattle, sheep, camel and chickens at either the farms or the abattoirs. The pathogens were detected using a combination of bacterial enrichment culture and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data on putative risk factors were collect and analysed for their significance of association with these pathogens. Salmonella spp. were detected at higher proportions in sheep faeces and sheep carcasses in comparison to cattle faeces (odds ratio = 2.4 and 2.2, respectively). This pathogen was less common in milk or carcasses samples from cattle or chickens. Sheep and camel carcass samples were highly contaminated with Salmonella spp. Faecal samples from cattle had the most diverse serovars of Salmonella enterica including S. Newport, S. Haifa, S. Kedougou, S. Kentucky, S. Mbandaka and S. Goettingen. Exotic serovars in sheep included S. Eastbourne, S. Chester and S. Kottnus. Serovars that were shed in camel faeces included S. Newport, S. Bovismorbificans and S. Infantis. In all sampled populations, detection of Salmonella spp. was more likely during warmer months than cold months. Listeria monocytogenes was not common in the targeted populations and was detected at a rate of 2.4%, mainly from sheep carcasses. The study highlights the role of food animals as reservoirs of pathogens across boundaries since all feed are imported in that population from different parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korana Stipetic
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yu-Chen Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Kenlyn Peters
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ahmed Salem
- Department of Animal ResourcesMinistry of EnvironmentQatar
| | | | - Patrick L McDonough
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Yung Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
| | - Ali Sultan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyWeill Cornell Medical College-QatarEducation CityDohaQatar
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca NY14853
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7
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Marshall JC, Soboleva TK, Jamieson P, French NP. Estimating Bacterial Pathogen Levels in New Zealand Bulk Tank Milk. J Food Prot 2016; 79:771-80. [PMID: 27296424 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic bacteria such as Campylobacter, Listeria, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli have been found in bulk tank milk in many countries, and the consumption of raw milk has been implicated in outbreaks of disease in New Zealand. Fecal contamination at milking is probably the most common source of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank milk. Raw milk was collected from 80 New Zealand dairy farms during 2011 and 2012 and tested periodically for Campylobacter, E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella. Milk quality data such as coliform counts, total bacterial counts, and somatic cell counts also were collected. By treating the total bacterial count as a proxy for fecal contamination of milk and utilizing farm and animal level prevalence and shedding rates of each pathogen, a predictive model for the level of pathogenic bacteria in bulk tank raw milk was developed. The model utilizes a mixture distribution to combine the low level of contamination inherent in the milking process with isolated contamination events associated with significantly higher pathogen levels. By simulating the sampling and testing process, the predictive model was validated against the observed prevalence of each pathogen in the survey. The predicted prevalence was similar to the observed prevalence for E. coli O157 and Salmonella, although the predicted prevalence was higher than that observed in samples tested for Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Marshall
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand.
| | - T K Soboleva
- Ministry for Primary Industries, Pastoral House, The Terrace, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - P Jamieson
- MilkTestNZ, 1344 Te Rapa Road, Hamilton 3288, New Zealand
| | - N P French
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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8
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Botsaris G, Nikolaou K, Liapi M, Pipis C. Prevalence of Listeria
Spp. and Listeria Monocytogenes
in Cattle Farms in Cyprus using Bulk Tank Milk Samples. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Botsaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Nikolaou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences; Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology; Limassol Cyprus
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9
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Kalmus P, Kramarenko T, Roasto M, Meremäe K, Viltrop A. Quality of raw milk intended for direct consumption in Estonia. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Merialdi G, Giacometti F, Bardasi L, Stancampiano L, Taddei R, Serratore P, Serraino A. Fecal shedding of thermophilic Campylobacter in a dairy herd producing raw milk for direct human consumption. J Food Prot 2015; 78:579-84. [PMID: 25719884 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Factors affecting the fecal shedding of thermophilic Campylobacter in Italian dairy farms were investigated in a 12-month longitudinal study performed on a dairy farm authorized to sell raw milk in Italy. Fifty animals were randomly selected from 140 adult and young animals, and fecal samples were collected six times at 2-month intervals. At each sampling time, three trough water samples and two trough feed samples also were collected for both adult and young animals. Samples were analyzed with real-time PCR assay and culture examination. Overall, 33 samples (9.7%) were positive for thermophilic Campylobacter by real-time PCR: 26 (9.2%) of 280 fecal samples, 6 (16.6%) of 36 water samples, and 1 (4.2%) of 24 feed samples. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 6 of 280 samples; no other Campylobacter species was isolated. A higher (but not significantly) number of positive fecal samples were found in younger animals (11.33 versus 6.92% of adult animals), and a significantly higher number of positive water samples were collected from the water troughs of young animals. A distinct temporal trend was observed during the study period for both cows and calves, with two prevalence peaks between November and December and between May and July. Several factors such as calving, housing practices, herd size, management practices forcing together a higher number of animals, and variations in feed or water sources (previously reported as a cause of temporal variation in different farming conditions) were excluded as the cause of the two seasonal peaks in this study. The factors affecting the seasonality of Campylobacter shedding in the dairy herds remain unclear and warrant further investigation. The results of the present study indicate that special attention should be paid to farm hygiene management on farms authorized to produce and sell raw milk, with increased surveillance by the authorities at certain times of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Merialdi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lia Bardasi
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Stancampiano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Taddei
- Experimental Institute for Zooprophylaxis in Lombardy and Emilia Romagna, Via Fiorini 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Serratore
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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12
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Rapid Methods for Quality Assurance of Foods: the Next Decade with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-Based Food Monitoring. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pasquali F, De Cesare A, Bonerba E, Rosmini R. Behavior ofArcobacter butzleriandArcobacter cryaerophilusin Ultrahigh-Temperature, Pasteurized, and Raw Cow's Milk Under Different Temperature Conditions. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:15-20. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Rosmini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Towards a decision support system for control of multiple food safety hazards in raw milk production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Serraino A, Peli A, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N, Bianchi M, Bilei S, Cascone G, Comin D, Daminelli P, Decastelli L, Fustini M, Mion R, Petruzzelli A, Rosmini R, Rugna G, Tamba M, Tonucci F, Bolzoni G. Four-year monitoring of foodborne pathogens in raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1902-7. [PMID: 24215694 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence data were collected from official microbiological records monitoring four selected foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Campylobacter jejuni) in raw milk sold by self-service vending machines in seven Italian regions (60,907 samples from 1,239 vending machines) from 2008 to 2011. Data from samples analyzed by both culture-based and real-time PCR methods were collected in one region. One hundred raw milk consumers in four regions were interviewed while purchasing raw milk from vending machines. One hundred seventy-eight of 60,907 samples were positive for one of the four foodborne pathogens investigated: 18 samples were positive for Salmonella, 83 for L. monocytogenes, 24 for E. coli O157:H7, and 53 for C. jejuni in the seven regions investigated. No significant differences in prevalence were found among regions, but a significant increase in C. jejuni prevalence was observed over the years of the study. A comparison of the two analysis methods revealed that real-time PCR was 2.71 to 9.40 times more sensitive than the culture-based method. Data on consumer habits revealed that some behaviors may enhance the risk of infection linked to raw milk consumption: 37% of consumers did not boil milk before consumption, 93% never used an insulated bag to transport raw milk home, and raw milk was consumed by children younger than 5 years of age. These results emphasize that end-product controls alone are not sufficient to guarantee an adequate level of consumer protection. The beta distribution of positive samples in this study and the data on raw milk consumer habits will be useful for the development of a national quantitative risk assessment of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157, and C. jejuni infection associated with raw milk consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Prevalence assessment of Coxiella burnetii and verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in bovine raw milk through molecular identification. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Domenech E, Amorós JA, Escriche I. Effectiveness of Prerequisites and the HACCP Plan in the Control of Microbial Contamination in Ice Cream and Cheese Companies. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:222-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domenech
- Food Technology Department, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Institute of Food Engineering for Development (IUIAD), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Amorós
- Area de Investigación en Seguridad Alimentaria, Centro Superior de Investigación en Salud Pública (CSISP), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Escriche
- Food Technology Department, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Institute of Food Engineering for Development (IUIAD), Valencia, Spain
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18
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Ruusunen M, Salonen M, Pulkkinen H, Huuskonen M, Hellström S, Revez J, Hänninen ML, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Lindström M. Pathogenic Bacteria in Finnish Bulk Tank Milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:99-106. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Ruusunen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marleena Salonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Pulkkinen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marianne Huuskonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Hellström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joana Revez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Lindström
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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