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Abey SL, Teka M, Bitew AB, Molla W, Ejo M, Dagnaw GG, Adugna T, Nigatu S, Mengistu BA, Kinde MZ, Berju A, Belete MA, Temesgen W, Dagnachew S, Tesema TS. Detection and antibiogram profile of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from two abattoir settings in northwest Ethiopia: a one health perspective. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2024; 6:8. [PMID: 38705992 PMCID: PMC11071326 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-024-00102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a zoonotic pathogen that contaminates abattoir workers, slaughter environments, slaughter equipment, and carcasses during abattoir processing. Infection with E. coli is associated with the consumption of contaminated food and water, and it is a potential threat to the health and welfare of both humans and animals. Hence, this study aimed to detect diarrheagenic E. coli and assess its antibiogram profile in two abattoir settings, in one health lens. METHODS A cross-sectional study in one health approach was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021. A total of 384 samples from abattoir workers' hands, carcasses, knives, cattle feces, abattoir water and effluents were collected. Bacterial culture and biochemical tests were conducted to isolate E. coli, while conventional polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify virulence genes. The antibiogram of diarrheagenic E. coli was tested against nine antimicrobials using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 115 (29.95%) E. coli were isolated from the 384 samples, and from these isolates, about 17 (14.8%) were confirmed to be diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). Among the DEC pathotypes, nine (52.94%), five (29.4%), and three (17.65%) were Shiga toxin-producing, enterohemorrhagic, and enterotoxigenic E. coli, respectively. While 14 (82.35%) DEC isolates harbored the stx2 gene, five (29.41%) the eae gene, five (29.41%) the hlyA gene and three (17.65%) harbored the st gene. All the DEC isolates were resistant to erythromycin and vancomycin; whereas, they were susceptible to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Furthermore, 64.7% of DEC isolates showed resistance to both ceftazidime and kanamycin and 88.24% of the isolates showed multidrug resistance. CONCLUSION This study detected DEC isolates having different virulence genes, which showed single and multiple antimicrobial resistance. Given the existing poor hygienic and sanitary practices along the abattoir-to-table food chain, coupled with the habit of raw meat consumption, this result indicates a potential public and animal health risk from the pathogen and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Lulie Abey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia.
| | - Mersha Teka
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Belete Bitew
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrat Ejo
- Vaccine and Diagnostics Research & Development Division, Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Getaneh Dagnaw
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Adugna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Seleshe Nigatu
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Admassu Mengistu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mebrie Zemene Kinde
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Berju
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Addisu Belete
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis Dagnachew
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature on prevalence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) and virulence genes in feces, hides, and carcasses of pre- and peri-harvest cattle worldwide. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 23:1-24. [PMID: 35678500 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to summarize peer-reviewed literature on the prevalence and concentration of non-O157 STEC (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) serogroups and virulence genes (stx and eae) in fecal, hide, and carcass samples in pre- and peri-harvest cattle worldwide, using a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyses. DATA SYNTHESIS Seventy articles were eligible for meta-analysis inclusion; data from 65 articles were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis models to yield fecal prevalence estimates. Meta-regression models were built to explore variables contributing to the between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS Worldwide pooled non-O157 serogroup, STEC, and EHEC fecal prevalence estimates (95% confidence interval) were 4.7% (3.4-6.3%), 0.7% (0.5-0.8%), and 1.0% (0.8-1.1%), respectively. Fecal prevalence estimates significantly differed by geographic region (P < 0.01) for each outcome classification. Meta-regression analyses identified region, cattle type, and specimen type as factors that contribute to heterogeneity for worldwide fecal prevalence estimates. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of these global foodborne pathogens in the cattle reservoir is widespread and highly variable by region. The scarcity of prevalence and concentration data for hide and carcass matrices identifies a large data gap in the literature as these are the closest proxies for potential beef contamination at harvest.
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Escherichia coli serogroups in slaughterhouses: Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular typing of isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 371:109673. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nehoya KN, Hamatui N, Shilangale RP, Onywera H, Kennedy J, Mwapagha LM. Characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw beef from informal and commercial abattoirs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243828. [PMID: 33332397 PMCID: PMC7746290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli are foodborne pathogens that are mostly associated with beef products and have been implicated in human illness. E.coli-associated illness range from asymptomatic conditions of mild diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis which can progress into life threatening haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Beef from cattle are regarded as the main reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) pathogen. The aim of this study was to assess the level and sources of contamination of raw beef with STEC, and determine the incidences of STEC strains in raw beef from informal and commercial abattoirs in Windhoek, Namibia. A total of 204 raw beef samples, 37 equipment and 29 hand swabs were collected and tested for STEC. The meat samples were first enriched with pre-warmed buffered peptone water, cultured on Tryptone Bile X-Glucuronide and CHROMagar STEC, and then sub-cultured on nutrient agar. The presence of E.coli in the samples was confirmed by using VITEK 2 E.coli identification cards and PCR. The overall prevalence of STEC in the meat samples from both the abattoirs was 41.66% raw beef samples; 5.40% equipment swabs; and none of the hand swabs was STEC positive. From the STEC positive meat samples 29.41% contained one of the major STEC strains. Moreover, 52% of the 25 samples that contained the major STECs were characterised by eae and stx1, 8% characterised by eae and stx2 while 40% were characterised by eae, stx1 and stx2 virulence genes. This study has revealed the necessity for proper training on meat safety (for meat handlers) as well as the development, implementation and maintenance of effective sanitary dressing procedures at abattoirs to eliminate beef contamination by STECs thereby ensuring the production of wholesome meat, and to prevent the occurrences of STEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaarina N. Nehoya
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Ndinomholo Hamatui
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Renatus P. Shilangale
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture Water and Forestry, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Harris Onywera
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeya Kennedy
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Lamech M. Mwapagha
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia
- * E-mail:
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Mi X, Hu J, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhao W, Wang L, Jiang Y. Effect of lactic acid stress on biofilm formation of
Escherichia coli
O26
at different temperatures. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Mi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Su Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Siqi Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Wangchen Zhao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Longfeng Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
| | - Yun Jiang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China
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Bacterial community analysis using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in the boning room of Australian beef export abattoirs. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 332:108779. [PMID: 32673761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial contamination associated with beef slaughter and boning has been investigated using traditional culture dependent approaches. However, conventional counting methods have disadvantages of detecting only cultivable bacterial groups that may be a small subset of the true microbial population. This study investigated the microbiology in the boning room of an integrated (abattoir A) and a fragmented (abattoir B) Australian beef export abattoirs using culture independent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing coupled with total viable count (TVC). Transmission of microbial populations during processing of carcases onto beef trim was monitored and compared between the two abattoirs. The results showed that the abattoirs produced beef trim with a mean TVC of 2.64-2.70 log10 CFU/cm2. Initial counts of microbes on the chilled carcases entering the boning room were <1.5 log10 CFU/cm2 and the environmental surfaces had ≤2.0 log10 CFU/cm2 throughout the boning room. Profiling of 16S gene sequences demonstrated that the contamination of boned products (beef trim) may be a result of contamination accumulating from environmental surfaces that are regularly in contact with beef trim. The 16S data also showed that the bacterial communities on the carcases and trim shared similar community composition with microbiota on environmental surfaces at varying proportions depending on the day of processing. Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, Enterobacteriales, Lactobacillales and Pseudomonadales were predominantly present in the bacterial communities in both abattoirs. However, the changes in relative abundance of these bacteria through the boning process varied between the abattoirs. The findings from this study suggested that the transfer of bacterial contaminants in the beef cattle boning room can be dynamic, and a 16 s rRNA gene sequencing-based approach can improve our understanding of the sources of contamination in the boning environment.
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Kang S, Ravensdale JT, Coorey R, Dykes GA, Barlow RS. Analysis of Bacterial Diversity in Relation to the Presence of the Top 7 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli throughout Australian Beef Abattoirs. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1812-1821. [PMID: 32502254 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that diversity changes in bacterial communities of beef cattle correlate to the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). However, studies that found an association between STEC and bacterial diversity have been focused on preslaughter stages in the beef supply chain. This study was designed to test a hypothesis that there are no differences in bacterial diversity between samples with and those without the presence of the top 7 STEC (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) throughout processing in an integrated (abattoir A) and a fragmented (abattoir B) Australian beef abattoir. Slaughter and boning room surface samples from each abattoir were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and tested for the top 7 STEC following the Food Safety and Inspection Service protocol. Potential positives through slaughter were similar between the abattoirs (64 to 81%). However, abattoir B had substantially reduced potential positives in the boning room compared with abattoir A (abattoir A: 23 and 48%; abattoir B: 2 and 7%). Alpha diversity between the sample groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05) regardless of different STEC markers. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of slaughter samples showed that the bacterial composition in fecal and hide samples shared the least similarity with the communities in carcass and environmental samples. Surface samples from slaughter (carcass and environmental) and boning (carcass, beef trim, and environmental) all appeared randomly plotted on the scale. This indicated that the STEC presence also did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on beta diversity. Although presence of STEC appeared to correlate with changes in diversity of fecal and hide bacterial communities in previous studies, it did not appear to have the same effect on other samples throughout processing. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanga Kang
- School of Public Health, Queensland, Australia.,CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9074-5043 [S.K.])
| | | | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Robert S Barlow
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
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Kang S, Ravensdale J, Coorey R, Dykes GA, Barlow R. A Comparison of 16S rRNA Profiles Through Slaughter in Australian Export Beef Abattoirs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2747. [PMID: 31849891 PMCID: PMC6895009 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination of beef cattle carcases and subsequent cross-contamination during processing is inevitable and virtually impossible to prevent. The understanding of microbial contamination in the beef industry is currently limited to hypotheses based on traditional microbiological tools. Additionally, the complex structural and functional responses of beef cattle microbial communities to the fragmentation in the supply chain remain unknown. This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing in combination with traditional microbiology to monitor and compare changes in the microbiota throughout slaughter in an integrated (abattoir A) and a fragmented (abattoir B) beef abattoir in Australia. Briefly, the primary difference between an integrated and a fragmented abattoir is that fragmented abattoirs receive cattle from multiple sources, whereas integrated abattoirs typically receive cattle that has been produced using the same production system and from a limited number of sources. The composition in the bacterial communities varied between the abattoirs, though the presence of the most predominant bacterial species within the microbiota at each abattoir was similar. Lactobacillales (2.4-56.2%) and Pseudomonadales (2.4-59.4%) most notably dominated hides, carcases, and the environment in abattoir B. In abattoir A, Bacteroidales (3.9-43.8%), Lactobacillales (0.0-61.9%), and Pseudomonadales (0.5-72.1%) fluctuated but generally shared the dominance over the rest. Combined results of total viable count (TVC) and 16S rRNA gene profiling indicated that an upward hide pulling system adopted by abattoir B may lead to increased transmission of hide contaminants to post-hide pull carcases. Abattoir B had 3.2 log10CFU/cm2 reduction from hide to carcase, where abattoir A had 4.5 log10CFU/cm2 reduction. The findings from this study indicated that common beef-associated microbiota exist in varying composition in Australian abattoirs, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing is a powerful tool to understand in-depth movement of microbial contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanga Kang
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.,Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ranil Coorey
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Robert Barlow
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Seasonal prevalence of potentially positive non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bovine hides and carcasses in Costa Rica. Meat Sci 2015; 110:196-200. [PMID: 26241466 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of potentially positive Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bovine hides and carcasses in three abattoirs in Costa Rica was estimated. Two export facilities (A and B) and one non-export establishment (C) were visited during the dry and rainy seasons of 2013. Swabs of hides pre-eviscerated and treated (180-220 peroxyacetic acid spray) carcasses were tested for the potential presence of STEC serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145. The prevalence on hides during the rainy season was 86.7, 96.7 and 96.7% for facilities A, B, and C, respectively. During the dry season, the prevalence on hides was significantly lower in plants A and B (40% and 26.7%, respectively), but was marginally associated with the season in plant C (76.7%, P=0.0523). The prevalence of non-O157 STEC markers on treated carcasses was low (0 to 3.3%), suggesting that all plants were effective in minimizing the target non-O157 STEC in beef destined for export and for domestic consumption.
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Diversity of CRISPR loci and virulence genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from various sources. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 204:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stromberg ZR, Baumann NW, Lewis GL, Sevart NJ, Cernicchiaro N, Renter DG, Marx DB, Phebus RK, Moxley RA. Prevalence of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 on Hides and Preintervention Carcass Surfaces of Feedlot Cattle at Harvest. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:631-8. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Stromberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas W. Baumann
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Gentry L. Lewis
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Nicholas J. Sevart
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - David G. Renter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David B. Marx
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Randall K. Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Rodney A. Moxley
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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