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Qin H, Li L, Chen S, Han X, Min R, Guo Y, Liu T, Zhao C. Insights into the eradication of drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus via compound 6-nitrobenzo[ cd]indole-2(1 H)-ketone. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2481-2485. [PMID: 38375678 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02686h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
6-Nitrobenzo[cd]indole-2(1H)-ketone (compound C2) exhibits an excellent germicidal effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Mechanism studies show that C2 induces ROS over-production, cell membrane damage, and ATP and virulence factor down-regulation in bacteria. More importantly, C2 can inhibit biofilm formation and accelerate wound healing in a mouse infection model induced by MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Qin
- Department of Life Science, Lyuliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi 033001, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Life Science, Lyuliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi 033001, P. R. China
| | - Shuhan Chen
- Department of Life Science, Lyuliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi 033001, P. R. China
| | - Xuwei Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Runan Min
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiang Guo
- Department of Life Science, Lyuliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi 033001, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lyuliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi 033001, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P. R. China.
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Muriana PM, Eager J, Wellings B, Morgan B, Nelson J, Kushwaha K. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Interventions against E. coli O157:H7 on the Surface of Raw Beef to Reduce Bacterial Translocation during Blade Tenderization. Foods 2019; 8:foods8020080. [PMID: 30791620 PMCID: PMC6406433 DOI: 10.3390/foods8020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) considers mechanically-tenderized beef as “non-intact” and a food safety concern because of the potential for translocation of surface Escherichia coli O157:H7 into the interior of the meat that may be cooked “rare or medium-rare” and consumed. We evaluated 14 potential spray interventions on E. coli O157:H7-inoculated lean beef wafers (~106 CFU/cm2, n = 896) passing through a spray system (18 s dwell time, ~40 pounds per square inch, PSI) integrated into the front end of a Ross TC-700MC tenderizer. Inoculated and processed beef wafers were stomached with D/E neutralizing broth and plated immediately, or were held in refrigerated storage for 1-, 7-, or 14-days prior to microbial enumeration. Seven antimicrobials that showed better performance in preliminary screening on beef wafers were selected for further testing on beef subprimals in conjunction with blade tenderization. Boneless top sirloin beef subprimals were inoculated at ~2 × 104 CFU/cm2 with a four-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 and passed once, lean side up, through an integrated spray system and blade tenderizer. Core samples obtained from each subprimal were examined for the presence/absence of E. coli O157:H7. The absence of E. coli O157:H7 in core samples correlated with the ability of the antimicrobials to reduce bacterial levels on the surface of beef prior to blade tenderization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Muriana
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
| | - Jackie Eager
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
| | - Brent Wellings
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
| | - Brad Morgan
- Performance Food Group, 2205 Tanglewood Circle, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
| | - Jacob Nelson
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
| | - Kalpana Kushwaha
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-6055, USA.
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Humayoun SB, Hiott LM, Gupta SK, Barrett JB, Woodley TA, Johnston JJ, Jackson CR, Frye JG. An assay for determining the susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to commercial and household biocides. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209072. [PMID: 30571686 PMCID: PMC6301668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry and meat products contaminated with Salmonella enterica are a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States. The food industries use a wide variety of antimicrobial interventions to reduce bacterial contamination. However, little is known about Salmonella susceptibility to these compounds and some studies have shown a concerning link between biocide resistance and antibiotic resistance. To investigate this, a 96 well panel of 17 common household and commercially used biocides was designed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of these compounds for Salmonella. The panel contained two-fold serial dilutions of chemicals including Dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DC), Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HB), Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HC), Acetic acid (AA), Lactic acid (LA), Citric acid (CA), Peroxyacetic acid (PXA), Acidified sodium chlorite (ASC), Sodium hypochlorite (SHB), 1,3 dibromo, 5,5 dimethylhydantoin (DBH), Chlorhexidine (CHX), Sodium metasilicate (SM), Trisodium phosphate (TSP), Arsenite (ARI), and Arsenate (ARA). The assay was used to test the susceptibility of 88 multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates from animal sources. Bacteria are defined as multidrug resistant (MDR) if it exhibited non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. The concentration of biocide at which ≥50% of the isolates could not grow was designated as the minimum inhibitory concentration or MIC50 and was used as the breakpoint in this study. The MIC50 (μg ml-1) for the tested MDR Salmonella was 256 for DC, 40 for BKC, 80 for CPC. HB and HC, 1,640 for AA, 5664 for LA, 3,156 for CA, 880 for PXA, 320 for ASC, 3.0 for CHX, 1,248 for DBH, 3,152 (6%) for SHB, 60,320 for SM, 37,712 for TSP, 56 for ARI and 832 for ARA. A few isolates were not susceptible at the MIC50 breakpoint to some chemicals indicating possible resistance. Isolates with MICs of two 2-fold dilutions above the MIC50 were considered resistant. Biocides for which resistant isolates were detected included CPC (n = 1 isolate), HB (1), CA (18), ASC (7), CHX (22), ARA (16), and ARI (4). There was no correlation detected between the biocide susceptibility of Salmonella isolates and antibiotic resistance. This assay can determine the MICs of bacteria to 17 biocides in a single test and will be useful in evaluating the efficacy of biocides and to detect the development of resistance to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen B. Humayoun
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Lari M. Hiott
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Sushim K. Gupta
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John B. Barrett
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Tiffanie A. Woodley
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John J. Johnston
- United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan G. Frye
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, United States of America
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