1
|
Ramatla T, Khasapane NG, Mlangeni LN, Mokgokong P, Ramaili T, Ndou R, Nkhebenyane JS, Lekota K, Thekisoe O. Detection of Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands and Antimicrobial-Resistant Genes in Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Broiler Chickens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:458. [PMID: 38786186 PMCID: PMC11117945 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid growth in commercial poultry production is one of the major sources of Salmonella infections that leads to human salmonellosis. The two main Salmonella enterica serovars associated with human salmonellosis are enteritidis and typhimurium. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. enterica serovars Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium as well as their Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) and antibiotic resistance profiles in broiler chicken feces from slaughterhouses. A total of 480 fecal samples from broiler chickens that were grouped into 96 pooled samples were identified to have Salmonella spp. using the invA gene, whilst the Spy and sdfI genes were used to screen for the presence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium serovars, respectively, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The isolates were also screened for the presence of Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) using PCR. The disc diffusion assay was performed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates. A total of 36 isolates were confirmed as Salmonella spp. through amplification of the invA gene. Out of 36 confirmed Salmonella spp. a total of 22 isolates were classified as S. Enteritidis (n = 8) and were S. Typhimurium (n = 14) serovars. All (n = 22) S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates possessed the hilA (SPI-1), ssrB (SPI-2) and pagC (SPI-11) pathogenicity islands genes. Amongst these serovars, 50% of the isolates (n = 11/22) were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Only 22% of the isolates, S. Typhimurium (13.6%) and S. Enteritidis (9.1%) demonstrated resistance against three or more antibiotic classes. The most detected antibiotic resistance genes were tet(K), mcr-1, sulI and strA with 13 (59.1%), 9 (40.9%), 9 (40.9%) and 7 (31.8%), respectively. The findings of this study revealed that S. Typhimurium is the most prevalent serotype detected in chicken feces. To reduce the risk to human health posed by salmonellosis, a stringent public health and food safety policy is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo Ramatla
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (T.R.); (J.S.N.)
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Ntelekwane G. Khasapane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (T.R.); (J.S.N.)
| | - Lungile N. Mlangeni
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Prudent Mokgokong
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Taole Ramaili
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agriculture, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Rendani Ndou
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Jane S. Nkhebenyane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (T.R.); (J.S.N.)
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (L.N.M.); (P.M.); (R.N.); (K.L.); (O.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li YJ, Yuan Y, Tan WB, Xi BD, Wang H, Hui KL, Chen JB, Zhang YF, Wang LF, Li RF. Antibiotic resistance genes and heavy metals in landfill: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132395. [PMID: 37976849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Landfill is reservoir containing antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that pose a threat to human life and health. Heavy metals impose lasting effects on ARGs. This review investigated and analyzed the distribution, composition, and abundance of heavy metals and ARGs in landfill. The abundance ranges of ARGs detected in refuse and leachate were similar. The composition of ARG varied with sampling depth in refuse. ARG in leachate varies with the distribution of ARG in the refuse. The ARG of sulI was associated with 11 metals (Co, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Sb, As, Cd, and Al). The effects of the total metal concentration on ARG abundance were masked by many factors. Low heavy metal concentrations showed positive effects on ARG diffusion; conversely, high heavy metal concentrations showed negative effects. Organic matter had a selective pressure effect on microorganisms and could provide energy for the diffusion of ARGs. Complexes of heavy metals and organic matter were common in landfill. Therefore, the hypothesis was proposed that organic matter and heavy metals have combined effects on the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs during landfill stabilization. This work provides a new basis to better understand the HGT of ARGs in landfill.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jiao Li
- School of Materials Science and engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116021, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wen-Bing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bei-Dou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun-Long Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jia-Bao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lian-Feng Wang
- School of Materials Science and engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Ren-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang T, Luo Y, Kong X, Yu B, Zheng P, Huang Z, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H, He J. Genetic- and Fiber-Diet-Mediated Changes in Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Pig Colon Contents and Feces and Their Driving Factors. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2370. [PMID: 37894028 PMCID: PMC10609257 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive studies on the effects of genetics and fiber diets on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) remain scarce. In this study, we analyzed the profiles of ARGs in colonic contents and fecal samples of Taoyuan, Duroc, and Xiangcun pigs (n = 10) fed at different fiber levels. Through macrogenomic analysis, we identified a total of 850 unique types of ARGs and classified them into 111 drug resistance classes. The abundance of partially drug-resistant ARGs was higher in the colonic contents of local pig breeds under a large-scale farming model. ARGs were found to be widely distributed among a variety of bacteria, predominantly in the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Fiber diets reduce the abundance of ARGs in colonic contents and feces, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important drivers in mediating the effect of fiber diets on the abundance of ARGs. In vitro fermentation experiments confirmed that butyric acid significantly reduced the abundance of ARGs. In summary, the results of this study enhanced our understanding of the distribution and composition of ARGs in the colon of different breeds of pigs and revealed that a fiber diet can reduce ARGs in feces through its Butyric acid, providing reference data for environmental safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition, Chengdu 611130, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lunara Santos Pavelquesi S, Carolina Almeida de Oliveira Ferreira A, Fernandes Silva Rodrigues L, Maria de Souza Silva C, Cristina Rodrigues da Silva I, Castilho Orsi D. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. Isolated From Chilled Chicken Meat Commercialized at Retail in Federal District, Brazil. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100130. [PMID: 37442230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella represents one of the most common foodborne pathogens, frequently associated with the contamination of poultry products, constituting a prominent worldwide public health concern. This study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in chilled chicken meat (115 samples) commercialized at retail in the Federal District, Brazil. Microbiological tests were performed to screen for Salmonella spp. in the chicken meat samples, and the isolated strains were confirmed by the invA gene presence (PCR technique). The strains were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion technique (Kirby-Bauer method) and tested for the presence of the sul2, blaCTX, and tetB antimicrobial resistance genes. The Salmonella spp. prevalence in chilled chicken meat sold at retail in the Federal District, Brazil, was 46.1% (53 of 115 chicken meat samples analyzed had invA gene-positive strains). Seventy-eight strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from the 53 contaminated samples showed higher resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (83.3%), followed by sulfonamide (64.1%) and tetracycline (46.2%); 53.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The sul2 gene that confers resistance to sulfonamide was found in 53 strains (68.0%), the blaCTX gene that confers resistance to beta-lactams was identified in 39 strains (50.0%), and the tetB gene that confers resistance to tetracycline was identified in 29 strains (37.2%). The high percentage of Salmonella contamination in chicken meat can pose a risk to consumers' health due to the possibility of causing salmonellosis. In addition, many isolates were MDR and carried antimicrobial resistance genes. Public agencies can use these results to develop effective public health policies and strategies to ensure the safety of these food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lunara Santos Pavelquesi
- University of Brasilia (UnB), Laboratory of Food Control, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A, lote 01, Ceilandia, CEP: 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| | | | - Letícia Fernandes Silva Rodrigues
- University of Brasilia (UnB), Laboratory of Food Control, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A, lote 01, Ceilandia, CEP: 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| | - Calliandra Maria de Souza Silva
- University of Brasilia (UnB), Laboratory of Food Control, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A, lote 01, Ceilandia, CEP: 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| | - Izabel Cristina Rodrigues da Silva
- University of Brasilia (UnB), Laboratory of Food Control, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A, lote 01, Ceilandia, CEP: 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Castilho Orsi
- University of Brasilia (UnB), Laboratory of Food Control, Centro Metropolitano, Conjunto A, lote 01, Ceilandia, CEP: 72220-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dougnon P, Dougnon V, Legba B, Fabiyi K, Soha A, Koudokpon H, Sintondji K, Deguenon E, Hounmanou G, Quenum C, Aminou T, Lokossou R, Togla I, Boko C, Djossa B, Assogba-komlan F, Baba-moussa L. Antibiotic profiling of multidrug resistant pathogens in one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium to benin. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:17. [PMID: 36670436 PMCID: PMC9862823 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little data exist on the presence of resistant pathogens in day-old chicks imported into Benin. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in 180 one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium and received at the Cardinal Bernardin Gantin International Airport in Cotonou (Benin). The samples included swabbing the blisters of 180 chicks, followed by 18 pools of 10 swabs for bacterial isolation. Classic bacteriological methods based on Gram staining, culture on specific media and biochemical characterization were used. Antibacterial susceptibility screening to antibiotics was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results were interpreted according to guidelines from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). DNA extraction was performed by the heat treatment method. Resistance genes were screened by real-time PCR. RESULTS We isolated 32 bacteria, including Escherichia coli (50%), Enterococcus spp. (28%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%). The isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance against antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and showed that in the Escherichia coli strains isolated, the highest rate of resistance was obtained against ciprofloxacin (81%), followed by trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (62%). Enterobacter cloacae was sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. Pseudomonas spp. resistant to amoxicillin and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole was noted. The SulII gene was found in all cloacal samples, while the SulI and blaTEM genes were present at 44.44% and 16.67%, respectively. CONCLUSION This study confirms that imported day-old chicks can be a potential source of dissemination of resistant bacteria in poultry production. A system for immediate detection of resistant bacteria in chicks upon arrival in the country is thus needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Dougnon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Victorien Dougnon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Boris Legba
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Kafayath Fabiyi
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Arnaud Soha
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Hornel Koudokpon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Kevin Sintondji
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Esther Deguenon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Gildas Hounmanou
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Taératou Aminou
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Richard Lokossou
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Innocent Togla
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Cyrille Boko
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Bruno Djossa
- Forestry and Bioresource Conservation Research Unit, School of Tropical Forestry, National University of Agriculture, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Françoise Assogba-komlan
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-moussa
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chia-Wei L, Cheng JF, Tung KC, Hong YK, Lin JH, Lin YH, Tsai CA, Lin SP, Chen YC, Shi ZY, Huang YT, Liu PY. Evolution of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Shewanella algae from the perspective of comparative genomics and global phylogenic analysis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2022; 55:1195-1202. [PMID: 34732312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Shewanella algae is a zoonotic marine bacterium that causes a variety of infections in immunocompromised patients or those who have been exposed to seawater. The development of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) resistance in S. algae are found in human and environment isolates during the past ten years, and thus the treatment options are decreasing. METHODOLOGY In the study, we conduct a comparative genomic study to identify the resistant mechanism of TMP/SMX-resistance in S. algae. RESULTS We found the resistance of TMP/SMX in S. algae is associated with the existence of sul1 and dfrA12 within the class 1 integron. The gene cassette dfra12-aadA2-qacEΔ1/sul1 within the class 1 integron is highly conserved. In addition, the class 1 integron and encapsulated sul1 are significantly enriched in Enterobacteriaceae in NCBI and UniProt databases. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the horizontal transfer of TMP/SMX resistance via class 1 integron is most frequently occurred within Enterobacteriaceae and has spread to a wide range of sources including soil, poultry, and marine water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chia-Wei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Fang Cheng
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Kwong-Chung Tung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Hong
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Hong Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-An Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chun Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Yuan Shi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9640828. [PMID: 36406904 PMCID: PMC9668442 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9640828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: blaTEM, temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), blaTEM, temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.
Collapse
|
8
|
Saraiva MDMS, Benevides VP, da Silva NMV, Varani ADM, de Freitas Neto OC, Berchieri Â, Delgado-Suárez EJ, Rocha ADDL, Eguale T, Munyalo JA, Kariuki S, Gebreyes WA, de Oliveira CJB. Genomic and Evolutionary Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Type 198 Isolated From Livestock In East Africa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:772829. [PMID: 35795189 PMCID: PMC9251186 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.772829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the beginning of the 90’s, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky has become a significant public health problem, especially in East Africa. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile and the genotypic relatedness of Salmonella Kentucky isolated from animal sources in Ethiopia and Kenya (n=19). We also investigated population evolutionary dynamics through phylogenetic and pangenome analyses with additional publicly available Salmonella Kentucky ST198 genomes (n=229). All the 19 sequenced Salmonella Kentucky isolates were identified as ST198. Among these isolates, the predominant genotypic antimicrobial resistance profile observed in ten (59.7%) isolates included the aac(3)-Id, aadA7, strA-strB, blaTEM-1B, sul1, and tet(A) genes, which mediated resistance to gentamicin, streptomycin/spectinomycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline, respectively; and gyrA and parC mutations associated to ciprofloxacin resistance. Four isolates harbored plasmid types Incl1 and/or Col8282; two of them carried both plasmids. Salmonella Pathogenicity islands (SPI-1 to SPI-5) were highly conserved in the 19 sequenced Salmonella Kentucky isolates. Moreover, at least one Pathogenicity Island (SPI 1–4, SPI 9 or C63PI) was identified among the 229 public Salmonella Kentucky genomes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that almost all Salmonella Kentucky ST198 isolates (17/19) stemmed from a single strain that has accumulated ciprofloxacin resistance-mediating mutations. A total of 8,104 different genes were identified in a heterogenic and still open Salmonella Kentucky ST198 pangenome. Considering the virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes detected in Salmonella Kentucky, the implications of this pathogen to public health and the epidemiological drivers for its dissemination must be investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro de Mesquita Sousa Saraiva
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Valdinete Pereira Benevides
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Berchieri
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Enrique Jesús Delgado-Suárez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alan Douglas de Lima Rocha
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Tadesse Eguale
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Janet Agnes Munyalo
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Kariuki
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wondwossen Abebe Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, Brazil
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Celso José Bruno de Oliveira,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Hou M, Kan Z, Zhang G, Li Y, Zhou L, Wang C. Identification of Novel Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) Inhibitors by Computational Methods and Anti- Salmonella Evaluations. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764191. [PMID: 34867388 PMCID: PMC8635108 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three type III secretion system (T3SS) inhibitors (compounds 5, 19, and 32) were identified by virtual screening and biological evaluation. These three compounds were evaluated against a panel of Salmonella species strains including S. enteritidis, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. paratyphi, and S. abortus equi, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 1 to 53 μg/ml. Especially, these compounds showed comparable activity as the of the positive control gatifloxacin towards S. abortus equi. The present results suggest that these new T3SS inhibitors could be used as a potential lead molecule for drug development of anti-Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Meihui Hou
- Burns and Plastic Surgery Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaodong Kan
- Laizhou City Laiyu Chemical Co., Ltd., Laizhou, China
| | | | - Yunxia Li
- Laizhou City Laiyu Chemical Co., Ltd., Laizhou, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Changfa Wang
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Serotypes Concurrently Isolated from the Environment, Animals, and Humans in South Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121435. [PMID: 34943647 PMCID: PMC8698067 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main global concerns is the usage and spread of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars. The animals, humans, and environmental components interact and contribute to the rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, directly or indirectly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance (AR) profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from the environment, animals, and humans in South Africa by a systematic review and meta-analysis. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to search four databases for studies published from 1980 to 2021, that reported the antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated in South Africa. The AR was screened from 2930 Salmonella serotypes which were isolated from 6842 samples. The Western Cape province had high pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella isolates with AR profiles followed by North West, Gauteng, and Eastern Cape with 94.3%, 75.4%, 59.4%, and 46.2%, respectively. The high PPE and heterogeneity were observed from environmental samples [69.6 (95% CI: 41.7−88.3), Q = 303.643, I2 = 98.353, Q-P = 0.045], animals [41.9 (95% CI: 18.5–69.5), Q = 637.355, I2 = 98.745, Q-P = 0.577], as well as animals/environment [95.9 (95% CI: 5.4−100), Q = 55.253, I2 = 96.380, Q-P = 0.300]. The majority of the salmonella isolates were resistant to sulphonamides (92.0%), enrofloxacin and erythromycin (89.3%), oxytetracycline (77.4%), imipenem (72.6%), tetracycline (67.4%), as well as trimethoprim (52.2%), among the environment, animals, and humans. The level of multidrug-resistance recorded for Salmonella isolates was 28.5% in this review. This study has highlighted the occurrence of AR by Salmonella isolates from animals, humans, and environmental samples in South Africa and this calls for a consolidated “One Health” approach for antimicrobial resistance epidemiological research, as well as the formulation of necessary intervention measures to prevent further spread.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pavelquesi SLS, de Oliveira Ferreira ACA, Rodrigues ARM, de Souza Silva CM, Orsi DC, da Silva ICR. Presence of Tetracycline and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Salmonella spp.: Literature Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111314. [PMID: 34827252 PMCID: PMC8615168 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines and sulfonamides are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents which have been used to treat bacterial infections for over half a century. The widespread use of tetracyclines and sulfonamides led to the emergence of resistance in a diverse group of bacteria. This resistance can be studied by searching for resistance genes present in the bacteria responsible for different resistance mechanisms. Salmonella is one of the leading bacteria causing foodborne diseases worldwide, and its resistance to tetracyclines and sulfonamides has been widely reported. The literature review searched the Virtual Health Library for articles with specific data in the studied samples: the resistance genes found, the primers used in PCR, and the thermocycler conditions. The results revealed that Salmonella presented high rates of resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide, and the most frequent samples used to isolate Salmonella were poultry and pork. The tetracycline resistance genes most frequently detected from Salmonella spp. were tetA followed by tetB. The gene sul1 followed by sul2 were the most frequently sulfonamide resistance genes present in Salmonella. These genes are associated with plasmids, transposons, or both, and are often conjugative, highlighting the transference potential of these genes to other bacteria, environments, animals, and humans.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rincón-Gamboa SM, Poutou-Piñales RA, Carrascal-Camacho AK. Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-Typhoid Salmonella in Meat and Meat Products. Foods 2021; 10:1731. [PMID: 34441509 PMCID: PMC8392175 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars are associated with numerous annual deaths worldwide and are responsible for a large number of foodborne diseases. Within this frame of reference, knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibility represents the fundamental approach of most Salmonella treatments. Therefore, scientific publications of antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance must be precise, with interpretations adjusted to a particular standard. Hence, the three objectives in this study were: (i) to describe the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant isolates of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from beef, pork, chicken meat, and other meat products; (ii) to describe the distribution of serovars and their multi-resistance to antibiotics for clinical use (veterinary and human) between 1996 and 2019; and (iii) to propose additional considerations that could improve the use and usefulness of the published results. Our results determined that the predominant isolates came from poultry. Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most reported serovars by MIC (with both having the highest resistance to TET) while the lowest resistance was to CIP and CRO for Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively. The multi-resistance pattern AMP AMC CEP GEN KAN STR TET was the most frequently observed pattern by MIC in Montevideo and Seftenberg, while, for disc diffusion, the pattern AMP STR TET was the most frequent in the Bredeney serotype. In conclusion, researchers should carry out homogeneous sampling procedures, identify the types of the samples, use standard identification methods, and employ appropriate standards for antimicrobial susceptibility interpretation. Additionally, there is also a need for all WHO members to comply with the WHA 73.5 resolution. Our final recommendation is for all producers to reduce antibiotic prophylactic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Rincón-Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia; (S.M.R.-G.); (A.K.C.-C.)
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia
| | - Raúl A. Poutou-Piñales
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia
| | - Ana K. Carrascal-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia; (S.M.R.-G.); (A.K.C.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferreira ACADO, Pavelquesi SLS, Monteiro EDS, Rodrigues LFS, Silva CMDS, Silva ICRD, Orsi DC. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. in Aquacultured Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) Commercialized in Federal District, Brazil. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:778-783. [PMID: 34197185 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess Salmonella spp. prevalence in aquaculture Nile tilapia commercialized in the Federal District, Brazil, and determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of the isolates. Fifty-seven Salmonella spp. strains were isolated from 101 samples of fresh tilapia fillets collected in the Federal District, Brazil. These isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and analyzed for the presence of blaCTX, tetB, sul2, and floR resistance genes. The Salmonella spp. prevalence in fresh tilapia fillets was 45.5%; that is, 46 of 101 samples were positive for the InvA gene. The antimicrobial resistance profile showed high resistance rates for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (87.7%), tetracycline (82.5%), sulfonamide (57.9%), and chloramphenicol (26.3%). Additionally, 56.1% of Salmonella spp. isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. The beta-lactam-resistant gene blaCTX was identified in 66.7% of isolates, the tetracycline resistance gene tetA in 54.4%, and the chloramphenicol resistance gene floR in 50.9%, while the sulfonamide resistance gene sul2 was present in 49.1%. The results revealed that tilapia fillets were highly contaminated with MDR Salmonella. These Salmonella spp. strains carried multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, which might facilitate their dissemination to consumers along the production chain. Hence, there is an evident need to control Salmonella in fish production systems to ensure public health.
Collapse
|
14
|
Characterization of Salmonella spp. Isolates from Swine: Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122418. [PMID: 33348681 PMCID: PMC7767027 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonella is a pathogenic bacterium able to infect both humans and animals. It is diffused worldwide and, generally, animals are a source of infection for humans. Among domestic animals, swine represents an important reservoir and a frequent source of human infection, especially in some countries like Italy. To acquire information on Salmonella, in particular about epidemiology, but also virulence, pathogenesis and antimicrobial resistance, is the basis for a cohesive control program. This manuscript describes an investigation conducted on Salmonella isolates from swine, where two important characteristics were evaluated: the pathogenicity and the antimicrobial resistance. A great variability was observed among investigated strains. Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was confirmed as one of the most virulent serovars; indeed, most isolates belonging to this serovar presented many of the searched virulence factors. A high level of antimicrobial resistance was observed for some compounds (sulfonamide, tetracycline, streptomycin and ampicillin), but not for the so-called “last line antibiotics”, such as, for example, ciprofloxacin. The constant monitoring on circulating strains in reservoir animals is important to acquire information and set up adequate prophylaxis measures. Abstract Salmonella is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide. Swine represent typical reservoirs of this bacterium and a frequent source of human infection. Some intrinsic traits make some serovars or strains more virulent than others. Twenty-nine Salmonella spp. isolated from pigs belonging to 16 different serovars were analyzed for gastric acid environment resistance, presence of virulence genes (mgtC, rhuM, pipB, sopB, spvRBC, gipA, sodCI, sopE), antimicrobial resistance and presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (blaTEM, blaPSE-1, aadA1, aadA2, aphA1-lab, strA-strB, tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG, sul1, sul2, sul3). A percentage of 44.83% of strains showed constitutive and inducible gastric acid resistance, whereas 37.93% of strains became resistant only after induction. The genes sopB, pipB and mgtC were the most often detected, with 79.31%, 48.28% and 37.93% of positive strains, respectively. Salmonella virulence plasmid genes were detected in a S. enterica sup. houtenae ser. 40:z4,z23:-strain. Fifteen different virulence profiles were identified: one isolate (ser. Typhimurium) was positive for 6 genes, and 6 isolates (3 ser. Typhimurium, 2 ser. Typhimurium monophasic variant and 1 ser. Choleraesuis) scored positive for 5 genes. None of the isolates resulted resistant to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin, while all isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, colistin and gentamycin. Many strains were resistant to sulfonamide (75.86%), tetracycline (51.72%), streptomycin (48.28%) and ampicillin (31.03%). Twenty different resisto-types were identified. Six strains (4 ser. Typhimurium, 1 ser. Derby and 1 ser. Typhimurium monophasic variant) showed the ASSuT profile. Most detected resistance genes sul2 (34.48%), tetA (27.58%) and strA-strB (27.58%). Great variability was observed in analyzed strains. S. ser. Typhimurium was confirmed as one of the most virulent serovars. This study underlines that swine could be a reservoir and source of pathogenic Salmonella strains.
Collapse
|
15
|
Herrera-Sánchez MP, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Rondón-Barragán IS. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR as a molecular typing tool for Salmonella spp. isolated from poultry and humans. Vet World 2020; 13:1771-1779. [PMID: 33132588 PMCID: PMC7566269 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1771-1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Salmonella spp. are one of the most important food-borne pathogens in the world, emerging as a major public health concern. Moreover, multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains have been isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks, which compromise its treatment success. This study was conducted to characterize the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from broilers and humans from the regions of Tolima and Santander (Colombia). Materials and Methods: Salmonella spp. strains (n=49) were confirmed through molecular detection by amplification of the invA gene. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was determined by the automated method and the agar diffusion method, and the presence of resistance genes was evaluated by PCR. Genotypic characterization was conducted using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR method, from which a dendrogram was generated and the possible phylogenetic relationships were established. Results: Salmonella isolates were classified as MDR strains exhibiting resistance to four antibiotic classes, penicillins, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and cephalosporins, and the human strains were resistant to gentamicin. At the genotypic level, the isolates contained the genes blaCMY2, blaCTX-M, blaPSE-1, blaTEM, aadA1, srtB, dfrA1, sul2, and floR. The genotyping results obtained by ERIC-PCR allowed the grouping of strains according to the source of isolation. Conclusion: The Salmonella spp. strains exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, as well as multiple genes associated with them, and the ERIC-PCR method was a technique that was helpful in generating clusters with biological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Paula Herrera-Sánchez
- Research Group in Immunology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Roy Rodríguez-Hernández
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group in Immunology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia.,Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Santa Helena Highs, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu F, Min F, Wang J, Luo Y, Huang S, Chen M, Wu R, Zhang Y. Development and evaluation of a Luminex xTAG assay for sulfonamide resistance genes in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 49:101476. [PMID: 31678631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinically occurring sulfonamide resistance in gram-negative bacteria is codified by several sul genes, mostly associated with the mobilized genetic elements named integrons, and integrons are frequently found in plasmids. There are four sul genes (sul1, sul2, sul3 and sul4) that encode resistance to sulfonamides. The aim of the present study was to develop a bead-based xTAG assay for the simultaneous detection of all four sul genes and related Class 1 integrons (int1) in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates. The limits of detection ranged from 10 to 1000 copies/μL of input purified plasmid DNA. Forty-one bacterial isolates from clinical samples were examined using the newly developed xTAG assay and also by conventional PCR to determine the relative performance of each. The results obtained by xTAG assay showed higher detection rates and accuracy for sul genes than conventional PCR. It indicated that the xTAG-multiplex PCR is a convenient method for rapid identification of sul genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Xu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Fangui Min
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yinzhu Luo
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuwu Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Meiling Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ruike Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg following In Vitro Incubation in Broiler Ceca. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01903-19. [PMID: 31471306 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01903-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken gastrointestinal tract harbors microorganisms that play a role in the health and disease status of the host. The cecum is the part of the gut that carries the highest microbial densities, has the longest residence time of digesta, and is a vital site for urea recycling and water regulation. Therefore, the cecum provides a rich environment for bacteria to horizontally transfer genes between one another via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and bacteriophages. In this study, we used broiler chicken cecum as a model to investigate antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred in vitro from cecal flora to Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. We used whole-genome sequencing and resistome enrichment to decipher the interactions between S Heidelberg, the gut microbiome, and acquired antibiotic resistance. After 48 h of incubation of ceca under microaerophilic conditions, we recovered one S Heidelberg isolate with an acquired IncK2 plasmid (88 kb) carrying an extended-spectrum-β-lactamase gene (bla CMY-2). In vitro, this plasmid was transferable between Escherichia coli and S Heidelberg strains but transfer was unsuccessful between S Heidelberg strains. An in-depth genetic characterization of transferred plasmids suggests that they share significant homology with P1-like phages. This study contributes to our understanding of horizontal gene transfer between an important foodborne pathogen and the chicken gut microbiome.IMPORTANCE S. Heidelberg is a clinically important serovar, linked to foodborne illness and among the top 5 serovars isolated from poultry in the United States and Canada. Acquisition of new genetic material from the microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract of food animals, including broilers, may contribute to increased fitness of pathogens like S. Heidelberg and may increase their level of antibiotic tolerance. Therefore, it is critical to gain a better understanding of the interactions that occur between important pathogens and the commensals present in the animal gut and other agroecosystems. In this report, we show that the native flora in broiler ceca were capable of transferring mobile genetic elements carrying the AmpC β-lactamase (bla CMY-2) gene to an important foodborne pathogen, S Heidelberg. The potential role for bacteriophage transduction is also discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xiong L, Sun Y, Shi L, Yan H. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance genes and class 1 integrase gene in raw meat and aquatic product, fresh vegetable and fruit, and swine manure in southern China. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Jiang H, Cheng H, Liang Y, Yu S, Yu T, Fang J, Zhu C. Diverse Mobile Genetic Elements and Conjugal Transferability of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes ( sul1, sul2, and sul3) in Escherichia coli Isolates From Penaeus vannamei and Pork From Large Markets in Zhejiang, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1787. [PMID: 31428076 PMCID: PMC6690019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High prevalence rates of sulfonamide resistance genes sul1, sul2, and sul3 have been observed in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from humans, domestic animals, and aquaculture species worldwide. We investigated the distribution characteristics, location, conjugative transferability, and genetic environments of sul genes from Escherichia coli isolates collected from Penaeus vannamei and pork samples from three large markets in Zhejiang, China. The prevalence rates of sul genes in sulfonamide-resistant E. coli isolates from P. vannamei and pork samples were 90.0 and 88.6%, respectively, and the prevalence of sul1 and sul2 was significantly higher than that of sul3 (p < 0.05). Twenty-four representative sul-positive E. coli isolates were analyzed in detail. Southern blot hybridization confirmed that sul genes of E. coli isolates were located on plasmids and/or chromosomes. Transfer of resistance through conjugation was observed in all 18 E. coli isolates harboring sul genes on plasmids. Replicon typing identified seven different incompatibility groups and IncF was the dominant replicon type among sul gene-containing plasmids from both sources. PCR walking analysis indicated that 87.5% (35/40) of sul gene-related fragments carried insertion sequences (ISs) belonging to a variety of families in diverse sites, with IS26 occurring most frequently. In addition, the sul1 gene was detected mainly in fragments carrying class 1 integrons. Co-location on the same fragment with resistance genes that may contribute to the persistence and dissemination of sul1 and/or sul2 genes. The diversity of mobile genetic elements and resistance genes adjacent to sul3 was much lower than those adjacent to sul1 and sul2, especially those located in chromosomes, which reduced the transmission potential of the sul3 gene. In conclusion, combined with the results of clonal relatedness analysis by PFGE and MLST of 24 representative E. coli isolates from P. vannamei and pork samples, it showed that a small number of sul genes were vertically transmitted among E. coli from P. vannamei and that horizontal gene transfer was likely the main transmission mechanism of sul genes from both sources. Our results provide important information to better understand the risk of transmission of sul genes from seafood and meat to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengtao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiehong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Borges KA, Furian TQ, Souza SN, Salle CTP, Moraes HLS, Nascimento VP. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Enterica Serotypes Isolated from Poultry Sources in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KA Borges
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - TQ Furian
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - SN Souza
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - CTP Salle
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - HLS Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu C, Feng J, Zhang D, Xie Y, Li A, Wang J, Su Y. Clustering Analysis of Antibiograms and Antibiogram Types ofStreptococcus agalactiaeStrains from Tilapia in China. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1431-1439. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yundan Xie
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Anxing Li
- Key Laboratory for Aquatic Products Safety of Ministry of Education/State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, The School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Youlu Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang XZ, Lei CW, Zeng JX, Chen YP, Kang ZZ, Wang YL, Ye XL, Zhai XW, Wang HN. An IncX1 plasmid isolated from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Pullorum carrying bla TEM-1B, sul2, arsenic resistant operons. Plasmid 2018; 100:14-21. [PMID: 30248363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have identified an IncX1 plasmid named pQJDSal1 from Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). The plasmid is 67,685 bp in size and has 72 putative genes. pQJDSal1 harbors a conserved IncX1-type backbone with predicted regions for conjugation, replication and partitioning, as well as a toxin/antitoxin plasmid addiction system. Two regions (A and B) that have not been previously reported in IncX1 plasmids are inserted into the backbone. Region A (10.7 kb), inserted between parA and taxD, consists of a new Tn6168-like transposon containing an arsenic resistant operon arsB2CHR and sulfonamide resistance gene sul2. Region B contains another arsenic resistant operon arsADHR, resistance gene blaTEM-1B and three transposable elements. Conjugation experiments showed that pQJDSal1 could transfer from S. Pullorum to Escherichia coli (E. coli) J53. Statistical analysis of 70 sequenced IncX1 plasmids revealed that IncX1 plasmids harbored various antibiotic resistance genes. The results highlight the importance of IncX1 plasmids in disseminating antibiotic resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Zhong Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Chang-Wei Lei
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin-Xin Zeng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan-Peng Chen
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Kang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Long Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ye
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi-Wen Zhai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong-Ning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abatcha MG, Effarizah ME, Rusul G. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, resistance genes and class 1 integrons of Salmonella serovars in leafy vegetables, chicken carcasses and related processing environments in Malaysian fresh food markets. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Mąka Ł, Maćkiw E, Stasiak M, Wołkowicz T, Kowalska J, Postupolski J, Popowska M. Ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from retail food in Poland. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 276:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
25
|
Gong J, Zhuang L, Zhang D, Zhang P, Dou X, Wang C. Establishment of a Multiplex Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of Sulfonamide Resistance Genes (sul1, sul2, sul3) in Clinical Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Poultry. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:413-419. [PMID: 29708802 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance genes play an important role in mediating resistance to sulfonamide in Gram-negative bacteria. While PCR is the current method to detect sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3), it is time-consuming and costly and there is an urgent need to develop a more convenient, simpler and rapid test for the sul. In this study, we describe a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (m-LAMP) assay we developed for the rapid and simultaneous detection of three sul. This m-LAMP assay successfully detected seven reference strains with different sul genotypes, but was negative for nine sul-negative reference strains. The m-LAMP products were verified by HinfI restriction enzyme digestion and the detection limit of the test was 0.5 pg genomic DNA per reaction. Testing 307 sulfonamide-resistant Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates with the m-LAMP revealed all were positive for the sul with sul2 (79.5%) and sul1 (64.5%) being most prevalent, and sul3 the least (12.1%). Of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates tested, the Salmonella Indiana, a newly emerging serovar resistant to numerous antimicrobials, were most commonly positive with 33% having sul3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Gong
- 1 Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin Zhuang
- 3 State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- 1 Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- 1 Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinhong Dou
- 1 Poultry Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
- 2 Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- 4 College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama
| |
Collapse
|