1
|
El-Dawy EGAM, Hussein MA, El-Nahas S. Description and management of Aspergillus section Nigri causing post-harvest bulbs rot of onion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6076. [PMID: 38480751 PMCID: PMC10937967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
When onions are improperly stored, a post-harvest disease known as black mold of onion bulbs can result in considerable economic losses. Aspergillus section Nigri, one of many species, has been implicated in the development of black mold. In the present study, rot onion bulbs were collected from markets in Qena, Egypt. Thirteen Aspergillus section Nigri isolates were obtained and identified by morphological and molecular characterization. The ochratoxins potential of isolated A. section Nigri was tested, and three isolates were producers at the range of 1.5-15 ppm. For the presence of pks gene, no amplification product was detected. Using the fungal growth inhibition test, the isolates of A. niger were inhibited by eco-friendly materials Cement and Zeolite. Cement exhibited maximum percentage growth inhibition against the tested isolates at 74.7-86.7%. The pathogenicity activity of the A. niger isolates was tested by inoculation of healthy onion bulbs, other onion bulbs covered with Cement and Zeolite before inoculation by A. niger was used. The two treatments significantly reduced bulbs rot disease of onion than untreated bulbs. Seven and nine isolates showed 0% rot on covered bulbs by Cement and Zeolite, respectively as compared with inoculated onions, which exhibited rot ranging from 55 to 80%. Using eco-friendly materials with efficiency against post-harvest bulbs rot of onion was evaluated in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman G A M El-Dawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Safaa El-Nahas
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu S, Zou L, Zhao J, Zhu Y. Individual and Combined Cytotoxic Effects of Co-Occurring Fumonisin Family Mycotoxins on Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cell. Foods 2023; 12:2555. [PMID: 37444293 PMCID: PMC10340252 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human health is seriously threatened by mycotoxin contamination, yet health risk assessments are typically based on just one mycotoxin, potentially excluding the additive or competitive interactions between co-occurring mycotoxins. In this investigation, we evaluated the individual or combined toxicological effects of three fumonisin-family B mycotoxins: fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FB2), and fumonisin B3 (FB3), by using porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC). IPEC cells were exposed to various concentrations (2.5-40 μM) for 48 h, and a cell counting kit (CCK8) was used to determine cell vitality. Firstly, we discovered that they might inhibit cell viability. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of FB1 was significantly greater than that of FB2 and FB3. The results also indicated that the combinations of FB1-FB2, FB2-FB3, and FB1-FB2-FB3 showed synergistically toxicological effects at the ID10-ID50 levels and antagonistic effects at the ID75-ID90 levels. In addition, the FB1-FB3 exposure was also synergistic at the ID10-ID25 level. We also found that myriocin and resveratrol alleviated the cytotoxicity induced by fumonisin in IPEC cells. In all, this study may contribute to the determination of legal limits, the optimization of risk assessment for fumonisins in food and feed, and the development of new methods to alleviate fumonisin toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Yu
- Division of Chemical Toxicity and Safety Assessment, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Jarmusch SA, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. Current status of secondary metabolite pathways linked to their related biosynthetic gene clusters in Aspergillus section Nigri. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:237-274. [PMID: 35587705 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2021Aspergilli are biosynthetically 'talented' micro-organisms and therefore the natural products community has continually been interested in the wealth of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding numerous secondary metabolites related to these fungi. With the rapid increase in sequenced fungal genomes combined with the continuous development of bioinformatics tools such as antiSMASH, linking new structures to unknown BGCs has become much easier when taking retro-biosynthetic considerations into account. On the other hand, in most cases it is not as straightforward to prove proposed biosynthetic pathways due to the lack of implemented genetic tools in a given fungal species. As a result, very few secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways have been characterized even amongst some of the most well studied Aspergillus spp., section Nigri (black aspergilli). This review will cover all known biosynthetic compound families and their structural diversity known from black aspergilli. We have logically divided this into sub-sections describing major biosynthetic classes (polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, meroterpenoids and hybrid biosynthesis). Importantly, we will focus the review on metabolites which have been firmly linked to their corresponding BGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Scott A Jarmusch
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ribeiro MM, Rezende MI, Baldo C, Sartori D. Aspergillus welwitschiae: A Potential amylases Producer. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:307. [PMID: 36064978 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amylases, glycoside hydrolases widely used in several industrial processes, can be produced by many animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal amylases from Aspergillus sp. hold remarkable importance in biotechnological applications for presenting a great catalysis efficiency in a wide range of pH and temperature. The production of amylases is mainly dependent on the genetic background of the species, i.e., Aspergillus strains, and abiotic factors. Among the major producers of amylases are the species of Aspergillus section Nigri, including Aspergillus welwitschiae. In this study, Aspergillus welwitschiae strains were evaluated for their ability to produce extracellular amylases. Among the 24 strains, wild Aspergillus welwitschiae UELAs 15.262 and mutant A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262/35 strains showed greater potential for amylases production. The A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262 produced more amylases (8645 U/mg) when compared to A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262/35 (6666 U/mg). The amylases activity from partially purified crude enzymatic extract of A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262 strain obtained at pH 5.5, 60 °C, resulted in 1.98-fold (3837 U/mg) increase in enzymatic activity. Likewise, the amylases activity from partially purified crude extract of A. welwitschiae UELAs 15.262/35 obtained at pH 5.0, 60 °C resulted in 2.2-fold (9077 U/mg) increase in amylases activity. The presence of metallic ions (Cu2+ and Fe3+) also provided an increase of amylases activity for both strains. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the ability of Aspergillus welwitschiae strains in order to produce amylases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Mertz Ribeiro
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina, 86051-990, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Rezende
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina, 86051-990, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - Cristiani Baldo
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina, 86051-990, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86051-980, Brazil
| | - Daniele Sartori
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 6001, Londrina, 86051-990, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid - Pr 445 Km 380 - Campus Universitário, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, Paraná, CEP 86051-980, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bai F, Cai C, Zhang T, Wang P, Shi L, Zhai L, Li H, Zhang L, Yao S. Genome-Based Analysis of Aspergillus niger Aggregate Species from China and Their Potential for Fumonisin B 2 and Ochratoxin A Production. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:193. [PMID: 35579721 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on entire genome sequencing, this study focused on the classification of Aspergillus niger aggregation species and investigated their potential for fumonisin B2 (FB2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) production. In the current study, 22 strains were used, namely 17 A. niger strains, four A. welwitschiae strains, and one A. lacticoffeatus (a synonym of A. niger) strain. Traditional multigene phylogenetic analysis, average nucleotide identity analysis (ANI), and the whole-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses were used to reconfirm the taxonomic status of A. niger, A. welwitschiae, and A. lacticoffeatus. The ability of A. niger to produce FB2 and OTA on five culture substrates was determined, and the association between FB2 and OTA gene clusters and toxin-producing abilities was explored. The results revealed that the ANI method could distinguish A. niger from A. welwitschiae, with an ANI value of < 98%. The SNP-based phylogenetic analysis suggested that A. niger and A. welwitschiae were two independent phylogenetic species. The ANI, SNP, and multigene phylogenetic analysis supported previous findings that A. lacticoffeatus was a synonymous species of A. niger. Aspergillus niger strains exhibited the varied potential of producing FB2 and OTA on different culture media. The A. niger genome sequence analysis revealed no significant difference in fumonisin gene clusters between FB2-nonproducing isolates and FB2-producing isolates, and the integrity of the ochratoxin biosynthesis genes cluster was clearly associated with OTA production. In conclusion, gene sequencing can be useful in assessing A. niger's ability to produce OTA, but it cannot reliably predict its ability to produce FB2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feirong Bai
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Chengshan Cai
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Tianci Zhang
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Penghui Wang
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Liang Shi
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Lei Zhai
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Hui Li
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Su Yao
- China Center of Industrial Culture Collection (CICC), China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100015, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perera D, Savocchia S, Prenzler PD, Thomson PC, Steel CC. Occurrence of fumonisin-producing black aspergilli in Australian wine grapes: effects of temperature and water activity on fumonisin production by A. niger and A. welwitschiae. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:327-339. [PMID: 34694577 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Black aspergilli are some of the most common mycotoxigenic fungi in vineyards worldwide. The aims of this research were to assess the occurrence of fumonisin-producing black aspergilli in Australian wine grapes and the effects of environmental factors on fumonisin production by A. niger and A. welwitschiae (syn. A. awamori). Thirty-eight Aspergillus isolates (black aspergilli) were collected from six wine grape varieties grown in Australian vineyards. LC-MS/MS analysis of culture extracts revealed that six isolates produced fumonisins FB2 and FB4. Molecular data revealed that all fumonisin-producing isolates were A. niger and A. welwitschiae. None of the reference isolates, A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, A. japonicus, and A. foetidus, were positive for fumonisin production. The effects of temperature and water activity on the growth and production of fumonisins were studied using two A. niger and an isolate of A. welwitschiae on synthetic grape juice medium (SGJM) at 20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C, and 0.92 aw, 0.95 aw, and 0.98 aw levels. All isolates produced FB2 and FB4 at 0.95 aw and 0.98 aw and 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C. The highest growth rate observed was 14.89 mm/day for A. welwitschiae at 0.98 aw and 35 °C, whereas the highest fumonisin production observed was 25.3 mg/kg at 0.98 aw and 20 °C for A. welwitschiae. None of the isolates produced fumonisins at 35 °C at any water activity levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of fumonisin-positive isolates of Aspergillus from Australian wine grapes and the impact of the environmental factors on fumonisin production by A. welwitschiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Perera
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia. .,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| | - S Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - P D Prenzler
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - C C Steel
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.,School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chiu T, Behari A, Chartron JW, Putman A, Li Y. Exploring the potential of engineering polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein as an ecological, friendly, and nontoxic pest control agent. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3200-3214. [PMID: 34050940 PMCID: PMC8486366 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In plants, polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play critical roles for resistance to fungal disease by inhibiting the pectin-depolymerizing activity of endopolygalacturonases (PGs), one type of enzyme secreted by pathogens that compromises plant cell walls and leaves the plant susceptible to disease. Here, the interactions between PGIPs from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvPGIP1 and PvPGIP2) and PGs from Aspergillus niger (AnPG2), Botrytis cinerea (BcPG1 and BcPG2), and Fusarium moniliforme (FmPG3) were reconstituted through a yeast two hybrid (Y2H) system to investigate the inhibition efficiency of various PvPGIP1 and 2 truncations and mutants. We found that tPvPGIP2_5-8, which contains LRR5 to LRR8 and is only one-third the size of the full length peptide, exhibits the same level of interactions with AnPG and BcPGs as the full length PvPGIP2 via Y2H. The inhibitory activities of tPvPGIP2_5-8 on the growth of A. niger and B. cinerea were then examined and confirmed on pectin agar. On pectin assays, application of both full length PvPGIP2 and tPvPGIP2_5-8 clearly slows down the growth of A. niger and B. cinerea. Investigation on the sequence-function relationships of PGIP utilizing a combination of site directed mutagenesis and a variety of peptide truncations suggests that LRR5 could have the most essential structural feature for the inhibitory activities, and may be a possible target for the future engineering of PGIP with enhanced activity. This study highlights the potential of plant-derived PGIPs as a candidate for future in planta evaluation as a pest control agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 900 University Avenue, Bourns Hall, Suite A220, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Anita Behari
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 900 University Avenue, Boyce Hall, Room 1415, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Justin W. Chartron
- Department of Bioengineering, 900 University Avenue, MSE 205, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Alexander Putman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 900 University Avenue, Boyce Hall, Room 1415, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 900 University Avenue, Bourns Hall, Suite A220, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva JJ, Bertoldo R, Fungaro MHP, Massi FP, Taniwaki MH, Sant'Ana AS, Iamanaka BT. Black aspergilli in Brazilian onions: From field to market. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108958. [PMID: 33176225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of black aspergilli in onions has been reported as frequent, and this group of fungi harbors potentially toxigenic species. In addition, Aspergillus niger has been reported as the causative agent of black mold rot, an important postharvest disease that causes damage throughout the world. Brazil stands out as one of the world's largest onion producers. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the mycobiota in Brazilian onions. For this reason, we investigated the mycobiota of 48 market (n = 25) and field (n = 23) onion bulb samples. Nineteen soil samples were collected from the same fields and evaluated. In field onions and soil samples, Penicillium spp. was the prevalent fungal group, whereas in market samples A. section Nigri was the most frequent group. Due to the taxonomic complexity of this group, species identification was supported by phylogenetic data (CaM gene). A. welwitschiae was the most prevalent species in market samples. Black aspergillus strains were evaluated for fumonisin B2 (FB2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) production. Overall, 53% and 2.2% of the strains produced FB2 and OTA, respectively. The occurrence of FB2 and OTA was also investigated in onion bulb samples but none showed contamination with these mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Bertoldo
- Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Molecular analysis of Aspergillus section Nigri isolated from onion samples reveals the prevalence of A. welwitschiae. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:387-392. [PMID: 33094470 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate Aspergillus section Nigri from onion samples bought in supermarkets and to analyze the fungal isolates by means of molecular data in order to differentiate A. niger and A. welwitschiae species from the other non-toxigenic species of black aspergilli, and detect genes involved in the biosynthesis of ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2. Aspergillus section Nigri were found in 98% (94/96) of the onion samples. Based on the results of multiplex PCR (performed on 500 randomly selected strains), 97.4% of the Aspergillus section Nigri strains were recognized as A. niger/A. welwitschiae. Around half of them were subjected to partial sequencing of the CaM gene to distinguish one from the other. A total of 97.9% of the isolates were identified as A. welwitschiae and only 2.1% as A. niger. The fum8 gene, involved in fumonisin B2 biosynthesis, was found in 36% of A. welwitschiae isolates, but radH and pks genes, involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis, were found in only 2.8%. The presence/absence of fum8 gene in the A. welwitschiae genome is closely associated with ability/inability of the isolates to produce fumonisin in vitro. Based on these results, we suggest that in-depth studies are conducted to investigate the presence of fumonisins in onion bulbs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gherbawy YA, Maghraby TA, Hamza LHA, El-Dawy EGAM. New morphological criteria and molecular characterization of black aspergilli aggregate from corn, sorghum and wheat grains. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:355-366. [PMID: 32959153 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Corn, sorghum and wheat grains are used as livestock feed in the world. Identification of black aspergilli associated with these grains is necessary to make sure of the safety of the grains because its occurrence is an indicator of mycotoxin production. Forty-five isolates were isolated from the samples collected from Upper Egypt's markets and identified morphologically based on colony color, conidia, stipe and vesicle size and molecularly by using β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. Isolates were divided into 30 strains of Aspergillus welwitschiae and 15 strains of A. niger. We have found new criteria in the morphological identification of A. welwitschiae as its colony color was black to brown with yellow edge, but in A. niger was black with white edge, also A. welwitschiae sometimes produced finely-to-distinctly roughened brownish conidia on malt extract agar (MEA) media. Thirteen isolates of A. welwitschiae and six of A. niger were recognized as potential producers for ochratoxin A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf A Gherbawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Thanaa A Maghraby
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa H A Hamza
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Eman G A M El-Dawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Center, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gherbawy YA, El-Dawy EGAE. Conventional detection and quantification real-time PCR of the pks-1 gene of Chaetomium globosum. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 60:407-414. [PMID: 32124471 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chaetomium globosum is known as a potential biocontrol indicator against various soil and seedborne pathogens. Precise data are necessary for population monitoring of C. globosum for its effective use in agriculture. A sequence-characterized amplified region marker has been applied for the detection of this biocontrol agent, which will help to detect C. globosum at the site of its application. Out of 17 isolates of C. globosum, only 8 isolates of C. globosum amplified a monomorphic band of 1,900 bp. C. globosum is known for producing chaetoglobosin A. The pks-1 gene is unique in C. globosum in that it is involved in chaetoglobosin A production, melanin formation, and sporulation. Real-time PCR of pks-1 was used to compare the expressions of the pks-1 gene and chaetoglobosin A biosynthesis and sporulation. It was found that the sporulation of C. globosum was associated with the levels of pks-1 gene expression; Cg2 isolate showed high expression of the pks-1 gene, 41.21%, and also produced a great number of spores and perithecia. The association between the pks-1 gene expression and chaetoglobosin A production was estimated. The Pks-1 gene was expressed by all C. globosum isolates except one isolate, C1, which is another species of Chaetomium. In addition, all C. globosum isolates produced chaetoglobosin A with different concentrations and did not express the same levels of pks-1. This finding may be a result of the solvent type used in the extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf A Gherbawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Eman G A E El-Dawy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferrara M, Logrieco AF, Moretti A, Susca A. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of fumonisin producing Aspergillus species. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103469. [PMID: 32336366 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins contamination of food commodities is a worldwide problem, especially for maize. The ability to produce fumonisinsis a trait of several species of Fusarium, mainly F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum on maize, and some Aspergillus species. A. niger and its sister species A. welwitschiae, can contribute to fumonisin B2 (FB2) accumulation in maize kernels, although to a lesser extent than fumonisin-producing Fusarium species. Fumonisins risk monitoring represents an effective strategy in the integrated approach for mycotoxin risk management and reduction. The availability of a user-friendlymolecular assay for the detection oftoxigenic fungal species represents a valuable tool in understanding and managing upcoming mycotoxin contamination. In this study, we developed a LAMP assay, based on the detection of fum10, for a rapid and specific molecular detection of FB2-producing A. niger and A. welwistchiae, potentially useful to perform monitoring directly "on site" in maize chain. Results showed that very low amounts of conidia are suitable to detect the presence of the target gene, thus providing information about the presence of FB2-producing Aspergillus species and the possible upcoming fumonisins contamination in maize. The assay was combined with a suitable protocol for "in field" crude DNA extraction and a colorimetric method for easy naked-eye evaluationof results, offering a reliable and user-friendly tool to support effective reduction strategies of mycotoxin contamination in crop management programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ferrara
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Isolation and Identification of Aspergillus Section Nigri, and Genotype Associated with Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin B2 Production in Garlic Marketed in Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1150-1158. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
14
|
Ráduly Z, Szabó L, Madar A, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2908. [PMID: 31998250 PMCID: PMC6962185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to Earth's changing climate, the ongoing and foreseeable spreading of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in the feed and food production chain. These harmful mycotoxins have aroused serious health and economic problems since their first appearance. The most potent Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, gliotoxin, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, and patulin. Some of them can be found in dairy products, mainly in milk and cheese, as well as in fresh and especially in dried fruits and vegetables, in nut products, typically in groundnuts, in oil seeds, in coffee beans, in different grain products, like rice, wheat, barley, rye, and frequently in maize and, furthermore, even in the liver of livestock fed by mycotoxin-contaminated forage. Though the mycotoxins present in the feed and food chain are well documented, the human physiological effects of mycotoxin exposure are not yet fully understood. It is known that mycotoxins have nephrotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic properties and, as a consequence, these toxins may cause liver carcinomas, renal dysfunctions, and also immunosuppressed states. The deleterious physiological effects of mycotoxins on humans are still a first-priority question. In food production and also in the case of acute and chronic poisoning, there are possibilities to set suitable food safety measures into operation to minimize the effects of mycotoxin contaminations. On the other hand, preventive actions are always better, due to the multivariate nature of mycotoxin exposures. In this review, the occurrence and toxicological features of major Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins are summarized and, furthermore, the possibilities of treatments in the medical practice to heal the deleterious consequences of acute and/or chronic exposures are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Madar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Calm Before the Storm: A Glimpse into the Secondary Metabolism of Aspergillus welwitschiae, the Etiologic Agent of the Sisal Bole Rot. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110631. [PMID: 31671681 PMCID: PMC6891411 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus welwitschiae is a species of the Nigri section of the genus Aspergillus. In nature, it is usually a saprotroph, decomposing plant material. However, it causes the bole rot disease of Agave sisalana (sisal), a plant species used for the extraction of hard natural fibers, causing great economic loss to this culture. In this study, we isolated and sequenced one genome of A. welwitschiae (isolate CCMB 674 (Collection of Cultures of Microorganisms of Bahia)) from the stem tissues of sisal and performed in silico and wet lab experimental strategies to describe its ability to produce mycotoxins. CCMB 674 possesses 64 secondary metabolite gene clusters (SMGCs) and, under normal conditions, it produces secondary metabolism compounds that could disturb the cellular cycle of sisal or induce abnormalities in plant growth, such as malformin C. This isolate also produces a pigment that might explain the characteristic red color of the affected tissues. Additionally, this isolate is defective for the production of fumonisin B1, and, despite bearing the full cluster for the synthesis of this compound, it did not produce ochratoxin A. Altogether, these results provide new information on possible strategies used by the fungi during the sisal bole rot, helping to better understand this disease and how to control it.
Collapse
|
16
|
Gil-Serna J, García-Díaz M, Vázquez C, González-Jaén MT, Patiño B. Significance of Aspergillus niger aggregate species as contaminants of food products in Spain regarding their occurrence and their ability to produce mycotoxins. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:240-248. [PMID: 31027779 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger aggregate contains 15 morphologically indistinguishable species which presence is related to ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) contamination of foodstuffs. The taxonomy of this group was recently reevaluated and there is a need of new studies regarding the risk that these species might pose to food security. 258 isolates of A. niger aggregate obtained from a variety of products from Spain were classified by molecular methods being A. tubingensis the most frequently occurring (67.5%) followed by A. welwitschiae (19.4%) and A. niger (11.7%). Their potential ability to produce mycotoxins was evaluated by PCR protocols which allow a rapid detection of OTA and FB2 biosynthetic genes in their genomes. OTA production is not widespread in A. niger aggregate since only 17% of A. niger and 6% of A. welwitschiae isolates presented the complete biosynthetic cluster whereas the lack of the cluster was confirmed in all A. tubingensis isolates. On the other hand, A. niger and A. welwitschiae seem to be important FB2 producers with 97% and 29% of the isolates, respectively, presenting the complete cluster. The genes involved in OTA and FB2 were overexpressed in producing isolates and their expression was related to mycotoxin synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gil-Serna
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa González-Jaén
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid. Jose Antonio Nováis 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jakšić D, Kocsubé S, Bencsik O, Kecskeméti A, Szekeres A, Jelić D, Kopjar N, Vágvölgyi C, Varga J, Šegvić Klarić M. Fumonisin production and toxic capacity in airborne black Aspergilli. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
18
|
Duarte EAA, Damasceno CL, de Oliveira TAS, Barbosa LDO, Martins FM, de Queiroz Silva JR, de Lima TEF, da Silva RM, Kato RB, Bortolini DE, Azevedo V, Góes-Neto A, Soares ACF. Putting the Mess in Order: Aspergillus welwitschiae (and Not A. niger) Is the Etiological Agent of Sisal Bole Rot Disease in Brazil. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1227. [PMID: 29942289 PMCID: PMC6004399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 75% of the worldwide production of hard natural fibers originates from sisal, an industrial crop from arid and semiarid tropical regions. Brazil is the world's largest producer of sisal fiber, accounting for more than 40% of the worldwide production, and sisal bole rot disease has been the main phytosanitary problem of this crop. All previous studies reporting Aspergillus niger as the causal agent of the disease were based on the morphological features of fungal isolates from infected plant tissues in pure cultures. Black aspergilli are one of the most complex and difficult groups to classify and identify. Therefore, we performed an integrative analysis of this disease based on the isolation of black aspergilli from the endospheres and soils in the root zones of symptomatic adult plants, in vivo pathogenicity tests, histopathology of symptomatic plants, and molecular phylogeny and worldwide genetic variability of the causal agent. All sisal isolates were pathogenic and unequivocally produced symptoms of bole rot disease in healthy plants. In all tree-based phylogenetic methods used, a monophyletic group formed by A. welwitschiae along with all sisal isolates was retrieved. Ten A. welwitschiae haplotypes have been identified in the world, and three occur in the largest sisal-producing area. Most of the isolates are from a unique haplotype, present in only the sisal-producing region. A. welwitschiae destroyed parenchymatic and vascular cylinder cells and induced the necrosis of internal stem tissues. Therefore, sisal bole disease is probably the consequence of a saprotrophic fungus that opportunistically invades sisal plants and behaves as a typical necrotrophic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A A Duarte
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Caroline L Damasceno
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology (PPGBiotec), State University of Feira of Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Thiago A S de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira of Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Oliveira Barbosa
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Fabiano M Martins
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Jurema Rosa de Queiroz Silva
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Thais E F de Lima
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Rafael M da Silva
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Dener E Bortolini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C F Soares
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
von Hertwig AM, Sant'Ana AS, Sartori D, da Silva JJ, Nascimento MS, Iamanaka BT, Pelegrinelli Fungaro MH, Taniwaki MH. Real-time PCR-based method for rapid detection of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus welwitschiae isolated from coffee. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 148:87-92. [PMID: 29580982 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some species from Aspergillus section Nigri are morphologically very similar and altogether have been called A. niger aggregate. Although the species included in this group are morphologically very similar, they differ in their ability to produce mycotoxins and other metabolites and their taxonomical status has evolved continuously. Among them, A. niger and A. welwitschiae are ochratoxin A and fumonisin B2 producers and their detection and/or identification is of crucial importance for food safety. The aim of this study was the development of a real-time PCR-based method for simultaneous discrimination of A. niger and A. welwitschiae from other species of the A. niger aggregate isolated from coffee beans. One primer pair and a hybridization probe specific for detection of A. niger and A. welwitschiae strains were designed based on the BenA gene sequences, and used in a Real-time PCR assay for the rapid discrimination between both these species from all others of the A. niger aggregate. The Real-time PCR assay was shown to be 100% efficient in discriminating the 73 isolates of A. niger/A. welwitschiae from the other A. niger aggregate species analyzed as a negative control. This result testifies to the use of this technique as a good tool in the rapid detection of these important toxigenic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Morgan von Hertwig
- Food Technology Institute - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maristela S Nascimento
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Braun MS, Wink M. Exposure, Occurrence, and Chemistry of Fumonisins and their Cryptic Derivatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:769-791. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Santhosh Braun
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferranti LDS, Fungaro MHP, Massi FP, Silva JJD, Penha RES, Frisvad JC, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Diversity of Aspergillus section Nigri on the surface of Vitis labrusca and its hybrid grapes. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Ferranti LS, Correa B, Fungaro MHP, Iamanaka BT, Massi FP, Phippen CBW, Frisvad JC, Taniwaki MH. Occurrence and fumonisin B2 producing potential of Aspergillus section Nigri in Brazil nuts. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:49-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
23
|
Susca A, Proctor RH, Morelli M, Haidukowski M, Gallo A, Logrieco AF, Moretti A. Variation in Fumonisin and Ochratoxin Production Associated with Differences in Biosynthetic Gene Content in Aspergillus niger and A. welwitschiae Isolates from Multiple Crop and Geographic Origins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1412. [PMID: 27667988 PMCID: PMC5016791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungi Aspergillus niger and A. welwitschiae are morphologically indistinguishable species used for industrial fermentation and for food and beverage production. The fungi also occur widely on food crops. Concerns about their safety have arisen with the discovery that some isolates of both species produce fumonisin (FB) and ochratoxin A (OTA) mycotoxins. Here, we examined FB and OTA production as well as the presence of genes responsible for synthesis of the mycotoxins in a collection of 92 A. niger/A. welwitschiae isolates from multiple crop and geographic origins. The results indicate that (i) isolates of both species differed in ability to produce the mycotoxins; (ii) FB-nonproducing isolates of A. niger had an intact fumonisin biosynthetic gene (fum) cluster; (iii) FB-nonproducing isolates of A. welwitschiae exhibited multiple patterns of fum gene deletion; and (iv) OTA-nonproducing isolates of both species lacked the ochratoxin A biosynthetic gene (ota) cluster. Analysis of genome sequence data revealed a single pattern of ota gene deletion in the two species. Phylogenetic analysis suggest that the simplest explanation for this is that ota cluster deletion occurred in a common ancestor of A. niger and A. welwitschiae, and subsequently both the intact and deleted cluster were retained as alternate alleles during divergence of the ancestor into descendent species. Finally, comparison of results from this and previous studies indicate that a majority of A. niger isolates and a minority of A. welwitschiae isolates can produce FBs, whereas, a minority of isolates of both species produce OTA. The comparison also suggested that the relative abundance of each species and frequency of FB/OTA-producing isolates can vary with crop and/or geographic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Massimiliano Morelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, UOS Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Massi FP, Sartori D, de Souza Ferranti L, Iamanaka BT, Taniwaki MH, Vieira MLC, Fungaro MHP. Prospecting for the incidence of genes involved in ochratoxin and fumonisin biosynthesis in Brazilian strains of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus welwitschiae. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 221:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Qi TF, Renaud JB, McDowell T, Seifert KA, Yeung KKC, Sumarah MW. Diversity of Mycotoxin-Producing Black Aspergilli in Canadian Vineyards. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1583-1589. [PMID: 26837797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several Aspergillus species produce ochratoxin A (OTA) and/or fumonisins on wine and table grapes. The relevant species and their mycotoxins have been investigated in a number of wine-producing regions around the world; however, similar data have not been reported for Canadian vineyards. A multiyear survey of black Aspergilli in Niagara, ON, vineyards was conducted to determine the diversity of species present and to assess the risk of OTA and fumonisin contamination of wine grapes from this region. From 2012 to 2014, 253 black Aspergilli were isolated from soil samples and the fruits of 10 varieties of grapes. The isolates were identified by DNA sequencing: Aspergillus welwitschiae (43%), Aspergillus uvarum (32%), Aspergillus brasiliensis (11%), Aspergillus tubingensis (9%), and Aspergillus niger (4%). Aspergillus carbonarius, the primary OTA producer on grapes in other parts of the world, was isolated only once, and this is the first report for it in Canada. All 10 A. niger strains produced fumonisins, but, in contrast, only 26% of the 109 A. welwitschiae isolates were producers, and no strains of either species produced OTA. Grape samples were analyzed for OTA and fumonisins from sites where strains with mycotoxigenic potential were isolated. Fumonisin B2 (FB2) was detected in 7 of 22 (32%) of these grape samples in the 1-15 ppb range, but no OTA was detected. Additionally, the recently reported nonaminated fumonisins were detected in 3 of 22 grape samples. These results suggest that fumonisin-producing Aspergilli can occur in Ontario vineyards but, at present, the risk of contamination of grapes appears low. The risk of OTA contamination in Niagara wine is also low because of the low prevalence of A. carbonarius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu F Qi
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Ken K-C Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|