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Gradovska S, Šteingolde Ž, Ķibilds J, Meistere I, Avsejenko J, Streikiša M, Alksne L, Terentjeva M, Bērziņš A. Genetic diversity and known virulence genes in Listeria innocua strains isolated from cattle abortions and farm environment. Vet Anim Sci 2022; 19:100276. [PMID: 36545353 PMCID: PMC9762182 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2022.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria innocua is considered as non-pathogenic bacteria living in an environment although several cases of immunocompromised humans and ruminant listeriosis infections have been reported. Previously, L. innocua was identified as a potential pathogen and virulence in association with L. monocytogenes PrfA dependent virulence (LIPI-1) gene cluster was demonstrated in hemolytic L. innocua. L. innocua usually considered non-pathogenic versus pathogenic L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii because of the main virulence gene loss. There are limited studies and reports available about L. innocua-caused illness in cattle. A total of 18 STs were identified in cattle abortions while 17 STs in the farm environment with majority of STs were present in both abortions and environmental samples. Genome sequencing showed that in one farm identical L. innocua clones were represented in water, feed, soil, and faeces sample groups, suggesting that animals most likely through the faecal shedding may remain as the main source of L. innocua in a farm environment. Out of all L. innocua isolates PrfA-dependent virulence genes were not found in aborted foetuses isolates and environmental L. innocua isolate groups; however, in 20% of isolates a complete LIPI-3 pathogenicity island encoding listeriolysin S was identified. In this study, we demonstrated that genetically diverse L. innocua clones were widely distributed in cattle farm environment and certain isolates had a significant pathogenicity potential for cattle, thus causing adverse health effects, including abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Gradovska
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa,Corresponding author.
| | - Žanete Šteingolde
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa,Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Juris Ķibilds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa
| | - Irēna Meistere
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa
| | - Jeļena Avsejenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa
| | - Madara Streikiša
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa
| | - Laura Alksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa
| | - Aivars Bērziņš
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Lejupes Str 3, Riga Latvia, Lativa,Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
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Diriba K, Awulachew E, Diribsa K. The prevalence of Listeria species in different food items of animal and plant origin in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:60. [PMID: 34167579 PMCID: PMC8223351 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Listeriosis is one of the important emerging zoonotic disease affecting human health following the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin. It results in serious clinical complications in humans with a high case facility rate. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of Listeria species in Ethiopia. Methods A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library. All identified observational studies reporting the prevalence of Listeria species in different food items of animal and plant origin in Ethiopia were included. Three authors independently extracted data and analyzed them using STATA Version 13 statistical software. A random effects model was computed to estimate the pooled prevalence of Listeria species in Ethiopia. Results After reviewing 122 studies, five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The findings from the five studies revealed that the pooled prevalence of Listeria species in different food items of animal and plant origin in Ethiopia was 27% (95% CI 25, 29). The highest prevalence of Listeria species was reported in beef meat followed by ice cream with prevalence rates of 62% (95% CI 50, 75) and 43% (95% CI 33, 53), respectively. Conclusion The presence of Listeria species in different food items of animal and plant origin in Ethiopia is an indicator of the presence of public health hazards to the consumer, particularly to the high-risk groups. Hence, awareness creation on food safety and implementation of regulations is strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuma Diriba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health Science and Medical College, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.
| | - Ephrem Awulachew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health Science and Medical College, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Kuma Diribsa
- Department of Biology, Educational College, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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Lin CH, Adams PJ, Huang JF, Sun YF, Lin JH, Robertson ID. Contamination of chicken carcasses and the abattoir environment with Listeria monocytogenes in Taiwan. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:701-709. [PMID: 33970711 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1927984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The following study provides the first data on the detection and types of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from broiler chickens during processing and from six Taiwanese abattoir environments.2. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any cloacal (n = 120) or environmental (n = 256) samples collected before and during processing, indicating that faecal material and the environment of abattoirs were not important sources of L. monocytogenes for poultry carcases. However, 28 of 246 (11.4%; 95% CI: 7.7-16.0) rinse samples collected from carcases post-evisceration from three abattoirs were positive for L. monocytogenes.3. The only serotypes detected were 1/2a (82.1%; 95% CI: 63.1-93.9) and 1/2b (14.3%; 95% CI: 4.0-32.7), with 3.6% (95% CI: 0.1-18.3) non-typable isolates.4. Characterisation by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) identified five PFGE types, confirming cross-contamination with L. monocytogenes during evisceration, chilling and post-chilling.5. These findings highlight the potential for cross-contamination to occur through direct contact between carcases, especially whilst in chilling tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - P J Adams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Australia
| | - J-F Huang
- Animal Technology Research Centre, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Y-F Sun
- Animal Technology Research Centre, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - J-H Lin
- Animal Technology Research Centre, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - I D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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Iannetti L, Schirone M, Neri D, Visciano P, Acciari VA, Centorotola G, Mangieri MS, Torresi M, Santarelli GA, Di Marzio V, Marfoglia C, Migliorati G, Pomilio F. Listeria monocytogenes in poultry: Detection and strain characterization along an integrated production chain in Italy. Food Microbiol 2020; 91:103533. [PMID: 32539961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, thirteen batches of broiler chicken from an integrated Italian poultry company were investigated for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes. The prevalence was evaluated in faeces samples at farm level and after transport, caecal contents and carcass neck skin from 2 slaughterhouses (M1 and M2), for a total of 2080 samples, throughout a 27-month period. No positive results were recorded in faeces, while the overall prevalence of contamination in carcass neck skin was 26.7%. Then, 123 isolates out of 139 positive skin samples, with the prevalent serotypes 4b (76%) and 1/2b (94%) from slaughterhouses M1 and M2 respectively, were PFGE characterized, showing the presence of 18 different pulsotypes and 8 genetic clusters. The same pulsotypes were found in carcasses from different farms, but slaughtered in the same abattoir, highlighting the environmental origin of contamination. The persistence of the pathogen over long time seemed to be very likely, considering that undistinguishable pulsotypes were found in carcasses slaughtered in the same slaughterhouse after periods up to 18 months long. The implementation of cleaning and sanitation at slaughterhouse level could represent the main factor for the control of such pathogen in the poultry meat processing line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Iannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Schirone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Diana Neri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Pierina Visciano
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Vicdalia Aniela Acciari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Centorotola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Mangieri
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via R. Balzarini, 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marina Torresi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gino Angelo Santarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Violeta Di Marzio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Cristina Marfoglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giacomo Migliorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesco Pomilio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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Viana C, Soares VM, Pereira JG, Tadielo LE, Nero LA, Paes de Almeida Nogueira Pinto J, Bersot LDS. Effect of a water spray system on the presence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on conveyor belts in chicken slaughterhouses. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Coban A, Pennone V, Sudagidan M, Molva C, Jordan K, Aydin A. Prevalence, virulence characterization, and genetic relatedness of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from chicken retail points and poultry slaughterhouses in Turkey. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:1063-1073. [PMID: 31478167 PMCID: PMC6863211 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and is a causal agent of listeriosis in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, serogroups, antibiotic susceptibility, virulence factor genes, and genetic relatedness of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from 500 poultry samples in Turkey. The isolation sources of 103 L. monocytogenes strains were retail markets (n = 100) and slaughterhouses (n = 3). L. monocytogenes strains were identified as serogroups 1/2a-3a (75.7%, lineage I), 1/2c-3c (14.56%, lineage I), 1/2b-3b-7 (5.82%, lineage II), 4a-4c (2.91%, lineage III), and 4b-4d-4e (0.97%, lineage III). Most of the L. monocytogenes strains (93.2%) were susceptible to the antibiotics tested. PCR analysis indicated that the majority of the strains (95% to 100%) contained most of the virulence genes (hylA, plcA, plcB, prfA, mpl, actA, dltA, fri, flaA inlA, inlC, and inlJ). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) demonstrated that there were 18 pulsotypes grouped at a similarity of > 90% among the strains. These results indicate that it is necessary to prevent the presence of L. monocytogenes in the poultry-processing environments to help prevent outbreaks of listeriosis and protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysen Coban
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vincenzo Pennone
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Mert Sudagidan
- KIT-ARGEM R&D Center, Konya Food and Agriculture University, Meram, Konya, Turkey
| | - Celenk Molva
- Department of Food Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kieran Jordan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Ali Aydin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lezzoum-Atek S, Bouayad L, Hamdi TM. Influence of some parameters on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli to form biofilms. Vet World 2019; 12:459-465. [PMID: 31089318 PMCID: PMC6487244 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.459-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was conducted to evaluate the capacity of Listeria monocytogenes (L.m), Listeria innocua (L.i), and Escherichia coli to form biofilms on polystyrene support under different parameters by performing crystal violet (CV) staining technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different suspensions were prepared with single strains and with multiple combinations of strains including two serogroups of L.m (IIa and IIb), L.i, and E. coli strains at different microbial load. Selected strains and combinations were grown in biofilms for 6 days attached to polystyrene microplates under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. The evaluation of the power of adhesion and biofilm formation was determined by CV staining followed by the measurement of optical density at 24 h, 72 h, and 6 days incubation time with and without renewal of the culture medium. RESULTS All the strains tested, presented more or less adhesion power depending on the variation of the studied parameters as well as the ability to form multispecies biofilms. Their development is more important by renewing the culture medium and increasing the initial load of bacteria. The ability to adhere and form biofilms differs from one serogroup to another within the same species. In bacterial combination, strains and species of bacteria adopt different behaviors. CONCLUSION The ability to form biofilms is a key factor in the persistence of tested strains in the environment. Our study showed that L.m, L.i, and E. coli could adhere to polystyrene and form biofilms under different conditions. More researches are necessary to understand the mechanisms of biofilm formation and the influence of different parameters in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lezzoum-Atek
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, Algeria
| | - Leila Bouayad
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
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Vilchis-Rangel RE, Espinoza-Mellado MDR, Salinas-Jaramillo IJ, Martinez-Peña MD, Rodas-Suárez OR. Association of Listeria monocytogenes LIPI-1 and LIPI-3 marker llsX with invasiveness. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:637-643. [PMID: 30888475 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that is widely distributed in the environment. The evolution of its genome has exhibited differences in virulence among strains of the same species. Listeria monocytogenes LIPI-3 (Listeria Pathogenicity Island 3) and LIPI-1 (Listeria Pathogenicity Island 1) are considered responsible for the increased virulence in some strains. The aim of this study was to detect LIPI-1 genes and the llsX gene belonging to LIPI-3 in invasive strains of L. monocytogenes and to establish whether there is a relationship among the invasiveness, presence of the llsX and LIPI-1 genes, and the source of the strains. The results showed that 70% of the strains were invasive, and all these strains except one possessed LIPI-1, which suggests that although there is a correlation between LIPI-1 and invasiveness, the independent mechanisms of LIPI-1 may contribute to invasiveness. In contrast, 35% of the total strains were positive for llsX and were invasive; thus, the results revealed that there is a strong association between llsX and the invasiveness of L. monocytogenes in HEp-2 cells (HeLa contaminant/epithelial in origin). In addition, there is no other association with any other variable in this study. Moreover, the authors found that LIPI-1 and llsX are more frequently found in fresh than in frozen vegetables. Together, the findings provide an approximation for the better understanding of Listeriolysin S (LLS) and its role in the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes, and a possible relation between virulence factors and food-storage temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Erik Vilchis-Rangel
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Médica, Depto. Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - María Del Rosario Espinoza-Mellado
- Depto. Investigación, Central de Instrumentación de Microscopia, ENCB-IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Irving Jesús Salinas-Jaramillo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología General, Depto. Microbiología, ENCB-IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Marcos Daniel Martinez-Peña
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos (CNRG), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Rancho las Cruces, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar Rodolfo Rodas-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología General, Depto. Microbiología, ENCB-IPN, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala, 11340, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
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Du XJ, Zhang X, Wang XY, Su YL, Li P, Wang S. Isolation and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Chinese food obtained from the central area of China. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Rothrock M, Locatelli A, Glenn T, Thomas J, Caudill A, Kiepper B, Hiett K. Assessing the microbiomes of scalder and chiller tank waters throughout a typical commercial poultry processing day. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2372-82. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Orsi RH, Wiedmann M. Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5273-87. [PMID: 27129530 PMCID: PMC4875933 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genus Listeria is currently comprised of 17 species, including 9 Listeria species newly described since 2009. Genomic and phenotypic data clearly define a distinct group of six species (Listeria sensu strictu) that share common phenotypic characteristics (e.g., ability to grow at low temperature, flagellar motility); this group includes the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. The other 11 species (Listeria sensu lato) represent three distinct monophyletic groups, which may warrant recognition as separate genera. These three proposed genera do not contain pathogens, are non-motile (except for Listeria grayi), are able to reduce nitrate (except for Listeria floridensis), and are negative for the Voges-Proskauer test (except for L. grayi). Unlike all other Listeria species, species in the proposed new genus Mesolisteria are not able to grow below 7 °C. While most new Listeria species have only been identified in a few countries, the availability of molecular tools for rapid characterization of putative Listeria isolates will likely lead to future identification of isolates representing these new species from different sources. Identification of Listeria sensu lato isolates has not only allowed for a better understanding of the evolution of Listeria and virulence characteristics in Listeria but also has practical implications as detection of Listeria species is often used by the food industry as a marker to detect conditions that allow for presence, growth, and persistence of L. monocytogenes. This review will provide a comprehensive critical summary of our current understanding of the characteristics and distribution of the new Listeria species with a focus on Listeria sensu lato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato H Orsi
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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