1
|
Lobo RR, Watson M, Vinyard JR, Johnson ML, Bahmam A, Ma SW, Dagaew G, Sumadong P, Sarmikasoglou E, Grilli E, Arce-Cordero JA, Faciola AP. In vitro evaluation of microencapsulated organic acids and pure botanicals as a supplement in lactating dairy cows diet on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad099. [PMID: 37701126 PMCID: PMC10494880 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of microencapsulated organic acids and pure botanicals (mOAPB) is widely used in the monogastric livestock industry as an alternative to antibiotics; in addition, it can have gut immunomodulatory functions. More recently, an interest in applying those compounds in the ruminant industry has increased; thus, we evaluated the effects of mOAPB on ruminal fermentation kinetics and metabolite production in an in vitro dual-flow continuous-culture system. For this study, two ruminal cannulated lactating dairy Holstein cows were used as ruminal content donors, and the inoculum was incubated in eight fermenters arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The basal diet was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of a 680-kg Holstein dairy cow producing 45 kg/d of milk and supplemented with increasing levels of mOAPB (0; 0.12; 0.24; or 0.36% of dry matter [DM]), which contained 55.6% hydrogenated and refined palm oil, 25% citric acid, 16.7% sorbic acid, 1.7% thymol, and 1% vanillin. Diet had 16.1 CP, 30.9 neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 32.0 starch, % of DM basis, and fermenters were fed 106 g/d split into two feedings. After a 7 d adaptation, samples were collected for 3 d in each period. Samples of the ruminal content from the fermenters were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h postmorning feeding for evaluation of the ruminal fermentation kinetics. For the evaluation of the daily production of total metabolites and for the evaluation of nutrient degradability, samples from the effluent containers were collected daily at days 8 to 10. The statistical analysis was conducted using MIXED procedure of SAS and treatment, time, and its interactions were considered as fixed effects and day, Latin square, and fermenter as random effects. To depict the treatment effects, orthogonal contrasts were used (linear and quadratic). The supplementation of mOAPB had no major effects on the ruminal fermentation, metabolite production, and degradability of nutrients. The lack of statistical differences between control and supplemented fermenters indicates effective ruminal protection and minor ruminal effects of the active compounds. This could be attributed to the range of daily variation of pH, which ranged from 5.98 to 6.45. The pH can play a major role in the solubilization of lipid coat. It can be concluded that mOAPB did not affect the ruminal fermentation, metabolite production, and degradability of dietary nutrients using an in vitro rumen simulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Michael Watson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - James R Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Mikayla L Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Aneesa Bahmam
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Szu-Wei Ma
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Gamonmas Dagaew
- Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Phussorn Sumadong
- Department of Animal Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Ester Grilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40064, Italy
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia 42124, Italy
| | - Jose A Arce-Cordero
- Escuela de Zootecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Antonio P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stingelin GM, Scherer RS, Machado AC, Piva A, Grilli E, Penha Filho RC. The use of thymol, carvacrol and sorbic acid in microencapsules to control Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Minnesota and S. Typhimurium in broilers. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1046395. [PMID: 36686174 PMCID: PMC9846790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The control of Salmonella spp. in poultry involves different biosecurity actions and lately has been complicated by the emergence of multidrug resistant serovars. The application of organic acids and essential oils has been used with different approaches due to the antibacterial properties as food preservatives. The use of these molecules in animal feed to control enteric pathogens is a major interest within the poultry industry. Methods The use of a blend containing nature-identical compounds of sorbic acid (25%), thymol (9.5%) and carvacrol (2.5%) microencapsulated in a lipid matrix, was investigated in the present work, for the control of three Salmonella serovars (S. ser. Typhimurium, S. ser. Heidelberg and S. ser. Minnesota). Commercial broilers were challenged at 3 or at 33 days of age. Groups SH-1, SM-1 and ST-1, received treatment in the feed, at 2 kg/ton from 1-21 days of age and at 1 kg/ton from 35-42 days of age (last week), while groups SH-2, SM-2 and ST-2, were treated only during the last week receiving 2 kg/ton. Each treated group had an untreated control group, that was challenged at the same moment with the respective serovar (groups PCH, PCM and PCT). The challenge strains were enumerated in liver and cecal contents, weekly after challenge, at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days-of-age. Results and discussion Significant reduction was noticed at 7 and 14 days of age in all groups that received treatment during the initial phase (p < 0.05). Moreover, the body weight was significantly higher at the last experimental day (p < 0.05) in chickens that received treatment at the initial and at the final growth stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy,DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ester Grilli
- Vetagro S.p.A., Reggio Emilia, Italy,DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rafael Casarin Penha Filho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil,*Correspondence: Rafael Casarin Penha Filho
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
García Beltrán JM, Esteban MÁ. Nature-identical compounds as feed additives in aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:409-416. [PMID: 35331881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture sustainable development is necessary since it is categorized as the most important source of aquatic products for human consumption and it is expected to keep growing shortly. For this reason, the addition of natural immunostimulants to fish diet to improve fish health and to preserve the environment have great importance in aquaculture. In this sense, new biotechnological tools as nature-identical compounds are now being used as feed additives to strengthen and stimulate the fish immune system to prevent and/or control diseases due to their lesser cost and higher availability than plant compounds. This review aims to present the most recent studies in which nature-identical compounds have been used in the fish diet to establish their possible use in aquaculture. Nature-identical compounds can be considered a promising alternative to be added to fish diets to promote growth performance, manipulate the gut microbiota, and improve the immune and oxidative status of fish as wells as control bacterial infections in this important aquatic industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José María García Beltrán
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Pre-Harvest Meat Safety Interventions in Pig Herds to Control Salmonella and Other Foodborne Pathogens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091825. [PMID: 34576721 PMCID: PMC8466550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of pre-harvest interventions to control the main foodborne pathogens in pork in the European Union. A total of 1180 studies were retrieved from PubMed® and Web of Science for 15 pathogens identified as relevant in EFSA's scientific opinion on the public health hazards related to pork (2011). The study selection focused on controlled studies where a cause-effect could be attributed to the interventions tested, and their effectiveness could be inferred. Altogether, 52 studies published from 1983 to 2020 regarding Campylobacter spp., Clostridium perfringens, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium avium, and Salmonella spp. were retained and analysed. Research was mostly focused on Salmonella (n = 43 studies). In-feed and/or water treatments, and vaccination were the most tested interventions and were, overall, successful. However, the previously agreed criteria for this systematic review excluded other effective interventions to control Salmonella and other pathogens, like Yersinia enterocolitica, which is one of the most relevant biological hazards in pork. Examples of such successful interventions are the Specific Pathogen Free herd principle, stamping out and repopulating with disease-free animals. Research on other pathogens (i.e., Hepatitis E, Trichinella spiralis and Toxoplasma gondii) was scarce, with publications focusing on epidemiology, risk factors and/or observational studies. Overall, high herd health coupled with good management and biosecurity were effective to control or prevent most foodborne pathogens in pork at the pre-harvest level.
Collapse
|
5
|
Giovagnoni G, Rossi B, Tugnoli B, Ghiselli F, Bonetti A, Piva A, Grilli E. Thymol and Carvacrol Downregulate the Expression of Salmonella typhimurium Virulence Genes during an In Vitro Infection on Caco-2 Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060862. [PMID: 32517327 PMCID: PMC7355688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium is one of the major bacteria responsible for gastroenteritis in humans caused by foodborne pathogens. As pork is one of the main routes of transmission, bioactive compounds used as feed additives may be an important strategy to control Salmonella typhimurium. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of several organic acids and nature identical compounds against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC®® 6994™. Moreover, the effect of sub-lethal concentrations of thymol and carvacrol in counteracting a Salmonella typhimurium in vitro infection on Caco-2 cells was evaluated, focusing on the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and the alteration of Salmonella virulence genes. The results showed a protective effect of the compounds on the integrity of the intestinal monolayer, improving transepithelial electrical resistance and bacterial translocation compared to the non-treated cells. A real-time PCR study highlighted a significant downregulation of the main virulence genes of Salmonella (hilA, prgH, invA, sipA, sipC, sipD, sopB, sopE2). These findings indicate that thymol and carvacrol could be good candidates for the control of Salmonella typhimurium in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giovagnoni
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Benedetta Tugnoli
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Federico Ghiselli
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Bonetti
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Piva
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Vetagro S.p.A., via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (B.R.); (B.T.)
| | - Ester Grilli
- DIMEVET, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy; (G.G.); (F.G.); (A.B.); (A.P.)
- Vetagro Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Single components of botanicals and nature-identical compounds as a non-antibiotic strategy to ameliorate health status and improve performance in poultry and pigs. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:218-234. [PMID: 32100670 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the current post-antibiotic era, botanicals represent one of the most employed nutritional strategies to sustain antibiotic-free and no-antibiotic-ever production. Botanicals can be classified either as plant extracts, meaning the direct products derived by extraction from the raw plant materials (essential oils (EO) and oleoresins (OR)), or as nature-identical compounds (NIC), such as the chemically synthesised counterparts of the pure bioactive compounds of EO/OR. In the literature, differences between the use of EO/OR or NIC are often unclear, so it is difficult to attribute certain effects to specific bioactive compounds. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of the effects exerted by botanicals on the health status and growth performance of poultry and pigs, focusing attention on those studies where only NIC were employed or those where the composition of the EO/OR was defined. In particular, phenolic compounds (apigenin, quercetin, curcumin and resveratrol), organosulfur compounds (allicin), terpenes (eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, capsaicin and artemisinin) and aldehydes (cinnamaldehyde and vanillin) were considered. These molecules have different properties such as antimicrobial (including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal), anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, as well as the improvement of intestinal morphology and integrity of the intestinal mucosa. The use of NIC allows us to properly combine pure compounds, according to the target to achieve. Thus, they represent a promising non-antibiotic tool to allow better intestinal health and a general health status, thereby leading to improved growth performance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Tugnoli B, Giovagnoni G, Piva A, Grilli E. From Acidifiers to Intestinal Health Enhancers: How Organic Acids Can Improve Growth Efficiency of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010134. [PMID: 31947627 PMCID: PMC7022919 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic acids have been used successfully in pig production as a cost-effective performance-enhancing option and they continue to be the number one alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. The aim of this review is to provide the biological rationale behind organic acids use in pig production, focusing on their different effects along the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Organic acids are reviewed for their antimicrobial properties and for their classic use as acidifiers, with particular attention to pH modulation and microflora control. Additional beneficial effects on intestinal health and general metabolism are presented and we explain the advantage of microencapsulation as a tool to deliver organic acids along the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giulia Giovagnoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, DIMEVET-Università di Bologna-Via Tolara di sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (E.G.)
| | - Andrea Piva
- Vetagro S.p.A.-Via Porro 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, DIMEVET-Università di Bologna-Via Tolara di sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-209-7387
| | - Ester Grilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, DIMEVET-Università di Bologna-Via Tolara di sopra, 50-40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (E.G.)
- Vetagro Inc., 116 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite #320, Chicago, IL 60604, USA
| |
Collapse
|