1
|
Yu J, Hong C, Yin L, Ping Q, Hu G. Antimicrobial activity of phenyllactic acid against Klebsiella pneumoniae and its effect on cell wall membrane and genomic DNA. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3245-3255. [PMID: 37728681 PMCID: PMC10689709 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) has acquired high levels of resistance to multiple antibiotics, it is considered a worldwide pathogen of concern, and substitutes for traditional antibiotics are urgently needed. 3-Phenyllactic acid (PLA) has been reported to have antimicrobial activity against food-borne bacteria. However, there was no experiment evidence for the exact antibacterial effect and mechanism of PLA kills pathogenic KP. In this study, the Oxford cup method indicated that PLA is effective to KP with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, PLA inhibited the growth and biofilm formation of in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In vivo, PLA could significantly increase the survival rate of infected mice and reduce the pathological tissue damage. The antibacterial mode of PLA against KP was further explored. Firstly, scanning electron microscopy illustrated the disruption of cellular ultrastructure caused by PLA. Secondly, measurement of leaked alkaline phosphatase demonstrated that PLA disrupted the cell wall integrity of KP and flow cytometry analysis with propidium iodide staining suggested that PLA damaged the cell membrane integrity. Finally, the results of fluorescence spectroscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that PLA bound to genomic DNA and initiated its degradation. The anti-KP mode of action of PLA was attributed to the destruction of the cell wall, membrane, and genomic DNA binding. These findings suggest that PLA has great potential applications as antibiotic substitutes in feed additives against KP infection in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Chunli Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Longfei Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Qingbo Ping
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Gaowei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Taizhou key Laboratory of Biomass Functional Materials Development and Application, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramamurthy T, Ghosh A, Chowdhury G, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dutta S, Miyoshi SI. Deciphering the genetic network and programmed regulation of antimicrobial resistance in bacterial pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:952491. [PMID: 36506027 PMCID: PMC9727169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.952491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is an important global health problem affecting humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is considered as one of the major components in the "global one health". Misuse/overuse of antibiotics in any one of the segments can impact the integrity of the others. In the presence of antibiotic selective pressure, bacteria tend to develop several defense mechanisms, which include structural changes of the bacterial outer membrane, enzymatic processes, gene upregulation, mutations, adaptive resistance, and biofilm formation. Several components of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play an important role in the dissemination of AMR. Each one of these components has a specific function that lasts long, irrespective of any antibiotic pressure. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), insertion sequence elements (ISs), and transposons carry the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) on different genetic backbones. Successful transfer of ARGs depends on the class of plasmids, regulons, ISs proximity, and type of recombination systems. Additionally, phage-bacterial networks play a major role in the transmission of ARGs, especially in bacteria from the environment and foods of animal origin. Several other functional attributes of bacteria also get successfully modified to acquire ARGs. These include efflux pumps, toxin-antitoxin systems, regulatory small RNAs, guanosine pentaphosphate signaling, quorum sensing, two-component system, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems. The metabolic and virulence state of bacteria is also associated with a range of genetic and phenotypic resistance mechanisms. In spite of the availability of a considerable information on AMR, the network associations between selection pressures and several of the components mentioned above are poorly understood. Understanding how a pathogen resists and regulates the ARGs in response to antimicrobials can help in controlling the development of resistance. Here, we provide an overview of the importance of genetic network and regulation of AMR in bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thandavarayan Ramamurthy
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India,*Correspondence: Thandavarayan Ramamurthy,
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Goutam Chowdhury
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Asish K. Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shin-inchi Miyoshi
- Collaborative Research Centre of Okayama University for Infectious Diseases at ICMR- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India,Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perera V, de Silva S, Jayatilleke K, de Silva N, Aydin A, Enne V, Corea E. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes, Virulence Genes, and Associated Mobile Genetic Elements of Eight Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolated from Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in Sri Lanka. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:882-892. [PMID: 35972764 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study describes the first isolation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae ST16, Escherichia coli ST131 (Esc), and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii ST93 (Enterobacter cloacae complex [ECC]) in Sri Lanka. Eight MDR strains of uropathogenic Enterobacterales isolated from hospital acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) were analyzed using genomic sequencing and comparative genomics. Isolates carried multiple carbapenemase, AmpC, and ESBL (extended-spectrum β-lactamase) genes. ECC manifested both blaNDM-4 and blaOXA-181. The K. pneumoniae strains harbored fimbrial genes that facilitate pathogenesis of UTI. Several extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli associated virulence genes were identified in Esc. The efflux pump gene, acrA, and the T6SS gene cluster were detected in ECC. Many antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes were identified associated with mobile genetic elements. ISEcp1 flanked upstream of blaCTX-M-15. The carbapenemase genes were carried on ColKP3 plasmids and were associated with ISEcp1. In Esc, the AMR gene blaTEM-1B and virulence gene traT were found on an IncF plasmid replicon. In K. pneumoniae the AMR genes sul1 and tetB present on IncR plasmid replicons and were associated with the insertion sequence IS6100. In Kp5, blaLAP-2 and qnrS1 coexisted and were flanked by ISEcl. AMR gene clusters, conferring resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, flanked by mobile elements were identified in seven isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vindya Perera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka
| | - Sara de Silva
- Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nelun de Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Ratnapura, Sri Lanka.,Neville Fernando Teaching Hospital, Malabe, Sri Lanka
| | - Alp Aydin
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virve Enne
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enoka Corea
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu G, Chen X, Chu W, Ma Z, Miao Y, Luo X, Fu Y. Immunogenic characteristics of the outer membrane phosphoporin as a vaccine candidate against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Vet Res 2022; 53:5. [PMID: 35063026 PMCID: PMC8781355 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) has caused disease outbreaks in different animals, resulting in serious economic losses and biosafety concerns. Considering the broad antibiotic resistance of KP, vaccines are the most effective tools against infection. However, there is still no KP vaccine available in the veterinary field. Our results indicate that the highly conserved outer membrane phosphoporin (PhoE) of KP is immunogenic in mice and elicits high titers of antibodies that were shown to be specific for PhoE by immunoblotting. Immunization with PhoE also induced robust cell-mediated immunity and elicited the secretion of high levels of IFN-γ and IL-4, suggesting the induction of mixed Th1 and Th2 responses. Sera from PhoE-immunized mice induced significantly higher complement-mediated lysis of KP cells than did sera from the PBS control mice. Finally, mice immunized with PhoE were significantly protected against KP challenge, with better survival and a reduced visceral bacterial load. Our data underscore the great potential of PhoE as a novel candidate antigen for a vaccine against KP infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaowei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhui Chu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjie Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongqian Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomass Resources, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Duijkeren E, Schwarz C, Bouchard D, Catry B, Pomba C, Baptiste KE, Moreno MA, Rantala M, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Teale C, Wester AL, Ignate K, Kunsagi Z, Jukes H. The use of aminoglycosides in animals within the EU: development of resistance in animals and possible impact on human and animal health: a review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:2480-2496. [PMID: 31002332 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are important antibacterial agents for the treatment of various infections in humans and animals. Following extensive use of AGs in humans, food-producing animals and companion animals, acquired resistance among human and animal pathogens and commensal bacteria has emerged. Acquired resistance occurs through several mechanisms, but enzymatic inactivation of AGs is the most common one. Resistance genes are often located on mobile genetic elements, facilitating their spread between different bacterial species and between animals and humans. AG resistance has been found in many different bacterial species, including those with zoonotic potential such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and livestock-associated MRSA. The highest risk is anticipated from transfer of resistant enterococci or coliforms (Escherichia coli) since infections with these pathogens in humans would potentially be treated with AGs. There is evidence that the use of AGs in human and veterinary medicine is associated with the increased prevalence of resistance. The same resistance genes have been found in isolates from humans and animals. Evaluation of risk factors indicates that the probability of transmission of AG resistance from animals to humans through transfer of zoonotic or commensal foodborne bacteria and/or their mobile genetic elements can be regarded as high, although there are no quantitative data on the actual contribution of animals to AG resistance in human pathogens. Responsible use of AGs is of great importance in order to safeguard their clinical efficacy for human and veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Schwarz
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Damien Bouchard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Safety, National Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products, Fougères, France
| | - Boudewijn Catry
- Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Constança Pomba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Miguel A Moreno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Merja Rantala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Pascal Sanders
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Fougères, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen Jukes
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang F, Deng B, Liao W, Wang P, Chen P, Wei J. High rate of multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from human and animal origin. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2729-2737. [PMID: 31564923 PMCID: PMC6731983 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s219155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main objectives of the present study were to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from different hosts and to investigate the possibility of K. pneumoniae transmission between animals and humans. Materials and methods A total of 189 nonduplicate K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from hospitals and four species of animals in Henan Province, China. The disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and resistance and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The molecular types were identified through multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and the hypermucoviscous (HMV) phenotype was identified using the “string-forming test”. Pearson’s parameters were used to determine the potential link among the molecular types and resistance and virulence genes of all K. pneumoniae strains. Results The resistance rates of the 189 K. pneumoniae isolates against 15 antibiotics ranged from 11.6% to 77.8%. The highest multidrug resistance rate was detected in the pig strains (93.6%), followed by the human strains (90.4%), chicken strains (88.9%), cow strains (52.0%) and sheep strains (50.0%). Forty-eight (25.4%) K. pneumoniae strains presented the HMV phenotype. entB, fimH-1 and mrkD were the most prevalent of the detected virulence genes, and magA and rmpA were the least prevalent genes in all the isolates. The MLST analysis revealed 24 unique sequence types (STs) among from the 189 isolates. ST11, ST235 and ST258 were common STs among the five isolates of host origin. ST258 exhibited significantly positive correlations with blaNDM, magA and the HMV phenotype and a negative correlation with qnrB. Conclusion K. pneumoniae strains from different hosts, including humans and animals, have common molecular types and similar phenotypes, and these strains can potentially be transmitted between humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoguo Deng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nayme K, Barguigua A, Diawara I, El Otmani F, Elmdaghri N, Zerouali K, Timinouni M. Occurrence of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:798-801. [PMID: 31441325 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1650163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the experiment was to determine the occurrence of genes encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) in Escherichia coli isolates recovered from chicken meat.2. Antibiotic sensitivity was tested using the disc diffusion test. AMEs and virulence profile were determined by PCR/sequencing.3. Out of 195 meat samples collected, 185 (95%) isolates were identified as E. coli. Disc diffusion showed a resistance value of 22% (n = 42) for at least one of the antibiotic aminoglycosides (AGs) tested (tobramycin, gentamycin, amikacin and kanamycin). PCR screening showed the presence of three classes of AMEs, namely, aac(3)-II (12%), aac(6')-Ib (7%) and aac(2')-Ia (5%). Eight of the 42 isolates were positive for the stx1 and sxt2 genes and were defined as Shiga toxin-producing E coli., while the eae gene was positive in one strain. Among the 42 isolates, group A was the predominant phylogenetic identified (76%), followed by group D (21%). One isolate belonged to subgroup B23.4. The results suggested that chicken meat could be an important reservoir of AMEs, and pose a potential risk by dissemination of resistance to humans through the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nayme
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - A Barguigua
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Développement Durable des Ressources Naturelles, Université Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - I Diawara
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Santé, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - F El Otmani
- Microbiology, Health and Environment Team, Department of Biology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - N Elmdaghri
- University Hospital Center, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - K Zerouali
- University Hospital Center, Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M Timinouni
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND GENOME ANALYSIS OF LUNG PATHOGENIC KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE (LPKP) IN FOREST MUSK DEER. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:1039-1048. [PMID: 29297821 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen commonly associated with opportunistic infections. In this study, lung pathogenic K. pneumoniae (LPKP) was isolated and identified from suppurative pneumoniae in forest musk deer by conventional methods and by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. Median lethal dose and histopathologic analysis were used to demonstrate pathogenicity of the organism in mice. Furthermore, a draft genome of LPKP was sequenced, and its virulence genes were detected. One hundred and twenty-two virulence genes encoded determinant of capsule polysaccharide (CPS), lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, outer membrane proteins, iron acquisition, and urease. In particular, 20 CPS-related genes were highly conserved in LPKP, K. pneumoniae U, K. pneumoniae NTUH-KP35, and K. pneumoniae KP-1. All of the strains were identified as capsular type K54. This is the first report of capsular type K54 K. pneumoniae causing suppurative pneumonia in an animal. The results of this study provided the basis for understanding the pathogenicity of LPKP and laid a foundation for the development of vaccines for the capsular type K54 K. pneumoniae disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
de Lagarde M, Larrieu C, Praud K, Schouler C, Doublet B, Sallé G, Fairbrother JM, Arsenault J. Prevalence, risk factors, and characterization of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase/AmpC β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in healthy horses in France in 2015. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:902-911. [PMID: 30648296 PMCID: PMC6430864 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in equine medicine, molecular and epidemiological data remains scarce. OBJECTIVES We estimated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, shedding of multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, and AmpC β-lactamase-producing, or some combination of these in Escherichia coli in horses in France. We characterized ESBL/AmpC isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence and ESBL/AmpC-associated resistance genes. ANIMALS Fecal samples from healthy adult horses at 41 premises were collected. A questionnaire was completed by each premises manager. A subset of these samples was tested to build 2 bacterial collections. METHODS Indicator (without enrichment) and specific (enrichment with ceftriaxone) E. coli tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Prevalence of isolates nonsusceptible to antimicrobials was estimated at the horse and the premises level. The ESBL/AmpC and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for MDR and ESBL/AmpC isolates at premises. RESULTS Approximately 44% of horses shed MDR E. coli. Resistance most commonly was observed to ampicillin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Twenty-nine percent of premises housed horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing isolates. The ESBL/AmpC gene most commonly identified was blaCTX-M-1 . Virulence gene iutA was identified in 1 ESBL/AmpC-producing isolate. Medical treatment, staff numbers, and activity were identified as risk factors for housing horses shedding ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli isolates. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Prevalence of healthy horses harboring ESBL/AmpC genes and MDR isolates in their intestinal microbiota is substantial. Risk factors could be used to elaborate guidelines to prevent their dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud de Lagarde
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Caroline Larrieu
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Karine Praud
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Catherine Schouler
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Benoît Doublet
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - Guillaume Sallé
- ISPInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université François Rabelais de ToursNouzillyFrance
| | - John M. Fairbrother
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversité de MontréalQuebecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli has become a worrying issue that is increasingly observed in human but also in veterinary medicine worldwide. E. coli is intrinsically susceptible to almost all clinically relevant antimicrobial agents, but this bacterial species has a great capacity to accumulate resistance genes, mostly through horizontal gene transfer. The most problematic mechanisms in E. coli correspond to the acquisition of genes coding for extended-spectrum β-lactamases (conferring resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins), carbapenemases (conferring resistance to carbapenems), 16S rRNA methylases (conferring pan-resistance to aminoglycosides), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes (conferring resistance to [fluoro]quinolones), and mcr genes (conferring resistance to polymyxins). Although the spread of carbapenemase genes has been mainly recognized in the human sector but poorly recognized in animals, colistin resistance in E. coli seems rather to be related to the use of colistin in veterinary medicine on a global scale. For the other resistance traits, their cross-transfer between the human and animal sectors still remains controversial even though genomic investigations indicate that extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers encountered in animals are distinct from those affecting humans. In addition, E. coli of animal origin often also show resistances to other-mostly older-antimicrobial agents, including tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, and fosfomycin. Plasmids, especially multiresistance plasmids, but also other mobile genetic elements, such as transposons and gene cassettes in class 1 and class 2 integrons, seem to play a major role in the dissemination of resistance genes. Of note, coselection and persistence of resistances to critically important antimicrobial agents in human medicine also occurs through the massive use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, such as tetracyclines or sulfonamides, as long as all those determinants are located on the same genetic elements.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zou W, Li C, Yang X, Wang Y, Cheng G, Zeng J, Zhang X, Chen Y, Cai R, Huang Q, Feng L, Wang H, Li D, Zhang G, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Frequency of antimicrobial resistance and integron gene cassettes in Escherichia coli isolated from giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in China. Microb Pathog 2018; 116:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Nordmann P, Mazé A, Culebras E, Dobias J, Jayol A, Poirel L. A culture medium for screening 16S rRNA methylase-producing pan-aminoglycoside resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 91:118-122. [PMID: 29496380 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The amikacin plus gentamicin-containing SuperAminoglycoside medium was developed for screening multiple-aminoglycoside resistance in Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii). It was evaluated using aminoglycoside-susceptible (n=12) and aminoglycoside-resistant (n=59) Gram-negative isolates, including 16S rRNA methylase producers (n=20). Its sensitivity and specificity of detection were, respectively, of 95% and 96% for detecting multiple aminoglycoside-resistant methylase producers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Nordmann
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA, IAME, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland; Institute for Microbiology, University of Lausanne and University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Mazé
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA, IAME, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Esther Culebras
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Dobias
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA, IAME, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Jayol
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA, IAME, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; INSERM European Unit (LEA, IAME, France), University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang X, Zou W, Zeng J, Xie S, An T, Luo X, Chen D, Feng L, Cheng G, Cai R, Huang Q, Wang H. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and integron gene cassettes in Escherichia coli isolated from yaks (Poephagus grunniens) in Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:274-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
14
|
Wang Y, Zhang A, Yang Y, Lei C, Jiang W, Liu B, Shi H, Kong L, Cheng G, Zhang X, Yang X, Wang H. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Indiana and California isolates with concurrent resistance to cefotaxime, amikacin and ciprofloxacin from chickens in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 262:23-30. [PMID: 28957726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella concerning the poultry industry in China. A total of 170 non-duplicate Salmonella isolates were recovered from the 1540 chicken samples. Among the Salmonella isolates from chickens, the predominant serovars were S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) (49/170, 28.8%), S. enterica serovar Indiana (S. Indiana) (37/170, 21.8%) and S. enterica serovar California (S. California) (34/170, 20.0%). High antimicrobial resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin (68.2%), amikacin (48.2%) and cefotaxime (44.7%). Of particular concerns were the 18 S. Indiana and 17 S. California isolates, which were concurrently resistant to cefotaxime, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. The blaCTX-M genes, 16S rRNA methylase genes (armA, rmtD or rmtC) and five plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants (aac(6')-Ib-cr, oqxAB, qnrB, qepA and qnrD) were identified in 18 S. Indiana and 17 S. California isolates. To clarify their genetic correlation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were further conducted. PFGE profiles showed that the majority of S. Indiana and S. California isolates were clonally unrelated with a standard cut-off of 85%. The results of MLST demonstrated that ST17 and ST40 were the most common ST types in S. Indiana and S. California isolates, respectively. Our findings indicated that the multiple antibiotic resistant S. Indiana and S. California isolates were widespread in chicken in China and might pose a potential threat to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Changwei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bihui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongping Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Linghan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guangyang Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiuzhong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongning Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China; "985 Project" Project Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Characterization of pHeBE7, an IncFII-type virulence-resistance plasmid carrying bla CTX-M-98b , bla TEM-1, and rmtB genes, detected in Escherichia coli from a chicken isolate in China. Plasmid 2017; 92:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
16
|
Xia J, Fang LX, Cheng K, Xu GH, Wang XR, Liao XP, Liu YH, Sun J. Clonal Spread of 16S rRNA Methyltransferase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST37 with High Prevalence of ESBLs from Companion Animals in China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:529. [PMID: 28446899 PMCID: PMC5389360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened 30 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from dogs and cats at a single animal hospital in Guangdong Province, China. Among them, 12 K. pneumoniae strains possessed high-level resistance to amikacin and gentamicin and these were screened for 16S rRNA methyltransferase (16S-RMTase) genes. And then the genes positive isolates were detected for ESBLs (extended spectrum β-lactamases) and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, PCR-based replicon typing and plasmid analysis. The genetic profiles of rmtB were also determined by PCR mapping. The twelve 16S-RMTase gene-positive isolates were rmtB (11/30) and armA (2/30) with one isolate carrying both genes. Extended spectrum β-lactamases genes were represented by blaCTX-M-55 (9/12), blaCTX-M-27 (2/12) and blaCTX-M-14 (1/12). The twelve 16S-RMTase containing strains were grouped into five clonal patterns and ST37 was the most prevalent sequence type. Ten rmtB-bearing plasmids conjugated successfully and all belonged to IncN and IncF (F33:A-:B-) incompatibility groups. Nine of the transconjugants carried a 97 kb plasmid and the other harbored both ∼60 and ∼200 kb plasmids. rmtB and blaCTX-M-55 were present on the same plasmid and indicated the co-transfer of these two genes, with the rmtB gene showing highly relevant relationships with IS26 and Tn3. Our findings suggested a high prevalence of 16S-RMTase genes in K. pneumonia ST37 from dogs and cats. Additional studies are needed to trace the evolutionary path of this type of resistance among the K. pneumonia isolates, and to determine whether they have been transferred to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Xing Fang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hao Xu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Ran Wang
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jiang W, Men S, Kong L, Ma S, Yang Y, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Cheng G, Zou W, Wang H. Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Fosfomycin Resistance Gene fosA3 Among CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Chickens in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:210-218. [PMID: 28379732 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fosfomycin resistance gene fosA3 and characterize plasmids harboring fosA3 among CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli from chickens in China. A total of 234 CTX-M-producing E. coli isolates collected from chickens from 2014 to 2016 were screened for the presence of plasmid-mediated fosfomycin resistance genes (fosA, fosA3, and fosC2). Clonal relatedness of fosA3-positive isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The genetic environment of fosA3 was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mapping. Plasmids were studied by using conjugation experiments, PCR-based replicon typing and plasmid MLST. Sixty-four (27.4%) fosA3-positive E. coli isolates were identified in this study. The gene blaCTX-M-55 (31/64) was predominant among these strains, followed by blaCTX-M-14 (18/64) and blaCTX-M-65 (14/64). Various PFGE patterns and sequence types (STs) indicated that these isolates were clonally unrelated. Seven different genetic environments of fosA3 were identified and two new combinations (ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-65-ΔIS903D-IS26-fosA3-orf1-orf2-Δorf3-IS26 and IS26-ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-3-orf477-blaTEM-1-IS26-fosA3-orf1-orf2-Δorf3-IS26) were discovered for the first time. Conjugation experiments were successful for 47 isolates and 33 transconjugants harbored a single plasmid. Plasmids carrying fosA3 belonged to incompatibility group IncFII (17/33), IncI1 (2/33), IncHI2 (3/33), and IncB/O (1/33). F33:A-:B- plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-55, IncHI2/ST3 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-65, and F2:A-:B-plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-55 were found in E. coli isolates from different provinces. Our results revealed a considerable prevalence of fosA3 gene among CTX-M-producing E. coli with clonal diversity from chickens in China. The transmission of different kinds of plasmids is responsible for the dissemination of fosA3 in chicken farms in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Men
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Linghan Kong
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Suzhen Ma
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Qiwu Yuan
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyang Cheng
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Wencheng Zou
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- 1 Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China .,2 Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu, China .,3 "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern China, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|