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Allel K, Day L, Hamilton A, Lin L, Furuya-Kanamori L, Moore CE, Van Boeckel T, Laxminarayan R, Yakob L. Global antimicrobial-resistance drivers: an ecological country-level study at the human-animal interface. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e291-e303. [PMID: 37019570 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a pressing, holistic, and multisectoral challenge facing contemporary global health. In this study we assessed the associations between socioeconomic, anthropogenic, and environmental indicators and country-level rates of AMR in humans and food-producing animals. METHODS In this modelling study, we obtained data on Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, third generation cephalosporins-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium AMR in humans and food-producing animals from publicly available sources, including WHO, World Bank, and Center for Disease Dynamics Economics and Policy. AMR in food-producing animals presented a combined prevalence of AMR exposure in cattle, pigs, and chickens. We used multivariable β regression models to determine the adjusted association between human and food-producing animal AMR rates and an array of ecological country-level indicators. Human AMR rates were classified according to the WHO priority pathogens list and antibiotic-bacterium pairs. FINDINGS Significant associations were identified between animal antimicrobial consumption and AMR in food-producing animals (OR 1·05 [95% CI 1·01-1·10]; p=0·013), and between human antimicrobial consumption and AMR specifically in WHO critical priority (1·06 [1·00-1·12]; p=0·035) and high priority (1·22 [1·09-1·37]; p<0·0001) pathogens. Bidirectional associations were also found: animal antibiotic consumption was positively linked with resistance in critical priority human pathogens (1·07 [1·01-1·13]; p=0·020) and human antibiotic consumption was positively linked with animal AMR (1·05 [1·01-1·09]; p=0·010). Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii, third generation cephalosporins-resistant Escherichia coli, and oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus all had significant associations with animal antibiotic consumption. Analyses also suggested significant roles of socioeconomics, including governance on AMR rates in humans and animals. INTERPRETATION Reduced rates of antibiotic consumption alone will not be sufficient to combat the rising worldwide prevalence of AMR. Control methods should focus on poverty reduction and aim to prevent AMR transmission across different One Health domains while accounting for domain-specific risk factors. The levelling up of livestock surveillance systems to better match those reporting on human AMR, and, strengthening all surveillance efforts, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are pressing priorities. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Allel
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Lucy Day
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Leesa Lin
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Catrin E Moore
- The Centre for Neonatal and Paediatric Infection, Infection and Immunity Institute, St George's, University of London, UK
| | - Thomas Van Boeckel
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Health Geography and Policy Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- The One Health Trust, Washington DC, USA; The High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Laith Yakob
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Rao S, Linke L, Magnuson R, Jaunch L, Hyatt DR. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus collected from livestock, poultry and humans. One Health 2022; 15:100407. [PMID: 36277090 PMCID: PMC9582408 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prominent nosocomial, community and farm acquired bacterial infections among animals and human populations. The main purpose of our study was to identify and characterize antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from livestock, poultry and humans and to further identify the associated genes. Staphylococcus aureus isolates from human, bovine, swine and poultry were collected from different laboratories across the United States collected between 2003 and 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 13 antimicrobials was performed and conventional PCR was used to detect the presence of the nuc gene, mec gene, and to detect int1 gene. Associations between the presence of mec and intl and specific AMR profiles were determined. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in all four host categories, with the highest overall rates found in swine, 100% resistant to tetracycline, 88% to penicillin and 64% clindamycin. The next highest was found among humans with 81.6% of isolates resistant to penicillin followed by 44% to clindamycin and 43% to erythromycin. Among beef cattle isolates, 63.2% were resistant to penicillin, 15.8% resistant to clindamycin and 15.8% to erythromycin. No isolates from any of the hosts were resistant to linezolid. Among poultry isolates, the highest AMR was found to clindamycin, followed by erythromycin and penicillin. Among dairy cattle, highest resistance was found to penicillin, followed by chloramphenicol and gentamicin. Dairy cattle were the only host category with isolates that are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Of the 220 isolates detected by latex agglutination, 217 were confirmed to be S. aureus via PCR of the nuc gene, 21.4% were positive for the mecA gene. Swine had the highest prevalence of the mecA gene, followed by humans, poultry and beef cattle. This study has demonstrated a high occurrence of penicillin resistance among all S. aureus isolates. There were differences observed between host species with tetracycline resistance being the highest among swine isolates and clindamycin being highest in poultry isolates. No detection of oxacillin resistance was found in isolates from dairy cattle but was found in isolates from all of the other host species, 94% of which contained the mecA gene. High occurrence of penicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from livestock, poultry and humans. Tetracycline resistance was the highest among swine isolates and clindamycin was the highest in poultry isolates. Oxacillin resistance was not detected among dairy cattle isolates but was found in isolates from other host species. Ninety four percent of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to oxacillin contained the mecA gene.
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Yang D, Wang S, Sun E, Chen Y, Hua L, Wang X, Zhou R, Chen H, Peng Z, Wu B. A temperate Siphoviridae bacteriophage isolate from Siberian tiger enhances the virulence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through distinct mechanisms. Virulence 2022; 13:137-148. [PMID: 34986751 PMCID: PMC8741283 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2022276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and worldwide spread of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose a threat to human health. While bacteriophages are recognized as an effective alternative to treat infections caused by drug resistant pathogens, some bacteriophages in particular the temperate bacteriophage may also influence the virulence of the host bacteria in distinct ways. In this study, we isolated a bacteriophage vB_Saus_PHB21 from an epidermal sample of Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) using an MRSA strain SA14 as the indicator. Our following laboratory tests and whole genome sequencing analyses revealed that vB_Saus_PHB21 was a temperate bacteriophage belonging to the Siphoviridae family, and this bacteriophage did not contain any virulence genes. However, the integration of PHB21 genome into the host MRSA increased the bacterial capacities of cell adhesion, anti-phagocytosis, and biofilm formation. Challenge of the lysogenic strain (SA14+) caused severe mortalities in both Galleria mellonella and mouse models. Mice challenged with SA14+ showed more serious organ lesions and produced higher inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α) compared to those challenged with SA14. In mechanism, we found the integration of PHB21 genome caused the upregulated expression of many genes encoding products involved in bacterial biofilm formation, adherence to host cells, anti-phagocytosis, and virulence. This study may provide novel knowledge of “bacteria-phage-interactions” in MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erchao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, the Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Science and Technology International Research Center for Animal Disease, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Galler H, Luxner J, Petternel C, Reinthaler FF, Habib J, Haas D, Kittinger C, Pless P, Feierl G, Zarfel G. Multiresistant Bacteria Isolated from Intestinal Faeces of Farm Animals in Austria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040466. [PMID: 33923903 PMCID: PMC8073873 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antibiotic-resistant bacteria with an impact on human health, such as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-containing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), have become more common in food. This is due to the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, which leads to the promotion of antibiotic resistance and thus also makes food a source of such resistant bacteria. Most studies dealing with this issue usually focus on the animals or processed food products to examine the antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the intestine as another main habitat besides the skin for multiresistant bacteria. For this purpose, faeces samples were taken directly from the intestines of swine (n = 71) and broiler (n = 100) during the slaughter process and analysed. All samples were from animals fed in Austria and slaughtered in Austrian slaughterhouses for food production. The samples were examined for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, MRSA, MRCoNS and VRE. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were detected and sequenced by PCR. Phenotypic ESBL-producing Escherichia coli could be isolated in 10% of broiler casings (10 out of 100) and 43.6% of swine casings (31 out of 71). In line with previous studies, the results of this study showed that CTX-M-1 was the dominant ESBL produced by E. coli from swine (n = 25, 83.3%) and SHV-12 from broilers (n = 13, 81.3%). Overall, the frequency of positive samples with multidrug-resistant bacteria was lower than in most comparable studies focusing on meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Galler
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-73619; Fax: +43-316-385-79637
| | - Josefa Luxner
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Christian Petternel
- Institute of Laboratory Diagnostics and Microbiology, Klinikum-Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Feschnigstraße 11, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria;
| | - Franz F. Reinthaler
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Juliana Habib
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Doris Haas
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Clemens Kittinger
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Peter Pless
- Animal Health Service of the Department of Veterinary Administration, Styrian Government, Friedrichgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gebhard Feierl
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gernot Zarfel
- D&R Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (J.L.); (F.F.R.); (J.H.); (D.H.); (C.K.); (G.F.); (G.Z.)
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