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Zhuang L, Gong J, Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu G, Zhao B, Song C, Zhang Y, Shen Q. Progress in methods for the detection of viable Escherichia coli. Analyst 2024; 149:1022-1049. [PMID: 38273740 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01750h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a prevalent enteric bacterium and a necessary organism to monitor for food safety and environmental purposes. Developing efficient and specific methods is critical for detecting and monitoring viable E. coli due to its high prevalence. Conventional culture methods are often laborious and time-consuming, and they offer limited capability in detecting potentially harmful viable but non-culturable E. coli in the tested sample, which highlights the need for improved approaches. Hence, there is a growing demand for accurate and sensitive methods to determine the presence of viable E. coli. This paper scrutinizes various methods for detecting viable E. coli, including culture-based methods, molecular methods that target DNAs and RNAs, bacteriophage-based methods, biosensors, and other emerging technologies. The review serves as a guide for researchers seeking additional methodological options and aiding in the development of rapid and precise assays. Moving forward, it is anticipated that methods for detecting E. coli will become more stable and robust, ultimately contributing significantly to the improvement of food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhuang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225125, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Yang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Guofang Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering & Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 211102, P. R. China.
| | - Qiuping Shen
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, P. R. China.
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhou J, Han J, Lu C, Liu B, Yu R, Sun X, Zhang Z, Wang R, Su X. Rapid and simultaneous multiepitope antigen-based detection of Enterococcus by microscale thermophoresis and immunomagnetic separation. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1341451. [PMID: 38322321 PMCID: PMC10844561 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Generally, enterococci bacteria cause nosocomial infections and are major indicators of bacterial contamination in marine bathing beach. However, a method for the rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple pathogenic enterococci has not been developed on account of the wide variety of pathogenic enterococci and their existence in complex matrices. Methods Immunoinformatics tools were used to design a multi-epitope antigen for the detection of various pathogenic enterococci by using the sequence of dltD gene on enterococci lipoteichoic acid (LTA) surface, which is associated with toxicological effects. The multi-epitopes included enterococci such as Enterococcus faecalis, E. gallinarum, E. raffinosus, E. durans, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. thailandicus, E. casseliflavus, E. avium, E. mundtii, E. lactis, E. solitarius, E. pseudoavium, and E. malodoratum. Microscale thermophoresis (MST) and western blot were carried out to detect the affinity between multi-epitope antigens and antibodies and between multi-epitope antibodies and bacteria. Furthermore, the detection of pathogenic enterococci was carried out by using immunomagnetic beads (IMBs) and immune chromatographic test strip (ICTS). Results The multi-epitope antibody had a satisfactory affinity to the antigen and enterococci. IMBs and ICTS were detected with a minimum of 101 CFU/mL and showed incompatibility for Vibrio parahemolyticus, V. vulnifcus, V. harveyi, V. anguillarum, and Edwardsiella tarda. Implication The present study demonstrated that the multi-epitope antigens exhibited excellent specificity and sensitivity, making them highly suitable for efficient on-site screening of enterococci bacteria in marine bathing beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Vigor Health Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongxian Yu
- Vigor Health Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Vigor Health Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Rixin Wang
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Liu S, Wang Z, Wang M, Meng T, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Sui Z. Evaluation of volume-based flow cytometry as a potential primary method for quantification of bacterial reference material. Talanta 2023; 255:124197. [PMID: 36571974 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial reference materials (RMs) play a crucial role in many analytical processes of microbiological detection. Currently, bacteria are typically counted using the traditional plate-based approach, which results in a higher uncertainty of bacterial RMs unfortunately. Therefore, novel methods are urgently required for the value assignment of RMs in the field of microbiology to derive measurement traceability and accuracy. A potential primary method for microbiological quantification based on flow cytometry (FCM) is described in this study using Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) as an example. The proposed method was applied to determine the number of viable E. coli O157 cells in the RMs with a result of (5.48 ± 0.27) × 108 cells mL-1, which was in good agreement with the result obtained using the plate-based method (En = 0.47). Additionally, this method could be entirely described and understood by equations, and provides formal traceability to the SI for counts of viable bacterial cells, while the associated relative expanded uncertainty (4.93%, k = 2) was significantly lower in comparison to the plate-based method. Therefore, the FCM-based method might be a potential primary method for characterizing bacterial RMs. To our knowledge, this is the first description of FCM as a potential primary method for accurate and traceable quantification of viable bacterial cells with a comprehensive uncertainty statement in microbiological metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control for Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Ziquan Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Division of Thermophysics Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yunzhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control for Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control for Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Gao D, Ma Z, Jiang Y. Recent advances in microfluidic devices for foodborne pathogens detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang Z, Wang M, Xu Q, Liu S, Gao Y, Chang H, Sui Z. Rapid and Multiplexed Detection of Single Cells of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, and Shigella flexneri in Ground Beef by Flow Cytometry. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:272-280. [PMID: 35263171 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157, and Shigella flexneri are typical foodborne pathogens in ground beef, which can cause severe infection even when present as a single cell. Flow cytometry (FCM) methods are widely applied in the rapid detection of pathogens in food products. In this study, we report an FCM-based method for detecting single cells of Salmonella, E. coli O157, and S. flexneri in 25 g ground beef samples. We fluorescently labeled specific antibodies that could effectively identify bacterial cells, prepared single-cell samples by serial dilution, and optimized the pre-enrichment time. The results showed that 7 h of pre-enrichment is appropriate for sensitive single-cell detection by FCM. Finally, we evaluated this method in artificially contaminated and retail beef samples. This study outlines a novel highly sensitive FCM-based method to detect Salmonella, E. coli O157, and S. flexneri in beef samples within 8 h that can be applied to the rapid and multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyan Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
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Wang Z, Xu Q, Liu S, Liu Y, Gao Y, Wang M, Zhang L, Chang H, Wei Q, Sui Z. Rapid and multiplexed quantification of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Shigella flexneri in ground beef using flow cytometry. Talanta 2022; 238:123005. [PMID: 34857336 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) and Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) might contaminate similar types of meat products and cause deadly diseases in humans. In reality, ground beef samples may carry more than one pathogen and a rapid and accurate detection method for the simultaneous identification of multiple specific pathogenic strains in ground beef is crucial. In this study, a sample pretreatment protocol and a flow cytometry method were developed for rapid and multiplexed quantification of the three pathogens without cultural enrichment in ground beef. The whole process of sample pretreatment, staining, and instrument analysis can be accomplished within 1 h. The three bacteria upon sample pretreatment were demonstrated good recoveries (93.8%-101.2%). The quantitative detection range of the mothed was 103 to 108 cells/g for all three pathogens, and the detection limit for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri in ground beef were 3.1 × 103 cells/g, 2.1 × 103 cells/g and 2.3 × 103 cells/g, respectively. Therefore, the as-developed approach is a rapid and quantitative method for multiplexed detection of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and S. flexneri in ground beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziquan Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China; College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haiyan Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- National Pathogen Resource Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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