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Levine M, Noel OF, Patel S, Park H, Weller CL, Lighthall JG. An unusual presentation of orbital encephalocele following a self-inflicted gunshot wound injury: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9115. [PMID: 39091615 PMCID: PMC11291299 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
While orbital encephaloceles secondary to orbital roof fractures, in the setting of gunshot wound injuries, are rare, it is important to discuss diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. This comprehensive manuscript aims to accomplish these objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Levine
- Penn State Hershey College of MedicinePenn State Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Olivier F. Noel
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Shivam Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of PittsburgPittsburgPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Haejoe Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of MedicinePenn State Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Christopher L. Weller
- Department of OphthalmologyPenn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jessyka G. Lighthall
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryPenn State College of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHersheyPennsylvaniaUSA
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Ambat JM, Someda SK, Takahashi Y. Clinical characteristics and associated features of pure orbital roof fractures: A ten-year retrospective review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2024; 94:32-37. [PMID: 38754270 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2024.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the demographics and clinical characteristics of pure (rim-sparing) orbital roof fractures. METHODS This retrospective observational study used 10 years of data from a single institution. Patient age, sex, laterality, field of binocular single vision, associated injuries, and radiologic features were analyzed. Orbital roof fractures were categorized into four groups: comminuted/open, hinged, trapdoor, and linear. These were further subdivided into blow-in (-down) and blow-out (-up) fractures. Injury etiology was classified into fall, traffic accidents, sports injuries, assault, work-related, and others. RESULTS Data documented a low incidence rate of 2.5% (27 patients) in 1074 patients. Most patients were male (81%). The most common cause of injury was fall (48%), followed by traffic accidents (22%). Comminuted/open fractures constituted the bulk of fracture types (54%), followed by hinged, and linear fractures. Blow-in and blow-out fractures had an incidence rate of 50% each. Concomitant fractures of the medial and inferior orbital walls were predominant. Low surgical intervention was noted owing to acceptable field of binocular single vision outcomes, and the field of binocular single vision included the primary position of gaze in 88% of patients. CONCLUSION Pure orbital roof fractures occurred in 2.5% of patients with pure orbital fractures. Patients were predominantly male with trauma caused by high energy forces, which regularly caused comminution of the roof and fractures of the medial and inferior orbital walls. Most patients were managed conservatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ambat
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Steffani K Someda
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Oculoplastic, Orbital & Lacrimal Surgery, Aichi Medical University Hospital, 1-1 Yazako-Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
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Yalamanchili SP, Ibrahim ZA, Wladis EJ. Traumatic Orbital Roof Fracture With Superior Rectus Entrapment in a Pediatric Patient. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 40:e45-e48. [PMID: 37995147 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients often present with orbital fractures after facial trauma, most commonly fractures of the orbital floor. Evaluation of orbital fractures for entrapment of the extraocular muscles is crucial, as urgent surgical exploration and possible repair are needed in these cases. We report a 2-year-old male who presented after a fall with multiple left orbital wall fractures, including a roof fracture. On examination, the patient's OS appeared fixed in an upward gaze. Positive forced ductions revealed clinical concern for entrapment of the superior rectus. The patient was taken to the operating room for exploration, and the entrapped superior rectus muscle was freed from the fracture. The patient subsequently recovered fully with complete extraocular movements. This represents the first reported case of superior rectus entrapment in an orbital roof fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri P Yalamanchili
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Lions Eye Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A
| | - Zena A Ibrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Lions Eye Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A
| | - Edward J Wladis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Lions Eye Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, U.S.A
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Jeyaraj P. Successful Management of Post-Traumatic Residual Orbital Roof Defects with Cosmetic Disfigurement and Functional Deficits Using Innovative Titanium Plate Orbitoplasty. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:1040-1051. [PMID: 38105810 PMCID: PMC10719227 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Late presentations of post-traumatic residual orbital roof deformities ensuing from old, unaddressed orbital injuries, can be extremely challenging to manage and quite complicated to correct, owing to proximity of the brain and frontal sinus, malunion or bony fusion of the displaced, delicate orbital fracture fragments, necrosis of entrapped extraocular muscles and progressive intraorbital soft tissue fibrosis and adhesions. There exists a paucity in literature on delayed repair of displaced and comminuted orbital roof fractures and late reconstruction of the three-dimensional architecture of the orbital frame and internal orbit. Aim & Objectives To present an unusual case of severe post-traumatic residual orbital roof deformity, resulting in longstanding aesthetic disfigurement and persisting functional deficits, and its successful management. Material & Methods The patient had sustained orbital injuries sixteen months ago, on being punched in the face at a boxing tournament. The increased orbital volume produced by an impure blowout fracture of the left orbital roof, with comminution of the upper and lower orbital rims, had resulted in considerable cosmetic deformity, discomfort as well as functional debility, all of which were successfully and efficaciously managed by an innovative use of a Titanium Orbital Plate for orbital roof reconstruction. Discussion Overlooked, undetected or ignored derangements in intraorbital volume and contour, can lead to severe cosmetic disfigurement in the form of enophthalmos, hypoglobus, entropion, telecanthus, palpebral fissure width narrowing and ptosis; in addition to crippling functional deficits, such as diplopia, blurred vision, levator dysfunction, restricted ocular motility and reduced visual range and acuity. Results & Conclusions An innovative Titanium mesh orbitoplasty enabled achievement of both, the aesthetic and functional goals of reconstruction of the distorted bony orbit, with successful correction of severe functional and aesthetic deficits.
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Coviello C, Williams KJ, Sivam SK. Pediatric orbital fractures. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023:00020840-990000000-00054. [PMID: 36976962 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to summarize current evidence on the clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of pediatric orbital fractures. Recent trends in management strategies as well as emerging surgical techniques for pediatric orbital fracture repair are presented. RECENT FINDINGS Although somewhat limited, growing bodies of evidence support a conservative approach with close follow up in pediatric orbital fractures. For those patients necessitating surgical repair, resorbable implants are increasingly preferred given their lack of donor site morbidity and a minimal impact on the developing craniofacial skeleton. There are emerging data reporting the use of three-dimensional (3D) printing-assisted approaches and intraoperative navigation; however, more research is needed to assess their applicability in the pediatric population. SUMMARY There are few studies with large patient cohorts and long-term follow up given the rare incidence of pediatric orbital fractures, which restricts the generalizability of research on the topic. The studies available increasingly suggest that fractures without clinical evidence of entrapment can be managed conservatively with close follow up. A variety of reconstructive implants are available for those fractures necessitating repair. Donor site morbidity, availability, and need for additional procedures should all be factored into the reconstructive decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Coviello
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
- Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Katherine J Williams
- Texas Children's Hospital
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunthosh K Sivam
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine
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Pitak-Arnnop P, Meningaud JP, Neff A. Supramuscular upper blepharoplasty approach to orbital roof and/or lower anterior table frontal sinus fractures: A meta-narrative review. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:645-654. [PMID: 35605961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An approach to orbital roof fractures (ORFs) and/or lower anterior table frontal sinus fractures (LATFSFs) is a challenging task. The conventional coronal approach (CCA) appears to suit multiple/complex fractures of the upper face, while periorbital transcutaneous incisions (PTIs), e.g. gull wing, open sky, butterfly, and Lynch incisions, often impair aesthetic outcomes. The aims of this paper were to provide an overview of the supramuscular upper blepharoplasty approach (SUBA) to ORFs/LATFSFs. METHODS Using a meta-narrative review study design, the investigators enrolled published data extracted from PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar concerning SUBA to ORFs/LATFSFs. Only publications with the highest and most recent level of evidence (LoE) in English, French or German available until 6 May 2022 were included. The LoE were evaluated using the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM)'s classification. RESULTS In total, 70 articles were included; however, most contained low LoE. Under general and local anaesthesia, SUBA to ORFs/LATFSFs can be performed safely and appeared to be superior to its submuscular counterpart in terms of fewer risks of adjacent tissue injuries, and speedy operative time (maximal 5 min. in experienced hands). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to CCA and PTIs, the SUBA is a minimally invasive approach to the ORF/LATFSF with favourable aesthetic outcomes, direct visualisation of the fracture, quick operative time, rare complications, and easy learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poramate Pitak-Arnnop
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, UKGM GmbH, Campus Marburg, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jean-Paul Meningaud
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Esthetic, Aesthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HP, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (Paris XII), Créteil, France
| | - Andreas Neff
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, UKGM GmbH, Campus Marburg, Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Sandhu PS, Bucur S, Good C, Cutler M, Rajak S. The Management of Orbital Roof Fractures and Defects: A Review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 38:8-16. [PMID: 34293784 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the anatomy, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and classification, current evidence on intervention and the surgical management of orbital roof fractures and defects (ORFD) for oculoplastic surgeons presented with such cases. METHODS A review of the current literature through the MEDLINE database using the following search terms: "orbital roof fracture (+treatment/management)," "orbital roof defect (+treatment/management)," "orbital roof erosion (+treatment/management)," "orbital roof repair," "orbital roof," "orbital fracture," "pediatric orbital roof (defect/fracture/erosion)," "orbital anatomy," and "orbital roof anatomy" was conducted. As relatively little has been published on this topic, inclusion criteria were broad and peer-reviewed articles judged to be of clinical importance, relevant to the aims of this review, were included. Non-English abstracts were also included if relevant. Year of publication was not a strict exclusion criterion, and older articles were judged for their suitability based on clinical importance and relevance to current practice. Additional references were obtained from citations in key articles and recommendations from the coauthors based on their areas of expertise. RESULTS The etiopathogenesis of ORFD varies. Classification systems have been formulated to guide management decisions and can range from conservative management to complex neurosurgery. Eyelid approaches have also been described. This review provides a summary of the evidence for each and a management framework oculoplastic surgeons can use when presented with ORFD. CONCLUSION Oculoplastic surgeons can be involved, either alone or as part of a multidisciplinary team, in the management of ORFD, and for some, conduct orbital approach reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catriona Good
- Department of Radiology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Cutler
- Department of Head & Neck Prosthetics, Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - Saul Rajak
- Orbital and Oculoplastics Department, Sussex Eye Hospital
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Lim RB, Hopper RA. Pediatric Facial Fractures. Semin Plast Surg 2021; 35:284-291. [PMID: 34819811 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Facial trauma is common in the pediatric population with most cases involving the soft tissue or dentoalveolar structures. Although facial fractures are relatively rare in children compared with adults, they are often associated with severe injury and can cause significant morbidity and disability. Fractures of the pediatric craniomaxillofacial skeleton must be managed with consideration for psychosocial, anatomical, growth and functional differences compared with the adult population. Although conservative management is more common in children, displaced fractures that will not self-correct with compensatory growth require accurate and stable reduction to prevent fixed abnormalities in form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel B Lim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard A Hopper
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle Washington
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Abstract
The bony orbit is commonly involved in athletic injuries. Evaluation should include a comprehensive history and ocular examination. Computed tomography imaging is the gold standard for diagnostic testing. Urgent surgical intervention for orbital floor fractures should occur after "white eye" trapdoor fractures or if oculocardiac response occurs. Most orbital fractures do not require urgent intervention and repair can be completed within 2 weeks of injury. There are many approaches to repair orbital fractures, and consideration of techniques depends on the unique fracture pattern. Intraoperative computed tomography has become frequently used and can lead to increased identification of plate malpositioning intraoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Flynn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 3010, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Reed DS, Davies BW, Durairaj VD. Re: "Orbital Roof Fractures: An Evidence-Based Approach" by Lucas et al. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet Med 2021; 23:152. [PMID: 33724886 DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2020.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donovan S Reed
- Texas Oculoplastics Consultants (TOC) Eye and Face, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Brett W Davies
- Texas Oculoplastics Consultants (TOC) Eye and Face, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Vikram D Durairaj
- Texas Oculoplastics Consultants (TOC) Eye and Face, Austin, Texas, USA
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