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Flack KD, Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Creasy SA, Khullar S, Boullosa D, Catenacci VA, King N. Altered motivation states for physical activity and 'appetite' for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1098394. [PMID: 37187558 PMCID: PMC10176969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1098394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE), in the absence of any compensatory increase in energy intake, should result in an energy deficit leading to reductions of body mass. However, the expected negative energy balance is met with both volitional and non-volitional (metabolic and behavioral) compensatory responses. A commonly reported compensatory response to exercise is increased food intake (i.e., Calories in) due to increased hunger, increased desire for certain foods, and/or changes in health beliefs. On the other side of the CICO model, exercise training can instigate compensatory reductions in EE that resist the maintenance of an energy deficit. This may be due to decreases in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), increases in sedentary behavior, or alterations in sleep. Related to this EE compensation, the motivational states associated with the desire to be active tend to be overlooked when considering compensatory changes in non-exercise activity. For example, exercise-induced alterations in the wanting of physical activity could be a mechanism promoting compensatory reductions in EE. Thus, one's desires, urges or cravings for movement-also known as "motivation states" or "appetence for activity"-are thought to be proximal instigators of movement. Motivation states for activity may be influenced by genetic, metabolic, and psychological drives for activity (and inactivity), and such states are susceptible to fatigue-or reward-induced responses, which may account for reductions in NEAT in response to exercise training. Further, although the current data are limited, recent investigations have demonstrated that motivation states for physical activity are dampened by exercise and increase after periods of sedentarism. Collectively, this evidence points to additional compensatory mechanisms, associated with motivational states, by which impositions in exercise-induced changes in energy balance may be met with resistance, thus resulting in attenuated weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Division of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Saumya Khullar
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Neil King
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Ufholz KE, Flack KD, Roemmich JN. The influence of active video game play upon physical activity and screen-based activities in sedentary children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269057. [PMID: 35700210 PMCID: PMC9197033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Few children meet physical activity recommendations, partly due to the prevalence of screen-based sedentary activities. Active video game (AVG) play produces light to moderate physical activity. Yet, providing children access to AVG does not increase physical activity, possibly because children who play AVG may also tend towards sedentary screen-based activities. How multiple days of AVG play influences children’s choice of other activities is not yet known.
Purpose
To examine how AVG influences children’s physical activity, sedentary screen-based activities, and other alternative activities.
Methods
Sedentary children (N = 49) played AVG 3 times/week and sedentary video games (SVG) ad libitum for 6 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of ad libitum play of both AVG and SVG. Participants wore an activity monitor for 7 days and completed a 24-hour activity recall on 4 randomly selected days at baseline, week 6, and week 10.
Results
AVG play increased during the intervention (p < 0.01). Light activity and SVG play both decreased baseline to 10 weeks (p = 0.006) and 6 to 10 weeks (p = 0.017). Non-SVG sedentary behavior increased from baseline to 10 weeks (p = 0.005) and 6 to 10 weeks (p = 0.007). Changes over time were not observed in physical activity, or recall-measured active play, social activities, other hobbies, television or computer/phone use.
Conclusion
AVG play did not change children’s objectively-measured physical activity or subjectively measured active play. SVG time was substituted with other sedentary behaviors. AVG did not increase time engaged in SVG or screen-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Ufholz
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kyle D. Flack
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - James N. Roemmich
- Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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