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Hill KE, Lovett BM, Schwarzbauer JE. Heparan sulfate is necessary for the early formation of nascent fibronectin and collagen I fibrils at matrix assembly sites. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101479. [PMID: 34890641 PMCID: PMC8801470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN), an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), is assembled via a cell-mediated process in which integrin receptors bind secreted FN and mediate its polymerization into fibrils that extend between cells, ultimately forming an insoluble matrix. Our previous work using mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells identified the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS) and its binding to FN as essential for the formation of insoluble FN fibrils. In this study, we investigated the contributions of HS at an early stage of the assembly process using knockdown of exostosin-1 (EXT1), one of the glycosyltransferases required for HS chain synthesis. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with decreased EXT1 expression exhibited a significant reduction in both FN and type I collagen in the insoluble matrix. We show that FN fibril formation is initiated at matrix assembly sites, and while these sites were formed by cells with EXT1 knockdown, their growth was stunted compared with wild-type cells. The most severe defect observed was in the polymerization of nascent FN fibrils, which was reduced 2.5-fold upon EXT1 knockdown. This defect was rescued by the addition of exogenous soluble heparin chains long enough to simultaneously bind multiple FN molecules. The activity of soluble heparin in this process indicates that nascent fibril formation depends on HS more so than on the protein component of a specific HS proteoglycan. Together, our results suggest that heparin or HS is necessary for concentrating and localizing FN molecules at sites of early fibril assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Hill
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Benjamin M Lovett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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2
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Fusco C, Nardella G, Fischetto R, Copetti M, Petracca A, Annunziata F, Augello B, D'Asdia MC, Petrucci S, Mattina T, Rella A, Cassina M, Bengala M, Biagini T, Causio FA, Caldarini C, Brancati F, De Luca A, Guarnieri V, Micale L, D'Agruma L, Castori M. Mutational spectrum and clinical signatures in 114 families with hereditary multiple osteochondromas: insights into molecular properties of selected exostosin variants. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:2133-2142. [PMID: 30806661 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO) is a rare autosomal dominant skeletal disorder, caused by heterozygous variants in either EXT1 or EXT2, which encode proteins involved in the biogenesis of heparan sulphate. Pathogenesis and genotype-phenotype correlations remain poorly understood. We studied 114 HMO families (158 affected individuals) with causative EXT1 or EXT2 variants identified by Sanger sequencing, or multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and qPCR. Eighty-seven disease-causative variants (55 novel and 32 known) were identified including frameshift (42%), nonsense (32%), missense (11%), splicing (10%) variants and genomic rearrangements (5%). Informative clinical features were available for 42 EXT1 and 27 EXT2 subjects. Osteochondromas were more frequent in EXT1 as compared to EXT2 patients. Anatomical distribution of lesions showed significant differences based on causative gene. Microscopy analysis for selected EXT1 and EXT2 variants verified that EXT1 and EXT2 mutants failed to co-localize each other and loss Golgi localization by surrounding the nucleus and/or assuming a diffuse intracellular distribution. In a cell viability study, cells expressing EXT1 and EXT2 mutants proliferated more slowly than cells expressing wild-type proteins. This confirms the physiological relevance of EXT1 and EXT2 Golgi co-localization and the key role of these proteins in the cell cycle. Taken together, our data expand genotype-phenotype correlations, offer further insights in the pathogenesis of HMO and open the path to future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Fusco
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Grazia Nardella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Medical Genetics, University Hospital, P.O. Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Antonio Petracca
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Annunziata
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Augello
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Cecilia D'Asdia
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Matteo Cassina
- Unit of Clinical Genetics, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Bengala
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia, U.O.C Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, Fondazione Policlinico di Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesco Andrea Causio
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Medical Genetics, University Hospital, P.O. Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Camilla Caldarini
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Gaetano Pini, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Unit of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Vito Guarnieri
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Lucia Micale
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Leonardo D'Agruma
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marco Castori
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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3
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Uttarilli A, Shah H, Shukla A, Girisha KM. A review of skeletal dysplasia research in India. J Postgrad Med 2019; 64:98-103. [PMID: 29692401 PMCID: PMC5954821 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_527_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to review the contributions by Indian researchers to the subspecialty of skeletal dysplasias (SDs). Literature search using specific keywords in PubMed was performed to retrieve all the published literature on SDs as on July 6, 2017. All published literature on SDs wherein at least one author was from an Indian institute was included. Publications were grouped into different categories based on the major emphasis of the research paper. Five hundred and forty publications in English language were retrieved and categorized into five different groups. The publications were categorized as reports based on: (i) phenotypes (n = 437), (ii) mutations (n = 51), (iii) novel genes (n = 9), (iv) therapeutic interventions (n = 31), and (v) reviews (n = 12). Most of the publications were single-patient case reports describing the clinical and radiological features of the patients affected with SDs (n = 352). We enlisted all the significant Indian contributions. We have also highlighted the reports in which Indians have contributed to discovery of new genes and phenotypes. This review highlights the substantial Indian contributions to SD research, which is poised to reach even greater heights given the size and structure of our population, technological advances, and expanding national and international collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uttarilli
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - H Shah
- Department of Orthopedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - A Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - K M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Oliver GR, Blackburn PR, Ellingson MS, Conboy E, Pinto E Vairo F, Webley M, Thorland E, Ferber M, Van Hul E, van der Werf IM, Wuyts W, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Klee EW. RNA-Seq detects a SAMD12-EXT1 fusion transcript and leads to the discovery of an EXT1 deletion in a child with multiple osteochondromas. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00560. [PMID: 30632316 PMCID: PMC6418362 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a patient presenting with pachygyria, epilepsy, developmental delay, short stature, failure to thrive, facial dysmorphisms, and multiple osteochondromas. Methods The patient underwent extensive genetic testing and analysis in an attempt to diagnose the cause of his condition. Clinical testing included metaphase karyotyping, array comparative genomic hybridization, direct sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and trio‐based exome sequencing. Subsequently, research‐based whole transcriptome sequencing was conducted to determine whether it might shed light on the undiagnosed phenotype. Results Clinical exome sequencing of patient and parent samples revealed a maternally inherited splice‐site variant in the doublecortin (DCX) gene that was classified as likely pathogenic and diagnostic of the patient's neurological phenotype. Clinical array comparative genome hybridization analysis revealed a 16p13.3 deletion that could not be linked to the patient phenotype based on affected genes. Further clinical testing to determine the cause of the patient's multiple osteochondromas was unrevealing despite extensive profiling of the most likely causative genes, EXT1 and EXT2, including mutation screening by direct sequence analysis and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. Whole transcriptome sequencing identified a SAMD12‐EXT1 fusion transcript that could have resulted from a chromosomal deletion, leading to the loss of EXT1 function. Re‐review of the clinical array comparative genomic hybridization results indicated a possible unreported mosaic deletion affecting the SAMD12 and EXT1 genes that corresponded precisely to the introns predicted to be affected by a fusion‐causing deletion. The existence of the mosaic deletion was subsequently confirmed clinically by an increased density copy number array and orthogonal methodologies Conclusions While mosaic mutations and deletions of EXT1 and EXT2 have been reported in the context of multiple osteochondromas, to our knowledge, this is the first time that transcriptomics technologies have been used to diagnose a patient via fusion transcript analysis in the congenital disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Oliver
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marissa S Ellingson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erin Conboy
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Filippo Pinto E Vairo
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Webley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erik Thorland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Ferber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Els Van Hul
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse M van der Werf
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Wuyts
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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5
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Hong G, Guo X, Yan W, Li Q, Zhao H, Ma P, Hu X. Identification of a novel mutation in the EXT1 gene from a patient with multiple osteochondromas by exome sequencing. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:657-664. [PMID: 28035357 PMCID: PMC5364847 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is an autosomal skeletal disease with an elusive molecular mechanism. To further elucidate the genetic mechanism of the disease a three-generation Chinese family with MO was observed and researched, and a novel frameshift mutation (c.335_336insA) in the exotosin 1 (EXT1) gene of one patient with MO was observed through exome sequencing. This was further validated by Sanger sequencing and comparison with 200 unrelated healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry and multiple sequence alignment were performed to determine the pathogenicity of the candidate mutation. Multiple sequence alignment suggested that codon 335 and 336 in the EXT1 gene were highly conserved regions in vertebrates. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EXT1 protein expression levels were decreased in a patient with MO and this mutation compared with a patient with MO who had no EXT1 mutation. Owing to the appearance of c.335_336insA in exon 1 of EXT1, a premature stop codon was introduced, resulting in truncated EXT1. As a result integrated and functional EXT1 was reduced. EXT1 is involved in the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS), an essential molecule, and its dysfunction may lead to MO. The novel mutation of c.335_336insA in the EXT1 gene reported in the present study has enlarged the causal mutation spectrum of MO, and may assist genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of MO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Hong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fuzhou Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Bone Tumors, The Fuzhou Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Hailing Zhao
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Ping Ma
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Shenzhen Huada Gene Research Institute, Shenzhen, Fujian 518083, P.R. China
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6
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R K, K P, B G, Naseer B S, Ds K. Multiple heriditary exostoses in a family for three generation of Indian origin with review of literature. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH : JCDR 2014; 8:LD01-3. [PMID: 25478377 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8228.4942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) are an autosomal dominant disorder, consisting of multiple cartilage capped bone tumour arising from the metaphysis of long tubular bones. Mutations are seen in Exostosin-1 and Exostosin-2 genes. We present a family of MHE for three generations. The index case was a 10-year-old male presented with multiple exostoses in hand, forearm, leg, right knee and chest. Family history revealed similar complaints in younger brother, father, paternal uncle, paternal aunt & her daughter and grandfather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani R
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhakar K
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Gopinath B
- Resident, Deparment of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Sheik Naseer B
- Professor of Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Ds
- Scientific Adviser, Genome Lab, Genome Lab, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research , Kolar, Karnataka, India
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7
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Mutational screening of EXT1 and EXT2 genes in Polish patients with hereditary multiple exostoses. J Appl Genet 2014; 55:183-8. [PMID: 24532482 PMCID: PMC3990859 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) also known as multiple osteochondromas represent one of the most frequent bone tumor disorder in humans. Its clinical presentation is characterized by the presence of multiple benign cartilage-capped tumors located most commonly in the juxta-epiphyseal portions of long bones. HME are usually inherited in autosomal dominant manner, however de novo mutations can also occur. In most patients, the disease is caused by alterations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. In this study we investigated 33 unrelated Polish probands with the clinical and radiological diagnosis of HME by means of Sanger sequencing and MLPA for all coding exons of EXT1 and EXT2. We demonstrated EXT1 and EXT2 heterozygous mutations in 18 (54.6 %) and ten (30.3 %) probands respectively, which represents a total of 28 (84.9 %) index cases. Sequencing allowed for the detection of causative changes in 26 (78.8 %) probands, whereas MLPA showed intragenic deletions in two (6.1 %) further cases (15 mutations represented novel changes). Our paper is the first report on the results of exhaustive mutational screening of both EXT1/EXT2 genes in Polish patients. The proportion of EXT1/EXT2 mutations in our group was similar to other Caucasian cohorts. However, we found that EXT1 lesions in Polish patients cluster in exons 1 and 2 (55.6 % of all EXT1 mutations). This important finding should lead to the optimization of cost-effectiveness rate of HME diagnostic testing. Therefore, the diagnostic algorithm for HME should include EXT1 sequencing (starting with exons 1–2), followed by EXT2 sequencing, and MLPA/qPCR for intragenic copy number changes.
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