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Changotra H, Kaur S, Yadav SS, Gupta GL, Parkash J, Duseja A. ATG5: A central autophagy regulator implicated in various human diseases. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:650-667. [PMID: 36062813 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular conserved degradative process, plays a central role in the renewal/recycling of a cell to maintain the homeostasis of nutrients and energy within the cell. ATG5, a key component of autophagy, regulates the formation of the autophagosome, a hallmark of autophagy. ATG5 binds with ATG12 and ATG16L1 resulting in E3 like ligase complex, which is necessary for autophagosome expansion. Available data suggest that ATG5 is indispensable for autophagy and has an imperative role in several essential biological processes. Moreover, ATG5 has also been demonstrated to possess autophagy-independent functions that magnify its significance and therapeutic potential. ATG5 interacts with various molecules for the execution of different processes implicated during physiological and pathological conditions. Furthermore, ATG5 genetic variants are associated with various ailments. This review discusses various autophagy-dependent and autophagy-independent roles of ATG5, highlights its various deleterious genetic variants reported until now, and various studies supporting it as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sargeet Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Singh Yadav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Khoruddin NA, Noorizhab MN, Teh LK, Mohd Yusof FZ, Salleh MZ. Pathogenic nsSNPs that increase the risks of cancers among the Orang Asli and Malays. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16158. [PMID: 34373545 PMCID: PMC8352870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common genetic variations for various complex human diseases, including cancers. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous SNPs that increase cancer risks, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and leukemia. These SNPs were cataloged for scientific use. However, GWAS are often conducted on certain populations in which the Orang Asli and Malays were not included. Therefore, we have developed a bioinformatic pipeline to mine the whole-genome sequence databases of the Orang Asli and Malays to determine the presence of pathogenic SNPs that might increase the risks of cancers among them. Five different in silico tools, SIFT, PROVEAN, Poly-Phen-2, Condel, and PANTHER, were used to predict and assess the functional impacts of the SNPs. Out of the 80 cancer-related nsSNPs from the GWAS dataset, 52 nsSNPs were found among the Orang Asli and Malays. They were further analyzed using the bioinformatic pipeline to identify the pathogenic variants. Three nsSNPs; rs1126809 (TYR), rs10936600 (LRRC34), and rs757978 (FARP2), were found as the most damaging cancer pathogenic variants. These mutations alter the protein interface and change the allosteric sites of the respective proteins. As TYR, LRRC34, and FARP2 genes play important roles in numerous cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, growth, and cell survival; therefore, any impairment on the protein function could be involved in the development of cancer. rs1126809, rs10936600, and rs757978 are the important pathogenic variants that increase the risks of cancers among the Orang Asli and Malays. The roles and impacts of these variants in cancers will require further investigations using in vitro cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ain Khoruddin
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd NurFakhruzzaman Noorizhab
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lay Kek Teh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farida Zuraina Mohd Yusof
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaki Salleh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Wang L, Yang X, Song Q, Fu J, Wang W, Du K, Chen S, Cao J, Huang R, Zou C. Uncovering the Pharmacological Mechanism of 2-Dodecyl-6-Methoxycyclohexa-2,5 -Diene-1,4-Dione Against Lung Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Evaluation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:617555. [PMID: 33613291 PMCID: PMC7887632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.617555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 2-Dodecyl-6-Methoxycyclohexa-2, 5-Diene-1,4-Dione (DMDD) was purified from the roots of Averrhoa carambola L. Previous research demonstrated that DMDD is a small molecular compound with significant therapeutic potential for tumors. However, the potential targets and pharmacological mechanism of DMDD to treat lung cancer has not been reported. Methods: We employed network pharmacology and experimental evaluation to reveal the pharmacological mechanism of DMDD against lung cancer. Potential therapeutic targets of DMDD were screened by PharmMapper. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) lung cancer data sets were extracted and analyzed by GEPIA2. The mechanism of DMDD against lung cancer was determined by PPI, gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Survival analysis and molecular docking were employed to obtain the key targets of DMDD. Human lung cancer cell lines H1975 and PC9 were used to detect effects of DMDD treatment in vitro. The expression of key targets after DMDD treated was validated by Western Blot. Results: A total of 60 Homo sapiens potential therapeutic targets of DMDD and 3,545 DEGs in TCGA lung cancer datasets were identified. Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed characteristic of the potential targets of DMDD and DEGs in lung cancer respectively. Cell cycle and pathways in cancer were overlapping with DMDD potential targets and lung cancer DEGs. Eight overlapping genes were found between DMDD potential therapeutic targets and lung cancer related DEGs. Survival analysis showed that high expression of DMDD potential targets CCNE1 and E2F1 was significantly related to poor patient survival in lung cancer. Molecular docking found that DMDD exhibited significant binding affinities within the active site of CCNE1 and E2F1. Further tests showed that DMDD inhibited the proliferation, migration and clone formation in lung cancer cell lines (H1975 and PC9) in a dose and time dependent manner. Mechanistically, DMDD treatment decreased the expression of CDK2, CCNE1, E2F1 proteins and induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase in H1975 and PC9 cells. Conclusion: These results delineated that DMDD holds therapeutic potential that blocks tumorigenesis by cell cycle regulation in lung cancer, and may provide potential therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiong Song
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiejun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kechen Du
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinjin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Renbin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine and School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Singh S, Kaur S, Gupta M, Seam RK, Khosla R, Changotra H. E2F1 gene variant rs2071054 is a risk factor for head and neck and cervical cancers: A pilot study. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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