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Zhou C, Ni W, Zhu T, Dong S, Sun P, Hua F. Cellular Reprogramming and Its Potential Application in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:884667. [PMID: 35464309 PMCID: PMC9023048 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.884667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become the most common age-related dementia in the world and is currently incurable. Although many efforts have been made, the underlying mechanisms of AD remain unclear. Extracellular amyloid-beta deposition, intracellular tau hyperphosphorylation, neuronal death, glial cell activation, white matter damage, blood–brain barrier disruption, and other mechanisms all take part in this complicated disease, making it difficult to find an effective therapy. In the study of therapeutic methods, how to restore functional neurons and integrate myelin becomes the main point. In recent years, with the improvement and maturity of induced pluripotent stem cell technology and direct cell reprogramming technology, it has become possible to induce non-neuronal cells, such as fibroblasts or glial cells, directly into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, the induced neurons are functional and capable of entering the local neural net. These encouraging results provide a potential new approach for AD therapy. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of AD, the reprogramming technique, and the current research on the application of cellular reprogramming in AD. The existing problems regarding cellular reprogramming and its therapeutic potential for AD were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanyan Ni
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Taiyang Zhu
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fang Hua
- Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Hua,
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Giehrl-Schwab J, Giesert F, Rauser B, Lao CL, Hembach S, Lefort S, Ibarra IL, Koupourtidou C, Luecken MD, Truong DJJ, Fischer-Sternjak J, Masserdotti G, Prakash N, Ninkovic J, Hölter SM, Vogt Weisenhorn DM, Theis FJ, Götz M, Wurst W. Parkinson's disease motor symptoms rescue by CRISPRa-reprogramming astrocytes into GABAergic neurons. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14797. [PMID: 35373464 PMCID: PMC9081909 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct reprogramming based on genetic factors resembles a promising strategy to replace lost cells in degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. For this, we developed a knock‐in mouse line carrying a dual dCas9 transactivator system (dCAM) allowing the conditional in vivo activation of endogenous genes. To enable a translational application, we additionally established an AAV‐based strategy carrying intein‐split‐dCas9 in combination with activators (AAV‐dCAS). Both approaches were successful in reprogramming striatal astrocytes into induced GABAergic neurons confirmed by single‐cell transcriptome analysis of reprogrammed neurons in vivo. These GABAergic neurons functionally integrate into striatal circuits, alleviating voluntary motor behavior aspects in a 6‐OHDA Parkinson's disease model. Our results suggest a novel intervention strategy beyond the restoration of dopamine levels. Thus, the AAV‐dCAS approach might enable an alternative route for clinical therapies of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Giehrl-Schwab
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedict Rauser
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chu Lan Lao
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sina Hembach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lefort
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ignacio L Ibarra
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christina Koupourtidou
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Malte Daniel Luecken
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dong-Jiunn Jeffery Truong
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Fischer-Sternjak
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Giacomo Masserdotti
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nilima Prakash
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Stem Cell Biology, Department Hamm 2, Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela M Vogt Weisenhorn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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