1
|
Dakal TC, Bhushan R, Xu C, Gadi BR, Cameotra SS, Yadav V, Maciaczyk J, Schmidt‐Wolf IGH, Kumar A, Sharma A. Intricate relationship between cancer stemness, metastasis, and drug resistance. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e710. [PMID: 39309691 PMCID: PMC11416093 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are widely acknowledged as the drivers of tumor initiation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression, and metastasis. Originating from both hematologic and solid malignancies, CSCs exhibit quiescence, pluripotency, and self-renewal akin to normal stem cells, thus orchestrating tumor heterogeneity and growth. Through a dynamic interplay with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and intricate signaling cascades, CSCs undergo transitions from differentiated cancer cells, culminating in therapy resistance and disease recurrence. This review undertakes an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted mechanisms underlying cancer stemness and CSC-mediated resistance to therapy. Intrinsic factors encompassing the TME, hypoxic conditions, and oxidative stress, alongside extrinsic processes such as drug efflux mechanisms, collectively contribute to therapeutic resistance. An exploration into key signaling pathways, including JAK/STAT, WNT, NOTCH, and HEDGEHOG, sheds light on their pivotal roles in sustaining CSCs phenotypes. Insights gleaned from preclinical and clinical studies hold promise in refining drug discovery efforts and optimizing therapeutic interventions, especially chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell therapy, natural killer (NK) cell-mediated CSC-targeting and others. Ultimately use of cell sorting and single cell sequencing approaches for elucidating the fundamental characteristics and resistance mechanisms inherent in CSCs will enhance our comprehension of CSC and intratumor heterogeneity, which ultimately would inform about tailored and personalized interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology LabDepartment of BiotechnologyMohanlal Sukhadia UniversityUdaipurRajasthanIndia
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Department of ZoologyM.S. CollegeMotihariBiharIndia
| | - Caiming Xu
- Department of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research InstituteCity of HopeMonroviaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bhana Ram Gadi
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology LaboratoryDepartment of BotanyJai Narain Vyas UniversityJodhpurRajasthanIndia
| | | | - Vikas Yadav
- School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Jarek Maciaczyk
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Ingo G. H. Schmidt‐Wolf
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO)Department of Integrated OncologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
- Institute of BioinformaticsInternational Technology ParkBangaloreIndia
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of BonnBonnGermany
- Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO)Department of Integrated OncologyUniversity Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chu X, Tian W, Ning J, Xiao G, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Zhai Z, Tanzhu G, Yang J, Zhou R. Cancer stem cells: advances in knowledge and implications for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:170. [PMID: 38965243 PMCID: PMC11224386 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor heterogeneity. Cancer continues to be a significant global disease burden. In the past, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were the main cancer treatments. The technology of cancer treatments continues to develop and advance, and the emergence of targeted therapy, and immunotherapy provides more options for patients to a certain extent. However, the limitations of efficacy and treatment resistance are still inevitable. Our review begins with a brief introduction of the historical discoveries, original hypotheses, and pathways that regulate CSCs, such as WNT/β-Catenin, hedgehog, Notch, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β, PI3K/AKT, PPAR pathway, and their crosstalk. We focus on the role of CSCs in various therapeutic outcomes and resistance, including how the treatments affect the content of CSCs and the alteration of related molecules, CSCs-mediated therapeutic resistance, and the clinical value of targeting CSCs in patients with refractory, progressed or advanced tumors. In summary, CSCs affect therapeutic efficacy, and the treatment method of targeting CSCs is still difficult to determine. Clarifying regulatory mechanisms and targeting biomarkers of CSCs is currently the mainstream idea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Chu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wentao Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiaoyang Ning
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yunqi Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guilong Tanzhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gillard AG, Shin DH, Hampton LA, Lopez-Rivas A, Parthasarathy A, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C. Targeting Innate Immunity in Glioma Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:947. [PMID: 38256021 PMCID: PMC10815900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies for the majority of glioblastomas (GBMs), the most common and malignant primary brain tumor. While immunotherapies have shown promise in treating various types of cancers, they have had limited success in improving the overall survival of GBM patients. Therefore, advancing GBM treatment requires a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause resistance to immunotherapy. Further insights into the innate immune response are crucial for developing more potent treatments for brain tumors. Our review provides a brief overview of innate immunity. In addition, we provide a discussion of current therapies aimed at boosting the innate immunity in gliomas. These approaches encompass strategies to activate Toll-like receptors, induce stress responses, enhance the innate immune response, leverage interferon type-I therapy, therapeutic antibodies, immune checkpoint antibodies, natural killer (NK) cells, and oncolytic virotherapy, and manipulate the microbiome. Both preclinical and clinical studies indicate that a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the innate immune response in GBM could enhance immunotherapy and reinforce the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Consequently, a more comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response against cancer should lead to better prognoses and increased overall survival for GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Gillard
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lethan A. Hampton
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Andres Lopez-Rivas
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Akhila Parthasarathy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.G.G.); (D.H.S.); (L.A.H.); (A.L.-R.); (A.P.)
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Goutnik M, Iakovidis A, Still MEH, Moor RSF, Melnick K, Yan S, Abbas M, Huang J, Ghiaseddin AP. Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T-cell therapy for glioblastoma multiforme: Literature review and future directions. Neurooncol Adv 2024; 6:vdae025. [PMID: 38486856 PMCID: PMC10939440 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive cancer that has been difficult to treat and often requires multimodal therapy consisting of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Chimeric antigen receptor-expressing (CAR-T) cells have been efficacious in treating hematological malignancies, resulting in several FDA-approved therapies. CAR-T cells have been more recently studied for the treatment of GBM, with some promising preclinical and clinical results. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the commonly targeted antigens, results of clinical trials, novel modifications, and potential solutions for challenges that exist for CAR-T cells to become more widely implemented and effective in eradicating GBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goutnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Iakovidis
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Megan E H Still
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Rachel S F Moor
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Melnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ashley P Ghiaseddin
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rutkowska A, Strózik T, Jędrychowska-Dańska K, Zamerska A, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Kowalczyk T, Och W, Szóstak B, Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Kierasińska-Kałka A, Wasiak T, Ciunowicz D, Rieske P, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFRvIII in glioblastoma - Anti-EGFRvIII antibody validation for diagnostic and CAR-T purposes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 685:149133. [PMID: 37918325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of therapies such as CAR-T has created a need for reliable, validated methods for detecting EGFRvIII in patient tumor cells. Particularly so since previous studies have already suggested that some anti-EGFRvIII antibodies may be non-specific. The present paper evaluates the use of the L8A4 antibody in the immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunocytochemical (ICC) detection of EGFRvIII in 30 glioblastoma specimens, and compares it with other methods such as RT-PCR, MLPA, and FISH. The results indicate that Real-time PCR appears to be a very specific and sensitive method of EGFRvIII detection. ICC analysis with L8A4 also appears specific but requires cell culture. IHC analyses of EGFRvIII returned a number of false positives when using L8A4. Due to the growing need for an effective diagnostic tool before starting immunotherapy methods, such as the CAR-T anti-EGFRvIII or SynNotch CAR-T recognizing EGFRvIII, it is necessary to identify a more reliable and simple method of EGFRvIII detection or improve the specificity of the anti-EGFRvIII antibody, until then, immunocytochemistry may temporarily replace immunohistochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Strózik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Zamerska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tamara Kowalczyk
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Och
- Clinical Department of Neurosurgery, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 18, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Błażej Szóstak
- Department of Pathomorphology, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 18, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cezary Tręda
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Amelia Kierasińska-Kałka
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Ciunowicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramos A, Koch CE, Liu-Lupo Y, Hellinger RD, Kyung T, Abbott KL, Fröse J, Goulet D, Gordon KS, Eidell KP, Leclerc P, Whittaker CA, Larson RC, Muscato AJ, Yates KB, Dubrot J, Doench JG, Regev A, Vander Heiden MG, Maus MV, Manguso RT, Birnbaum ME, Hemann MT. Leukemia-intrinsic determinants of CAR-T response revealed by iterative in vivo genome-wide CRISPR screening. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8048. [PMID: 38052854 PMCID: PMC10698189 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR-T therapy is a promising, novel treatment modality for B-cell malignancies and yet many patients relapse through a variety of means, including loss of CAR-T cells and antigen escape. To investigate leukemia-intrinsic CAR-T resistance mechanisms, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function screens in an immunocompetent murine model of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) utilizing a modular guide RNA library. We identified IFNγR/JAK/STAT signaling and components of antigen processing and presentation pathway as key mediators of resistance to CAR-T therapy in vivo; intriguingly, loss of this pathway yielded the opposite effect in vitro (sensitized leukemia to CAR-T cells). Transcriptional characterization of this model demonstrated upregulation of these pathways in tumors relapsed after CAR-T treatment, and functional studies showed a surprising role for natural killer (NK) cells in engaging this resistance program. Finally, examination of data from B-ALL patients treated with CAR-T revealed an association between poor outcomes and increased expression of JAK/STAT and MHC-I in leukemia cells. Overall, our data identify an unexpected mechanism of resistance to CAR-T therapy in which tumor cell interaction with the in vivo tumor microenvironment, including NK cells, induces expression of an adaptive, therapy-induced, T-cell resistance program in tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Koch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Liu-Lupo
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Riley D Hellinger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kyung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keene L Abbott
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julia Fröse
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Goulet
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Khloe S Gordon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith P Eidell
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul Leclerc
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Whittaker
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Immunology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Audrey J Muscato
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Kathleen B Yates
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Juan Dubrot
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Solid Tumors Program, Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Immunology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert T Manguso
- Immunology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Zhao Z, Dai W, Liao K, Sun Q, Chen D, Pan X, Feng L, Ding Y, Wei S. The Development of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4308. [PMID: 37686584 PMCID: PMC10486426 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) is a highly aggressive form of brain cancer that poses a significant challenge for treatment in neuro-oncology, and the survival status of patients after relapse usually means rapid deterioration, thus becoming the leading cause of death among patients. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, which could be used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to improve outcomes for patients with recurrent glioblastoma. This therapy combines several key methods such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic viral therapy cancer vaccines, and combination strategies. In this review, we mainly document the latest immunotherapies for the treatment of glioblastoma and especially focus on rGBM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zihui Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Wufei Dai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering Research, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China;
| | - Kuo Liao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Dongjiang Chen
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, USC Keck Brain Tumor Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;
| | - Xingxin Pan
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Lishuang Feng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Q.S.); (L.F.)
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Drougkas K, Karampinos K, Karavolias I, Koumprentziotis IA, Ploumaki I, Triantafyllou E, Trontzas I, Kotteas E. Comprehensive clinical evaluation of CAR-T cell immunotherapy for solid tumors: a path moving forward or a dead end? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:2709-2734. [PMID: 36564524 PMCID: PMC10129996 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a form of adoptive cell therapy that has demonstrated tremendous results in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies, leading to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of four CD19-targeted CAR-T cell products. With the unprecedented success of CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies, hundreds of preclinical studies and clinical trials are currently undergoing to explore the translation of this treatment to solid tumors. However, the clinical experience in non-hematologic malignancies has been less encouraging, with only a few patients achieving complete responses. Tumor-associated antigen heterogeneity, inefficient CAR-T cell trafficking and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment are considered as the most pivotal roadblocks in solid tumor CAR-T cell therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the relevant literature/clinical trials for CAR-T cell immunotherapy for solid tumors from Pubmed and ClinicalTrials.gov. CONCLUSION Herein, we provide an update on solid tumor CAR-T cell clinical trials, focusing on the studies with published results. We further discuss some of the key hurdles that CAR-T cell therapy is encountering for solid tumor treatment as well as the strategies that are exploited to overcome these obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Drougkas
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Karampinos
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karavolias
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Ioannis-Alexios Koumprentziotis
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ploumaki
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Efthymios Triantafyllou
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Ioannis Trontzas
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA, CT
| | - Elias Kotteas
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 152 Mesogeion Avenue, 11527, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rahmani R, Kiani J, Tong WY, Soleimani M, Voelcker NH, Arefian E. Engineered anti-EGFRvIII targeted exosomes induce apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme. J Drug Target 2023; 31:310-319. [PMID: 36440540 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2152819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The drug delivery for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has been unsatisfactory mainly due to the drug resistance and low targeting efficiency. The selective targeting of GBM cells and using a cocktail of therapeutic agents to synergistically induce apoptosis may help enhance the drug delivery. METHODS In this study, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were engineered to produce exosomes, i.e. nanosized natural vesicles presenting anti-EGFRvIII (ab139) antibody on their surface while encapsulating two apoptosis-inducing gene therapy agents, i.e. cytosine deaminase (CDA) and miR-34a. Exosomes were characterised for their size, morphology, protein content and markers using dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis, cryo-TEM, Western blotting, respectively. miR-34a overexpression and Lamp2-ab139 protein expression were analysed using real-time PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. The armed exosomes were delivered to EGFRvIII positive GBM cells (U87EGFRvIII) as well as wild type cell line (U87), which was EGFRvIII negative. Apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry in both EGFRvIII negative and positive U87 cells, receiving one gene therapy agent (either CDA or miR-34a) or a combination of them (CDAmiR). RESULTS Spherical shape exosomes with an average diameter of 110 nm and a membrane thickness of 6.5 nm were isolated from MSCs. Lamp2-ab139 was successfully expressed on the surface of transfected cells and their secreted exosomes. Induced apoptosis rates was significantly higher in U87EGFRvIII cells than for U87 cells, indicating selectivity. The cell death rate was 6%, 9% and 12% in U87, 13%, 21% and 40% in U87EGFRvIII cells for CDA, miR-34a and CDAmiR treatment respectively, showing a higher apoptosis rate in the cells receiving both drugs compared to when single therapy was applied. CONCLUSION The experimental findings clearly show the improved apoptosis rate of GBM cells when treated by engineered exosomes armed with two gene therapy agents and targeted towards EGFRvIII antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rana Rahmani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jafar Kiani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Victoria, Australia.,The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Pacholczyk M, Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Kierasińska A, Rieske P. Increased EGFRvIII Epitope Accessibility after Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment of Glioblastoma Cells Creates More Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4350. [PMID: 36901782 PMCID: PMC10001577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of glioblastoma (GB) cases is increasing every year, and the currently available therapies remain ineffective. A prospective antigen for GB therapy is EGFRvIII, an EGFR deletion mutant containing a unique epitope that is recognized by the L8A4 antibody used in CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cell) therapy. In this study, we observed that the concomitant use of L8A4 with particular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) does not impede the interaction between L8A4 and EGFRvIII; moreover, in this case, the stabilization of formed dimers results in increased epitope display. Unlike in wild-type EGFR, a free cysteine at position 16 (C16) is exposed in the extracellular structure of EGFRvIII monomers, leading to covalent dimer formation in the region of L8A4-EGFRvIII mutual interaction. Following in silico analysis of cysteines possibly involved in covalent homodimerization, we prepared constructs containing cysteine-serine substitutions of EGFRvIII in adjacent regions. We found that the extracellular part of EGFRvIII possesses plasticity in the formation of disulfide bridges within EGFRvIII monomers and dimers due to the engagement of cysteines other than C16. Our results suggest that the EGFRvIII-specific L8A4 antibody recognizes both EGFRvIII monomers and covalent dimers, regardless of the cysteine bridging structure. To summarize, immunotherapy based on the L8A4 antibody, including CAR-T combined with TKIs, can potentially increase the chances of success in anti-GB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Marcin Pacholczyk
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Amelia Kierasińska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu B, Shi X, Jiang M, Liu H. Cross-talk between cancer stem cells and immune cells: potential therapeutic targets in the tumor immune microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 36810098 PMCID: PMC9942413 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor progression, recurrence and chemoresistance due to their typical stemness characteristics. CSCs are preferentially distributed in niches, and those niche sites exhibit characteristics typical of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex interactions between CSCs and TME illustrate these synergistic effects. The phenotypic heterogeneity within CSCs and the spatial interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment led to increased therapeutic challenges. CSCs interact with immune cells to protect themselves against immune clearance by exploiting the immunosuppressive function of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. CSCs also can protect themselves against immune surveillance by excreting extracellular vesicles (EVs), growth factors, metabolites and cytokines into the TME, thereby modulating the composition of the TME. Therefore, these interactions are also being considered for the therapeutic development of anti-tumor agents. We discuss here the immune molecular mechanisms of CSCs and comprehensively review the interplay between CSCs and the immune system. Thus, studies on this topic seem to provide novel ideas for reinvigorating therapeutic approaches to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Xiang Shi
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Meixi Jiang
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032 China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Muthukutty P, Woo HY, Ragothaman M, Yoo SY. Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy Delivery Modalities. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020504. [PMID: 36839825 PMCID: PMC9967630 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is crucial in fighting cancer and achieving successful remission. Many novel strategies have recently developed, but there are still some obstacles to overcome before we can effectively attack the cancer cells and decimate the cancer environment by inducing a cascade of immune responses. To successfully demonstrate antitumor activity, immune cells must be delivered to cancer cells and exposed to the immune system. Such cutting-edge technology necessitates meticulously designed delivery methods with no loss or superior homing onto cancer environments, as well as high therapeutic efficacy and fewer adverse events. In this paper, we discuss recent advances in cancer immunotherapy delivery techniques, as well as their future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Muthukutty
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Murali Ragothaman
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-51-510-3402
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Swan SL, Mehta N, Ilich E, Shen SH, Wilkinson DS, Anderson AR, Segura T, Sanchez-Perez L, Sampson JH, Bellamkonda RV. IL7 and IL7 Flt3L co-expressing CAR T cells improve therapeutic efficacy in mouse EGFRvIII heterogeneous glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085547. [PMID: 36817432 PMCID: PMC9936235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in glioblastoma faces many challenges including insufficient CAR T cell abundance and antigen-negative tumor cells evading targeting. Unfortunately, preclinical studies evaluating CAR T cells in glioblastoma focus on tumor models that express a single antigen, use immunocompromised animals, and/or pre-treat with lymphodepleting agents. While lymphodepletion enhances CAR T cell efficacy, it diminishes the endogenous immune system that has the potential for tumor eradication. Here, we engineered CAR T cells to express IL7 and/or Flt3L in 50% EGFRvIII-positive and -negative orthotopic tumors pre-conditioned with non-lymphodepleting irradiation. IL7 and IL7 Flt3L CAR T cells increased intratumoral CAR T cell abundance seven days after treatment. IL7 co-expression with Flt3L modestly increased conventional dendritic cells as well as the CD103+XCR1+ population known to have migratory and antigen cross-presenting capabilities. Treatment with IL7 or IL7 Flt3L CAR T cells improved overall survival to 67% and 50%, respectively, compared to 9% survival with conventional or Flt3L CAR T cells. We concluded that CAR T cells modified to express IL7 enhanced CAR T cell abundance and improved overall survival in EGFRvIII heterogeneous tumors pre-conditioned with non-lymphodepleting irradiation. Potentially IL7 or IL7 Flt3L CAR T cells can provide new opportunities to combine CAR T cells with other immunotherapies for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Swan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nalini Mehta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ekaterina Ilich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Steven H Shen
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alexa R Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Tatiana Segura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Clinical Science Departments of Neurology and Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Luis Sanchez-Perez
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - John H Sampson
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ravi V Bellamkonda
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shin J, Parker MFL, Zhu I, Alanizi A, Rodriguez CI, Liu R, Watchmaker PB, Kalita M, Blecha J, Luu J, Wright B, Lapi SE, Flavell RR, Okada H, Tlsty TD, Roybal KT, Wilson DM. Antigen-Dependent Inducible T-Cell Reporter System for PET Imaging of Breast Cancer and Glioblastoma. J Nucl Med 2023; 64:137-144. [PMID: 35981900 PMCID: PMC9841254 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.264284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past several decades, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies have shown promise in the treatment of cancers. These treatments would greatly benefit from companion imaging biomarkers to follow the trafficking of T cells in vivo. Methods: Using synthetic biology, we engineered T cells with a chimeric receptor synthetic intramembrane proteolysis receptor (SNIPR) that induces overexpression of an exogenous reporter gene cassette on recognition of specific tumor markers. We then applied a SNIPR-based PET reporter system to 2 cancer-relevant antigens, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), commonly expressed in breast and glial tumors, respectively. Results: Antigen-specific reporter induction of the SNIPR PET T cells was confirmed in vitro using green fluorescent protein fluorescence, luciferase luminescence, and the HSV-TK PET reporter with 9-(4-18F-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine ([18F]FHBG). T cells associated with their target antigens were successfully imaged using PET in dual-xenograft HER2+/HER2- and EGFRvIII+/EGFRvIII- animal models, with more than 10-fold higher [18F]FHBG signals seen in antigen-expressing tumors versus the corresponding controls. Conclusion: The main innovation found in this work was PET detection of T cells via specific antigen-induced signals, in contrast to reporter systems relying on constitutive gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Shin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew F L Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Iowis Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Aryn Alanizi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Carlos I Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Raymond Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Payal B Watchmaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mausam Kalita
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Luu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Brian Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hideho Okada
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Thea D Tlsty
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| | - Kole T Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology, San Francisco, California; and
- UCSF Cell Design Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abbott RC, Iliopoulos M, Watson KA, Arcucci V, Go M, Hughes-Parry HE, Smith P, Call MJ, Cross RS, Jenkins MR. Human EGFRvIII chimeric antigen receptor T cells demonstrate favorable safety profile and curative responses in orthotopic glioblastoma. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1440. [PMID: 36890859 PMCID: PMC9986233 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and fatal brain malignancy, and effective targeted therapies are required. The combination of standard treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy is not curative. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are known to cross the blood-brain barrier, mediating antitumor responses. A tumor-expressed deletion mutant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) is a robust CAR T cell target in glioblastoma. Here, we show our de novo generated, high-affinity EGFRvIII-specific CAR; GCT02, demonstrating curative efficacy in human orthotopic glioblastoma models. Methods The GCT02 binding epitope was predicted using Deep Mutational Scanning (DMS). GCT02 CAR T cell cytotoxicity was investigated in three glioblastoma models in vitro using the IncuCyte platform, and cytokine secretion with a cytometric bead array. GCT02 in vivo functionality was demonstrated in two NSG orthotopic glioblastoma models. The specificity profile was generated by measuring T cell degranulation in response to coculture with primary human healthy cells. Results The GCT02 binding location was predicted to be located at a shared region of EGFR and EGFRvIII; however, the in vitro functionality remained exquisitely EGFRvIII specific. A single CAR T cell infusion generated curative responses in two orthotopic models of human glioblastoma in NSG mice. The safety analysis further validated the specificity of GCT02 for mutant-expressing cells. Conclusion This study demonstrates the preclinical functionality of a highly specific CAR targeting EGFRvIII on human cells. This CAR could be an effective treatment for glioblastoma and warrants future clinical investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Abbott
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Melinda Iliopoulos
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Katherine A Watson
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Valeria Arcucci
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Margareta Go
- Structural Biology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Hannah E Hughes-Parry
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Pete Smith
- Myrio Therapeutics Blackburn North, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Melissa J Call
- The Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Structural Biology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Ryan S Cross
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Del Baldo G, Del Bufalo F, Pinacchio C, Carai A, Quintarelli C, De Angelis B, Merli P, Cacchione A, Locatelli F, Mastronuzzi A. The peculiar challenge of bringing CAR-T cells into the brain: Perspectives in the clinical application to the treatment of pediatric central nervous system tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142597. [PMID: 37025994 PMCID: PMC10072260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood malignant brain tumors remain a significant cause of death in the pediatric population, despite the use of aggressive multimodal treatments. New therapeutic approaches are urgently needed for these patients in order to improve prognosis, while reducing side effects and long-term sequelae of the treatment. Immunotherapy is an attractive option and, in particular, the use of gene-modified T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T cells) represents a promising approach. Major hurdles in the clinical application of this approach in neuro-oncology, however, exist. The peculiar location of brain tumors leads to both a difficulty of access to the tumor mass, shielded by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and to an increased risk of potentially life-threatening neurotoxicity, due to the primary location of the disease in the CNS and the low intracranial volume reserve. There are no unequivocal data on the best way of CAR-T cell administration. Multiple trials exploring the use of CD19 CAR-T cells for hematologic malignancies proved that genetically engineered T cells can cross the BBB, suggesting that systemically administered CAR-T cell can be used in the neuro-oncology setting. Intrathecal and intra-tumoral delivery can be easily managed with local implantable devices, suitable also for a more precise neuro-monitoring. The identification of specific approaches of neuro-monitoring is of utmost importance in these patients. In the present review, we highlight the most relevant potential challenges associated with the application of CAR-T cell therapy in pediatric brain cancers, focusing on the evaluation of the best route of delivery, the peculiar risk of neurotoxicity and the related neuro-monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Pinacchio
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurosurgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Merli
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cacchione
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, and Cell and Gene Therapy Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Scientific Institute for Reasearch, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Angela Mastronuzzi,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
El Atat O, Naser R, Abdelkhalek M, Habib RA, El Sibai M. Molecular targeted therapy: A new avenue in glioblastoma treatment. Oncol Lett 2022; 25:46. [PMID: 36644133 PMCID: PMC9811647 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also referred to as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is grade IV astrocytoma characterized by being fast-growing and the most aggressive brain tumor. In adults, it is the most prevalent type of malignant brain tumor. Despite the advancements in both diagnosis tools and therapeutic treatments, GBM is still associated with poor survival rate without any statistically significant improvement in the past three decades. Patient's genome signature is one of the key factors causing the development of this tumor, in addition to previous radiation exposure and other environmental factors. Researchers have identified genomic and subsequent molecular alterations affecting core pathways that trigger the malignant phenotype of this tumor. Targeting intrinsically altered molecules and pathways is seen as a novel avenue in GBM treatment. The present review shed light on signaling pathways and intrinsically altered molecules implicated in GBM development. It discussed the main challenges impeding successful GBM treatment, such as the blood brain barrier and tumor microenvironment (TME), the plasticity and heterogeneity of both GBM and TME and the glioblastoma stem cells. The present review also presented current advancements in GBM molecular targeted therapy in clinical trials. Profound and comprehensive understanding of molecular participants opens doors for innovative, more targeted and personalized GBM therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayan Naser
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Maya Abdelkhalek
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Abi Habib
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon,Correspondence to: Professor Mirvat El Sibai, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Koraytem Street, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dewdney B, Ursich L, Fletcher EV, Johns TG. Anoctamins and Calcium Signalling: An Obstacle to EGFR Targeted Therapy in Glioblastoma? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235932. [PMID: 36497413 PMCID: PMC9740065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common form of high-grade glioma in adults and has a poor survival rate with very limited treatment options. There have been no significant advancements in glioblastoma treatment in over 30 years. Epidermal growth factor receptor is upregulated in most glioblastoma tumours and, therefore, has been a drug target in recent targeted therapy clinical trials. However, while many inhibitors and antibodies for epidermal growth factor receptor have demonstrated promising anti-tumour effects in preclinical models, they have failed to improve outcomes for glioblastoma patients in clinical trials. This is likely due to the highly plastic nature of glioblastoma tumours, which results in therapeutic resistance. Ion channels are instrumental in the development of many cancers and may regulate cellular plasticity in glioblastoma. This review will explore the potential involvement of a class of calcium-activated chloride channels called anoctamins in brain cancer. We will also discuss the integrated role of calcium channels and anoctamins in regulating calcium-mediated signalling pathways, such as epidermal growth factor signalling, to promote brain cancer cell growth and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6319-1023
| | - Lauren Ursich
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Emily V. Fletcher
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G. Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mao R, Kong W, He Y. The affinity of antigen-binding domain on the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells: Moderate is better. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032403. [PMID: 36325345 PMCID: PMC9618871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CARTs) remain limited in solid tumors despite intensive studies that aim at targeting multiple antigens, enhancing migration, reducing tonic signaling, and improving tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, how the affinity and engaging kinetics of antigen-binding domain (ABD) affects the CART's efficacy has not been carefully investigated. In this article, we first analyzed 38 published solid tumor CART trials and correlated the response rate to their ABD affinity. Not surprisingly, majority (25 trials) of the CARTs utilized high-affinity ABDs, but generated merely 5.7% response rate. In contrast, 35% of the patients treated with the CARTs built from moderate-affinity ABDs had clinical responses. Thus, CARTs with moderate-affinity ABDs not only have less off-target toxicity, but also are more effective. We then reviewed the effects of ABD affinity on the biology and function of CARTs, providing further evidence that moderate-affinity ABDs may be better in CART development. In the end, we propose that a fast-on/fast-off (high Kon and Koff ) kinetics of CART-target engagement in solid tumor allow CARTs to generate sufficient signaling to kill tumor cells without being driven to exhaustion. We believe that studying the ABD affinity and the kinetics of CART-tumor interaction may hold a key to designing effective CARTs for solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wanqing Kong
- South Carolina Governors School for Science and Math, Hartsville, SC, United States
| | - Yukai He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chatterjee A, Asija S, Yadav S, Purwar R, Goda JS. Clinical utility of CAR T cell therapy in brain tumors: Lessons learned from the past, current evidence and the future stakes. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:606-624. [PMID: 36191126 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2125963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented clinical success of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematological malignancies has led researchers to study its role in solid tumors. Although, its utility in solid tumors especially in neuroblastoma has begun to emerge, preclinical studies of its efficacy in other solid tumors like osteosarcomas or gliomas has caught the attention of oncologist to be tried in clinical trials. Malignant high-grade brain tumors like glioblastomas or midline gliomas in children represent some of the most difficult malignancies to be managed with conventionally available therapeutics, while relapsed gliomas continue to have the most dismal prognosis due to limited therapeutic options. Innovative therapies such as CAR T cells could give an additional leverage to the treating oncologists by potentially improving outcomes and ameliorating the toxicity of the currently available therapies. Moreover, CAR T cell therapy has the potential to be integrated into the therapeutic paradigm for aggressive gliomas in the near future. In this review we discuss the challenges in using CAR T cell therapy in brain tumors, enumerate the completed and ongoing clinical trials of different types of CAR T cell therapy for different brain tumors with special emphasis on glioblastoma and also discuss the future role of CAR T cells in Brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sweety Asija
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya Yadav
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayant S Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Asija S, Chatterjee A, Yadav S, Chekuri G, Karulkar A, Jaiswal AK, Goda JS, Purwar R. Combinatorial approaches to effective therapy in glioblastoma (GBM): Current status and what the future holds. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:582-605. [PMID: 35938932 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The aggressive and recurrent nature of glioblastoma is multifactorial and has been attributed to its biological heterogeneity, dysfunctional metabolic signaling pathways, rigid blood-brain barrier, inherent resistance to standard therapy due to the stemness property of the gliomas cells, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, hypoxia and neoangiogenesis which are very well orchestrated and create the tumor's own highly pro-tumorigenic milieu. Once the relay of events starts amongst these components, eventually it becomes difficult to control the cascade using only the balanced contemporary care of treatment consisting of maximal resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolamide. Over the past few decades, implementation of contemporary treatment modalities has shown benefit to some extent, but no significant overall survival benefit is achieved. Therefore, there is an unmet need for advanced multifaceted combinatorial strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, development of innovative therapeutics and novel delivery platforms over the years has resulted in a paradigm shift in gliomas therapeutics. Decades of research has led to emergence of several treatment molecules, including immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade, oncolytic virotherapy, adoptive cell therapy, nanoparticles, CED and BNCT, each with the unique proficiency to overcome the mentioned challenges, present research. Recent years are seeing innovative combinatorial strategies to overcome the multifactorial resistance put forth by the GBM cell and its TME. This review discusses the contemporary and the investigational combinatorial strategies being employed to treat GBM and summarizes the evidence accumulated till date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Asija
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandhya Yadav
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Godhanjali Chekuri
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atharva Karulkar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankesh Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayant S Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cribioli E, Giordano Attianese GMP, Coukos G, Irving M. CAR T cells targeting the ganglioside NGcGM3 control ovarian tumors in the absence of toxicity against healthy tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:951143. [PMID: 35990626 PMCID: PMC9389107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.951143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have emerged as a powerful immunotherapeutic tool against certain hematological malignancies but a significant proportion of patients either do not respond or they relapse, sometimes as a result of target antigen loss. Moreover, limited clinical benefit has been reported for CAR therapy against epithelial derived solid tumors. A major reason for this is the paucity of solid tumor antigens identified to date that are broadly, homogeneously and stably expressed but not found on healthy tissues. To address this, here we describe the development and evaluation of CAR T cells directed against N-glycoslylated ganglioside monosialic 3 (NGcGM3). NGcGM3 derives from the enzymatic hydroxylation of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NAc) GM3 (NAcGM3) and it is present on the surface of a range of cancers including ovarian, breast, melanoma and lymphoma. However, while NAcGM3 is found on healthy human cells, NGcGM3 is not due to the 7deletion of an exon in the gene encoding for the enzyme cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH). Indeed, unlike for most mammals, in humans NGcGM3 is considered a neoantigen as its presence on tumors is the result of metabolic incorporation from dietary sources. Here, we have generated 3 CARs comprising different single chain variable fragments (scFvs) originating from the well-characterized monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14F7. We show reactivity of the CAR T cells against a range of patient tumor fragments and we demonstrate control of NGcGM3+ SKOV3 ovarian tumors in the absence of toxicity despite the expression of CMAH and presence of NGcGM3+ on healthy tissues in NSG mice. Taken together, our data indicate clinical potential for 14F7-based CAR T cells against a range of cancers, both in terms of efficacy and of patient safety.
Collapse
|
23
|
Barish ME, Weng L, Awabdeh D, Zhai Y, Starr R, D'Apuzzo M, Rockne RC, Li H, Badie B, Forman SJ, Brown CE. Spatial organization of heterogeneous immunotherapy target antigen expression in high-grade glioma. Neoplasia 2022; 30:100801. [PMID: 35550513 PMCID: PMC9108993 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High-grade (WHO grades III-IV) glioma remains one of the most lethal human cancers. Adoptive transfer of tumor-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells for high-grade glioma has revealed promising indications of anti-tumor activity, but objective clinical responses remain elusive for most patients. A significant challenge to effective immunotherapy is the highly heterogeneous structure of these tumors, including large variations in the magnitudes and distributions of target antigen expression, observed both within individual tumors and between patients. To obtain a more detailed understanding of immunotherapy target antigens within patient tumors, we immunochemically mapped at single cell resolution three clinically-relevant targets, IL13Rα2, HER2 and EGFR, on tumor samples drawn from a 43-patient cohort. We observed that within individual tumor samples, expression of these antigens was neither random nor uniform, but rather that they mapped into local neighborhoods - phenotypically similar cells within regions of cellular tumor - reflecting not well understood properties of tumor cells and their milieu. Notably, tumor cell neighborhoods of high antigen expression were not arranged independently within regions. For example, in cellular tumor regions, neighborhoods of high IL13Rα2 and HER2 expression appeared to be reciprocal to those of EGFR, while in areas of pseudopalisading necrosis, expression of IL13Rα2 and HER2, but not EGFR, appeared to reflect the radial organization of tumor cells around hypoxic cores. Other structural features affecting expression of immunotherapy target antigens remain to be elucidated. This structured but heterogeneous organization of antigen expression in high grade glioma is highly permissive for antigen escape, and combinatorial antigen targeting is a commonly suggested potential mitigating strategy. Deeper understanding of antigen expression within and between patient tumors will enhance optimization of combination immunotherapies, the most immediate clinical application of the observations presented here being the importance of including (wild-type) EGFR as a target antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Barish
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
| | - Lihong Weng
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Dina Awabdeh
- Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Yubo Zhai
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Massimo D'Apuzzo
- Department of Pathology, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Russell C Rockne
- Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, Division of Mathematical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Haiqing Li
- Integrative Genomics Core, Division of Translational Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Behnam Badie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, National Medical Center, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States; Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sahoo OS, Pethusamy K, Srivastava TP, Talukdar J, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Dhar R, Karmakar S. The metabolic addiction of cancer stem cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955892. [PMID: 35957877 PMCID: PMC9357939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are the minor population of cancer originating cells that have the capacity of self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenicity (when transplanted into an immunocompromised animal). These low-copy number cell populations are believed to be resistant to conventional chemo and radiotherapy. It was reported that metabolic adaptation of these elusive cell populations is to a large extent responsible for their survival and distant metastasis. Warburg effect is a hallmark of most cancer in which the cancer cells prefer to metabolize glucose anaerobically, even under normoxic conditions. Warburg's aerobic glycolysis produces ATP efficiently promoting cell proliferation by reprogramming metabolism to increase glucose uptake and stimulating lactate production. This metabolic adaptation also seems to contribute to chemoresistance and immune evasion, a prerequisite for cancer cell survival and proliferation. Though we know a lot about metabolic fine-tuning in cancer, what is still in shadow is the identity of upstream regulators that orchestrates this process. Epigenetic modification of key metabolic enzymes seems to play a decisive role in this. By altering the metabolic flux, cancer cells polarize the biochemical reactions to selectively generate "onco-metabolites" that provide an added advantage for cell proliferation and survival. In this review, we explored the metabolic-epigenetic circuity in relation to cancer growth and proliferation and establish the fact how cancer cells may be addicted to specific metabolic pathways to meet their needs. Interestingly, even the immune system is re-calibrated to adapt to this altered scenario. Knowing the details is crucial for selective targeting of cancer stem cells by choking the rate-limiting stems and crucial branch points, preventing the formation of onco-metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of technology, Durgapur, India
| | - Karthikeyan Pethusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, Michael Atiyah Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Computers and communications Department, College of Engineering, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Ruby Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
McComb S, Nguyen T, Shepherd A, Henry KA, Bloemberg D, Marcil A, Maclean S, Zafer A, Gilbert R, Gadoury C, Pon RA, Sulea T, Zhu Q, Weeratna RD. Programmable Attenuation of Antigenic Sensitivity for a Nanobody-Based EGFR Chimeric Antigen Receptor Through Hinge Domain Truncation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864868. [PMID: 35935988 PMCID: PMC9354126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor family receptor (EGFR) is commonly overexpressed in many solid tumors and an attractive target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy, but as EGFR is also expressed at lower levels in healthy tissues a therapeutic strategy must balance antigenic responsiveness against the risk of on-target off-tumor toxicity. Herein, we identify several camelid single-domain antibodies (also known as nanobodies) that are effective EGFR targeting moieties for CARs (EGFR-sdCARs) with very strong reactivity to EGFR-high and EGFR-low target cells. As a strategy to attenuate their potent antigenic sensitivity, we performed progressive truncation of the human CD8 hinge commonly used as a spacer domain in many CAR constructs. Single amino acid hinge-domain truncation progressively decreased both EGFR-sdCAR-Jurkat cell binding to EGFR-expressing targets and expression of the CD69 activation marker. Attenuated signaling in hinge-truncated EGFR-sdCAR constructs increased selectivity for antigen-dense EGFR-overexpressing cells over an EGFR-low tumor cell line or healthy donor derived EGFR-positive fibroblasts. We also provide evidence that epitope location is critical for determining hinge-domain requirement for CARs, as hinge truncation similarly decreased antigenic sensitivity of a membrane-proximal epitope targeting HER2-CAR but not a membrane-distal EGFRvIII-specific CAR. Hinge-modified EGFR-sdCAR cells showed clear functional attenuation in Jurkat-CAR-T cells and primary human CAR-T cells from multiple donors in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results indicate that hinge length tuning provides a programmable strategy for throttling antigenic sensitivity in CARs targeting membrane-proximal epitopes, and could be employed for CAR-optimization and improved tumor selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott McComb
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Scott McComb,
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Shepherd
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Marcil
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Maclean
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Zafer
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rénald Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Gadoury
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A. Pon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Qin Zhu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Risini D. Weeratna
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huo CD, Yang J, Gu YM, Wang DJ, Zhang XX, Li YM. Overcome tumor relapse in CAR T cell therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1833-1843. [PMID: 35678948 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a novel therapeutic approach that uses gene editing techniques and lentiviral transduction to engineer T cells so that they can effectively kill tumors. However, CAR T cell therapy still has some drawbacks: many patients who received CAR T cell therapy and achieve remission, still had tumor relapse and treatment resistance, which may be due to tumor immune escape and CAR T cell dysfunction. To overcome tumor relapse, more researches are being done to optimize CAR T cell therapy to make it more precise and personalized, including screening for more specific tumor antigens, developing novel CAR T cells, and combinatorial treatment approaches. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms as well as the progress of research on overcoming plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Dong Huo
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Mei Gu
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Dai-Jun Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | | | - Yu-Min Li
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dialogue among Lymphocytes and Microglia in Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112632. [PMID: 35681612 PMCID: PMC9179556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo studies related to glioblastoma models and human patients to outline the symbiotic bidirectional interaction between microglia, lymphocytes, and tumor cells that develops during tumor progression. Particularly, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to shape these interplays, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery and CAR-T and -NK cell infusion, and to modulate the tumor microenvironment in an anti-tumoral way, thus counteracting glioblastoma growth. Abstract Microglia and lymphocytes are fundamental constituents of the glioblastoma microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art knowledge of the microglial role played in promoting the development and aggressive hallmarks of this deadly brain tumor. Particularly, we report in vitro and in vivo studies related to glioblastoma models and human patients to outline the symbiotic bidirectional interaction between microglia, lymphocytes, and tumor cells that develops during tumor progression. Furthermore, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to shape these interplays, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery and CAR-T and -NK cell infusion, and to modulate the tumor microenvironment in an anti-tumoral way, thus counteracting glioblastoma growth.
Collapse
|
28
|
Niedbała M, Malarz K, Sharma G, Kramer-Marek G, Kaspera W. Glioblastoma: Pitfalls and Opportunities of Immunotherapeutic Combinations. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:437-468. [PMID: 35509452 PMCID: PMC9060812 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s215997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary central nervous system tumour in adults. It has extremely poor prognosis since the current standard of care, comprising of gross total resection and temozolomide (TMZ) chemoradiotherapy, prolongs survival, but does not provide a durable response. To a certain extent, this is due to GBM's heterogeneous, hostile and cold tumour microenvironment (TME) and the unique ability of GBM to overcome the host's immune responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic approaches. This review provides critical insights from completed and ongoing clinical studies investigating novel immunotherapy strategies for GBM patients, ranging from the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in different settings of GBM treatment to novel combinatorial therapies. In particular, we discuss how treatment regimens based on single antigen peptide vaccines evolved into fully personalised, polyvalent cell-based vaccines, CAR-T cell, and viral or gene therapies. Furthermore, the results of the most influential clinical trials and a selection of innovative preclinical studies aimed at activating the immunologically cold GBM microenvironment are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Niedbała
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chełkowski Institute of Physics and Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, Chorzów, Poland
| | - Gitanjali Sharma
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Wojciech Kaspera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, Regional Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shojaei Baghini S, Gardanova ZR, Abadi SAH, Zaman BA, İlhan A, Shomali N, Adili A, Moghaddar R, Yaseri AF. CRISPR/Cas9 application in cancer therapy: a pioneering genome editing tool. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:35. [PMID: 35508982 PMCID: PMC9066929 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The progress of genetic engineering in the 1970s brought about a paradigm shift in genome editing technology. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a flexible means to target and modify particular DNA sequences in the genome. Several applications of CRISPR/Cas9 are presently being studied in cancer biology and oncology to provide vigorous site-specific gene editing to enhance its biological and clinical uses. CRISPR's flexibility and ease of use have enabled the prompt achievement of almost any preferred alteration with greater efficiency and lower cost than preceding modalities. Also, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has recently been applied to improve the safety and efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies and defeat tumor cell resistance to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The current review summarizes the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer therapy. We also discuss the present obstacles and contemplate future possibilities in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Shojaei Baghini
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhanna R. Gardanova
- Department of Psychotherapy, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova St., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Saeme Azizi Hassan Abadi
- Department of Nursery and Midwifery, Faculty of Laboratory Science, Islamic Azad University of Chalous, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Burhan Abdullah Zaman
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Ahmet İlhan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Senior Adult Oncology Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Roozbeh Moghaddar
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Advances in Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapies for the Treatment of Primary Brain Tumors. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11020031. [PMID: 35645204 PMCID: PMC9149956 DOI: 10.3390/antib11020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the care of cancer patients. A diverse set of strategies to overcome cancer immunosuppression and enhance the tumor-directed immune response are in clinical use, but have not achieved transformative benefits for brain tumor patients. Adoptive cell therapies, which employ a patient’s own immune cells to generate directed anti-tumor activity, are emerging technologies that hold promise to improve the treatment of primary brain tumors in children and adults. Here, we review recent advances in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies for the treatment of aggressive primary brain tumors, including glioblastoma and diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant. We highlight current approaches, discuss encouraging investigational data, and describe key challenges in the development and implementation of these types of therapies in the neuro-oncology setting.
Collapse
|
31
|
Agostinetto E, Montemurro F, Puglisi F, Criscitiello C, Bianchini G, Del Mastro L, Introna M, Tondini C, Santoro A, Zambelli A. Immunotherapy for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Clinical Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2136. [PMID: 35565264 PMCID: PMC9105460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide, and HER2-positive breast cancer accounts for approximately 15% of all breast cancer diagnoses. The advent of HER2-targeting therapies has dramatically improved the survival of these patients, significantly reducing their risk of recurrence and death. However, as a significant proportion of patients ultimately develop resistance to these therapies, it is extremely important to identify new treatments to further improve their clinical outcomes. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment and history of several cancer types, and it has already been approved as a standard of care for patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Based on a strong preclinical rationale, immunotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer represents an intriguing field that is currently under clinical investigation. There is a close interplay between HER2-targeting therapies (both approved and under investigation) and the immune system, and several new immunotherapeutic strategies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells and therapeutic vaccines, are being studied in this disease. In this narrative review, we discuss the clinical evidence and the future perspectives of immunotherapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Agostinetto
- Academic Trials Promoting Team, Institut Jules Bordet, L’Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B), 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Montemurro
- Direzione Breast Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Carmen Criscitiello
- Division of Early Drug Development, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bianchini
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lucia Del Mastro
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Clinica di Oncologia Medica, 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Medica, Università di Genova, 16124 Genova, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- UOS Centro di Terapia Cellulare “G. Lanzani”, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Carlo Tondini
- Medical Oncology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Piazza OMS 1, 27100 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Armando Santoro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zambelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Humanitas Cancer Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhu I, Liu R, Garcia JM, Hyrenius-Wittsten A, Piraner DI, Alavi J, Israni DV, Liu B, Khalil AS, Roybal KT. Modular design of synthetic receptors for programmed gene regulation in cell therapies. Cell 2022; 185:1431-1443.e16. [PMID: 35427499 PMCID: PMC9108009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology has established powerful tools to precisely control cell function. Engineering these systems to meet clinical requirements has enormous medical implications. Here, we adopted a clinically driven design process to build receptors for the autonomous control of therapeutic cells. We examined the function of key domains involved in regulated intramembrane proteolysis and showed that systematic modular engineering can generate a class of receptors that we call synthetic intramembrane proteolysis receptors (SNIPRs) that have tunable sensing and transcriptional response abilities. We demonstrate the therapeutic potential of the receptor platform by engineering human primary T cells for multi-antigen recognition and production of dosed, bioactive payloads relevant to the treatment of disease. Our design framework enables the development of fully humanized and customizable transcriptional receptors for the programming of therapeutic cells suitable for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iowis Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Raymond Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Julie M Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Axel Hyrenius-Wittsten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Dan I Piraner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Josef Alavi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Divya V Israni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ahmad S Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kole T Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA; UCSF Cell Design Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hou J, He Z, Liu T, Chen D, Wang B, Wen Q, Zheng X. Evolution of Molecular Targeted Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Novel Opportunities Identified by CRISPR-Cas9 Screening. Front Oncol 2022; 12:755053. [PMID: 35372044 PMCID: PMC8970599 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.755053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment due to better therapeutic responses and less systemic toxicity. However, therapeutic resistance is a major challenge in clinical settings that hinders continuous clinical benefits for cancer patients. In this regard, unraveling the mechanisms of drug resistance may identify new druggable genetic alterations for molecularly targeted therapies, thus contributing to improved therapeutic efficacies. The recent rapid development of novel methodologies including CRISPR-Cas9 screening technology and patient-derived models provides powerful tools to dissect the underlying mechanisms of resistance to targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we updated therapeutic targets undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation for various cancer types. More importantly, we provided comprehensive elaboration of high throughput CRISPR-Cas9 screening in deciphering potential mechanisms of unresponsiveness to molecularly targeted therapies, which will shed light on the discovery of novel opportunities for designing next-generation anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zongsheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Genetic Modification of T Cells for the Immunotherapy of Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030457. [PMID: 35335089 PMCID: PMC8949949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a beneficial treatment approach for multiple cancers, however, current therapies are effective only in a small subset of patients. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a facet of immunotherapy where T cells targeting the tumor cells are transferred to the patient with several primary forms, utilizing unmodified or modified T cells: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), genetically modified T cell receptor transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transduced T cells. Many clinical trials are underway investigating the efficacy and safety of these different subsets of ACT, as well as trials that combine one of these subsets with another type of immunotherapy. The main challenges existing with ACT are improving clinical responses and decreasing adverse events. Current research focuses on identifying novel tumor targeting T cell receptors, improving safety and efficacy, and investigating ACT in combination with other immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy has been heralded as a breakthrough in the field of immunotherapy, but to date, this success has been limited to hematological malignancies. By harnessing the chemokine system and taking into consideration the chemokine expression profile in the tumor microenvironment, CAR-T cells may be homed into tumors to facilitate direct tumor cell cytolysis and overcome a major hurdle in generating effective CAR-T cell responses to solid cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Foeng
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Carina Biotech, Innovation and Collaboration Centre, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shaun R. McColl
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Carina Biotech, Innovation and Collaboration Centre, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh D, Khan MA, Siddique HR. Specific targeting of cancer stem cells by immunotherapy: A possible stratagem to restrain cancer recurrence and metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114955. [PMID: 35181312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), the tumor-initiating cells playing a crucial role in cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis, have the intrinsic property of self-renewal and therapy resistance. The tumorigenic properties of these cells include generation of cellular heterogeneity and immuno-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), conferring them the capability to resist a variety of anti-cancer therapeutics. Further, CSCs possess several unique immunological properties that help them escape recognition by the innate and adaptive immune system and shape a TME into a pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive landscape. In this context, immunotherapy is considered one of the best therapeutic options for eliminating CSCs to halt cancer recurrence and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the various immunomodulatory properties of CSCs and the interaction of CSCs with the immune system enabling immune evasion. In addition, we also highlight the present research update on immunotherapeutic targeting of CSCs and the possible further scope of research on this topic. We believe that a deeper understanding of CSCs' immunological properties and the crosstalk between CSCs and the immune system can develop better innovative immune-therapeutics and enhance the efficacy of current therapy-resistant cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Afsar Khan
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Hifzur R Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020427. [PMID: 35203636 PMCID: PMC8962267 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains a challenging disease to treat, despite well-established standard-of-care treatments, with a median survival consistently of less than 2 years. In this review, we delineate the unique disease-specific challenges for immunotherapies, both brain-related and non-brain-related, which will need to be adequately overcome for the development of effective treatments. We also review current immunotherapy treatments, with a focus on clinical applications, and propose future directions for the field of GBM immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
38
|
Seyfrid M, Maich WT, Shaikh VM, Tatari N, Upreti D, Piyasena D, Subapanditha M, Savage N, McKenna D, Mikolajewicz N, Han H, Chokshi C, Kuhlmann L, Khoo A, Salim SK, Archibong-Bassey B, Gwynne W, Brown K, Murtaza N, Bakhshinyan D, Vora P, Venugopal C, Moffat J, Kislinger T, Singh S. CD70 as an actionable immunotherapeutic target in recurrent glioblastoma and its microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003289. [PMID: 35017149 PMCID: PMC8753449 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) patients suffer from a dismal prognosis, with standard of care therapy inevitably leading to therapy-resistant recurrent tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) drives the extensive heterogeneity seen in GBM, prompting the need for novel therapies specifically targeting this subset of tumor-driving cells. Here, we identify CD70 as a potential therapeutic target for recurrent GBM CSCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the current study, we identified the relevance and functional influence of CD70 on primary and recurrent GBM cells, and further define its function using established stem cell assays. We use CD70 knockdown studies, subsequent RNAseq pathway analysis, and in vivo xenotransplantation to validate CD70's role in GBM. Next, we developed and tested an anti-CD70 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy, which we validated in vitro and in vivo using our established preclinical model of human GBM. Lastly, we explored the importance of CD70 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by assessing the presence of its receptor, CD27, in immune infiltrates derived from freshly resected GBM tumor samples. RESULTS CD70 expression is elevated in recurrent GBM and CD70 knockdown reduces tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. CD70 CAR-T therapy significantly improves prognosis in vivo. We also found CD27 to be present on the cell surface of multiple relevant GBM TIME cell populations, notably putative M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells. CONCLUSION CD70 plays a key role in recurrent GBM cell aggressiveness and maintenance. Immunotherapeutic targeting of CD70 significantly improves survival in animal models and the CD70/CD27 axis may be a viable polytherapeutic avenue to co-target both GBM and its TIME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Seyfrid
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Thomas Maich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepak Upreti
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deween Piyasena
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minomi Subapanditha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Kuhlmann
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Khoo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William Gwynne
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadeem Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advancements in Cancer Immunotherapy and Generation of CAR T Cell by CRISPR-Cas9. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in immune responses to cancer have been extensively studied for several decades, and considerable attention has been paid to harnessing the immune system’s therapeutic potential. Cancer immunotherapy has established itself as a promising new treatment option for a variety of cancer types. Various strategies including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), adoptive T-cell cancer therapy and CAR T-cell therapy have gained prominence through immunotherapy. However, the full potential of cancer immunotherapy remains to be accomplished. In spite of having startling aspects, cancer immunotherapies have some difficulties including the inability to effectively target cancer antigens and the abnormalities in patients’ responses. With the advancement in technology, this system has changed the genome-based immunotherapy process in the human body including the generation of engineered T cells. Due to its high specificity, CRISPR-Cas9 has become a simple and flexible genome editing tool to target nearly any genomic locus. Recently, the CD19-mediated CAR T-cell (chimeric antigen receptor T cell) therapy has opened a new avenue for the treatment of human cancer, though low efficiency is a major drawback of this process. Thus, increasing the efficiency of the CAR T cell (engineered T cells that induce the chimeric antigen receptor) by using CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be a better weapon to fight against cancer. In this review, we have broadly focused on recent immunotherapeutic techniques against cancer and the use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for the modification of the T cell, which can specifically recognize cancer cells and be used as immune-therapeutics against cancer.
Collapse
|
40
|
Skurikhin E, Pershina O, Zhukova M, Widera D, Ermakova N, Pan E, Pakhomova A, Morozov S, Kubatiev A, Dygai A. Potential of Stem Cells and CART as a Potential Polytherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:778020. [PMID: 34926461 PMCID: PMC8678572 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.778020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing urgency of the problem of treating small cell lung cancer (SCLC), information on the causes of its development is fragmentary. There is no complete understanding of the features of antitumor immunity and the role of the microenvironment in the development of SCLC resistance. This impedes the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of SCLC. Lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have common pathogenetic factors. COPD is a risk factor for lung cancer including SCLC. Therefore, the search for effective approaches to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SCLC in patients with COPD is an urgent task. This review provides information on the etiology and pathogenesis of SCLC, analyses the effectiveness of current treatment options, and critically evaluates the potential of chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy (CART therapy) in SCLC. Moreover, we discuss potential links between lung cancer and COPD and the role of endothelium in the development of COPD. Finally, we propose a new approach for increasing the efficacy of CART therapy in SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Skurikhin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olga Pershina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Mariia Zhukova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Darius Widera
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Ermakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Edgar Pan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Angelina Pakhomova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Morozov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Dygai
- Laboratory of Regenerative Pharmacology, Goldberg ED Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Using chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy to fight glioblastoma multiforme: past, present and future developments. J Neurooncol 2021; 156:81-96. [PMID: 34825292 PMCID: PMC8714623 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03902-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) constitutes one of the deadliest tumors to afflict humans, although it is still considered an orphan disease. Despite testing multiple new and innovative therapies in ongoing clinical trials, the median survival for this type of malignancy is less than two years after initial diagnosis, regardless of therapy. One class of promising new therapies are chimeric antigen receptor T cells or CAR-T which have been shown to be very effective at treating refractory liquid tumors such as B-cell malignancies. However, CAR-T effectivity against solid tumors such as GBM has been limited thus far. Methods A Pubmed, Google Scholar, Directory of Open Access Journals, and Web of Science literature search using the terms chimeric antigen receptor or CAR-T, GBM, solid tumor immunotherapy, immunotherapy, and CAR-T combination was performed for publication dates between January 1987 and November 2021. Results In the current review, we present a comprehensive list of CAR-T cells developed to treat GBM, we describe new possible T-cell engineering strategies against GBM while presenting a short introductory history to the reader regarding the origin(s) of this cutting-edge therapy. We have also compiled a unique list of anti-GBM CAR-Ts with their specific protein sequences and their functions as well as an inventory of clinical trials involving CAR-T and GBM. Conclusions The aim of this review is to introduce the reader to the field of T-cell engineering using CAR-Ts to treat GBM and describe the obstacles that may need to be addressed in order to significantly delay the relentless growth of GBM. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11060-021-03902-8.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kilian M, Bunse T, Wick W, Platten M, Bunse L. Genetically Modified Cellular Therapies for Malignant Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12810. [PMID: 34884607 PMCID: PMC8657496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive preclinical research on immunotherapeutic approaches, malignant glioma remains a devastating disease of the central nervous system for which standard of care treatment is still confined to resection and radiochemotherapy. For peripheral solid tumors, immune checkpoint inhibition has shown substantial clinical benefit, while promising preclinical results have yet failed to translate into clinical efficacy for brain tumor patients. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, tumor antigens and corresponding T cell receptors (TCR) and antibodies have been identified, leading to the development of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), which are comprised of an extracellular antibody part and an intracellular T cell receptor signaling part, to genetically engineer T cells for antigen recognition. Due to efficacy in other tumor entities, a plethora of CARs has been designed and tested for glioma, with promising signs of biological activity. In this review, we describe glioma antigens that have been targeted using CAR T cells preclinically and clinically, review their drawbacks and benefits, and illustrate how the emerging field of transgenic TCR therapy can be used as a potent alternative for cell therapy of glioma overcoming antigenic limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kilian
- DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Bunse
- DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic, Heidelberg University Hospital, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK CCU Neurooncology, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Immune Monitoring Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute of Translational Oncology (HI-TRON), 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lukas Bunse
- DKTK (German Cancer Consortium), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Prapa M, Chiavelli C, Golinelli G, Grisendi G, Bestagno M, Di Tinco R, Dall'Ora M, Neri G, Candini O, Spano C, Petrachi T, Bertoni L, Carnevale G, Pugliese G, Depenni R, Feletti A, Iaccarino C, Pavesi G, Dominici M. GD2 CAR T cells against human glioblastoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:93. [PMID: 34707200 PMCID: PMC8551169 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant primary brain tumor and is still in need of effective medical treatment. We isolated patient-derived glioblastoma cells showing high GD2 antigen expression representing a potential target for CAR T strategy. Data highlighted a robust GD2 CAR antitumor potential in 2D and 3D glioblastoma models associated with a significant and CAR T-restricted increase of selected cytokines. Interestingly, immunosuppressant TGF β1, expressed in all co-cultures, did not influence antitumor activity. The orthotopic NOD/SCID models using primary glioblastoma cells reproduced human histopathological features. Considering still-conflicting data on the delivery route for targeting brain tumors, we compared intracerebral versus intravenous CAR T injections. We report that the intracerebral route significantly increased the length of survival time in a dose-dependent manner, without any side effects. Collectively, the proposed anti-GD2 CAR can counteract human glioblastoma potentially opening a new therapeutic option for a still incurable cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Prapa
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiavelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Golinelli
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Bestagno
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Tinco
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Neri
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Tiziana Petrachi
- Technopole Mario Veronesi of Mirandola, Fondazione Democenter, Mirandola, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberta Depenni
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alberto Feletti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Institute of Neurosurgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Corrado Iaccarino
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Pavesi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Khorasani ABS, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors; with an extensive focus on obstacles and strategies to overcome the challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108260. [PMID: 34678690 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of the CAR T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies holds prosperous results that intensified the unprecedented enthusiasm to employ this fascinating strategy in other types of human malignancies. Although the researchers invested a great deal of effort to exploit the utmost efficacy of these cells in the context of solid tumors, few articles reviewed obstacles and opportunities. The current review aims to provide comprehensive literature of recent advances of CAR T cell therapy in a wide range of solid tumors; and also, to discuss the original data obtained from international research laboratories on this topic. Despite promising results, several radical obstacles are on the way of this approach. This review discusses the most important drawbacks and also responds to questions on how the intrinsic features of solid tumors in addition to the tumor microenvironment-related challenges and the immune-relating adverse effects can curb satisfactory outcomes of CAR T cells. The last section allocates a special focus on innovative and contemporary policies which have already been adopted to surmount these challenges. Finally, we comment on the future research aspects in which the efficacy, as well as the safety of CAR T cell therapy, might be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cui X, Liu R, Duan L, Cao D, Zhang Q, Zhang A. CAR-T therapy: Prospects in targeting cancer stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9891-9904. [PMID: 34585512 PMCID: PMC8572776 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a group of tumour cells with stem cell characteristics, have the ability of self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation and tumour formation. Since CSCs are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, their existence may be one of the root causes of cancer treatment failure and tumour progression. The elimination of CSCs may be effective for eventual tumour eradication. Because of the good therapeutic effects without major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and the unique characteristics of CSCs, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is expected to be an important method to eliminate CSCs. In this review, we have discussed the feasibility of CSCs-targeted CAR-T therapy for cancer treatment, summarized current research and clinical trials of targeting CSCs with CAR-T cells and forecasted the challenges and future direction from the perspectives of toxicity, persistence and potency, trafficking, infiltration, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, and tumour heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Cui
- Basic Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Basic Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Basic Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Qiaoling Zhang
- Basic Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| | - Aijie Zhang
- Basic Laboratory, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
The Immune Privilege of Cancer Stem Cells: A Key to Understanding Tumor Immune Escape and Therapy Failure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092361. [PMID: 34572009 PMCID: PMC8469208 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are broadly considered immature, multipotent, tumorigenic cells within the tumor mass, endowed with the ability to self-renew and escape immune control. All these features contribute to place CSCs at the pinnacle of tumor aggressiveness and (immune) therapy resistance. The immune privileged status of CSCs is induced and preserved by various mechanisms that directly affect them (e.g., the downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I) and indirectly are induced in the host immune cells (e.g., activation of immune suppressive cells). Therefore, deeper insights into the immuno-biology of CSCs are essential in our pursuit to find new therapeutic opportunities that eradicate cancer (stem) cells. Here, we review and discuss the ability of CSCs to evade the innate and adaptive immune system, as we offer a view of the immunotherapeutic strategies adopted to potentiate and address specific subsets of (engineered) immune cells against CSCs.
Collapse
|
47
|
Shademan B, Karamad V, Nourazarian A, Avcı CB. CAR T Cells: Cancer Cell Surface Receptors Are the Target for Cancer Therapy. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 12:476-489. [PMID: 35935042 PMCID: PMC9348524 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2022.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a prominent strategy for the treatment of cancer. A method that improves the immune system's ability to attack a tumor (Enhances antigen binding). Targeted killing of malignant cells by adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a promising immunotherapy technique in the treatment of cancers. For this purpose, the patient's immune cells, with genetic engineering aid, are loaded with chimeric receptors that have particular antigen binding and activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes. That increases the effectiveness of immune cells and destroying cancer cells. This review discusses the basic structure and function of CAR-T cells and how antigenic targets are identified to treat different cancers and address the disadvantages of this treatment for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Shademan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vahidreza Karamad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cigir Biray Avcı
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tracking the CAR-T Revolution: Analysis of Clinical Trials of CAR-T and TCR-T Therapies for the Treatment of Cancer (1997-2020). Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9081062. [PMID: 34442199 PMCID: PMC8392279 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor and T-cell receptor (CAR-T/TCR-T) cellular immunotherapies have shown remarkable success in the treatment of some refractory B-cell malignancies, with potential to provide durable clinical response for other types of cancer. In this paper, we look at all available FDA CAR-T/TCR-T clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, and analyze them with respect to different disease tissues, targeted antigens, products, and originator locations. We found that 627 of 1007 registered are currently active and of those 273 (44%) originated in China and 280 (45%) in the US. Our analysis suggests that the rapid increase in the number of clinical trials is driven by the development of different CAR-T products that use a similar therapeutic approach. We coin the term bioparallels to describe such products. Our results suggest that one feature of the CAR-T/TCR-T industry may be a robust response to success and failure of competitor products.
Collapse
|
49
|
Ma Y, Yang Z, Huntoon K, Jiang W, Kim BYS. Advanced Immunotherapy Approaches for Glioblastoma. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75235 USA
| | - Kristin Huntoon
- Department of Neurosurgery The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75235 USA
- Department of Bioengineering University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - Betty Y. S. Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX 77030 USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang D, Starr R, Chang WC, Aguilar B, Alizadeh D, Wright SL, Yang X, Brito A, Sarkissian A, Ostberg JR, Li L, Shi Y, Gutova M, Aboody K, Badie B, Forman SJ, Barish ME, Brown CE. Chlorotoxin-directed CAR T cells for specific and effective targeting of glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/533/eaaw2672. [PMID: 32132216 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated signs of antitumor activity against glioblastoma (GBM), tumor heterogeneity remains a critical challenge. To achieve broader and more effective GBM targeting, we developed a peptide-bearing CAR exploiting the GBM-binding potential of chlorotoxin (CLTX). We find that CLTX peptide binds a great proportion of tumors and constituent tumor cells. CAR T cells using CLTX as the targeting domain (CLTX-CAR T cells) mediate potent anti-GBM activity and efficiently target tumors lacking expression of other GBM-associated antigens. Treatment with CLTX-CAR T cells resulted in tumor regression in orthotopic xenograft GBM tumor models. CLTX-CAR T cells do not exhibit observable off-target effector activity against normal cells or after adoptive transfer into mice. Effective targeting by CLTX-CAR T cells requires cell surface expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Our results pioneer a peptide toxin in CAR design, expanding the repertoire of tumor-selective CAR T cells with the potential to reduce antigen escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Wang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sarah L Wright
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alfonso Brito
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Aniee Sarkissian
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Julie R Ostberg
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Li Li
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Karen Aboody
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Michael E Barish
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. .,Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| |
Collapse
|