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Multiple Roles of TRIM21 in Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021683. [PMID: 36675197 PMCID: PMC9867090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif protein 21 (TRIM21) belongs to the TRIM family, possessing an E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Similar to other TRIMs, TRIM21 also contains three domains (named RBCC), including the Really Interesting New Gene (RING) domain, one or two B-Box domains (B-Box), and one PRY/SPRY domain. Notably, we found that the RING and B-Box domains are relatively more conservative than the PRY/SPRY domain, suggesting that TRIM21 of different species had similar functions. Recent results showed that TRIM21 participates in virus infection by directly interacting with viral proteins or modulating immune and inflammatory responses. TRIM21 also acts as a cytosol high-affinity antibody Fc receptor, binding to the antibody-virus complex and triggering an indirect antiviral antibody-dependent intracellular neutralization (ADIN). This paper focuses on the recent progress in the mechanism of TRIM21 during virus infection and the application prospects of TRIM21 on virus infection.
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2
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Liang G, He Y, Zhao L, Ouyang J, Geng W, Zhang X, Han X, Jiang Y, Ding H, Xiong Y, Dong J, Liu M, Shang H. CTNNBL1 restricts HIV-1 replication by suppressing viral DNA integration into the cell genome. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110533. [PMID: 35294870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral integration is mediated by a unique enzymatic process shared by all retroviruses and retrotransposons. During integration, double-stranded linear viral DNA is inserted into the host genome in a process catalyzed by viral-encoded integrase (IN). However, host cell defenses against HIV-1 integration are not clear. This study identifies β-catenin-like protein 1 (CTNNBL1) as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 integration via association with viral-encoded integrase (IN) and its cofactor, lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75. CTNNBL1 overexpression blocks HIV-1 integration and inhibits viral replication, whereas CTNNBL1 depletion significantly upregulates HIV-1 integration into the genome of various target cells. Further, CTNNBL1 expression is downregulated in CD4+ T cells by activation, and CTNNBL1 depletion also facilitates HIV-1 integration in resting CD4+ T cells. Thus, host cells may employ CTNNBL1 to inhibit HIV-1 integration into the genome. This finding suggests a strategy for the treatment of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Research Institute for Cancer Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yang He
- Research Institute for Cancer Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinxiu Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Human TRIM5α: Autophagy Connects Cell-Intrinsic HIV-1 Restriction and Innate Immune Sensor Functioning. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020320. [PMID: 33669846 PMCID: PMC7923229 DOI: 10.3390/v13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) persists as a global health concern, with an incidence rate of approximately 2 million, and estimated global prevalence of over 35 million. Combination antiretroviral treatment is highly effective, but HIV-1 patients that have been treated still suffer from chronic inflammation and residual viral replication. It is therefore paramount to identify therapeutically efficacious strategies to eradicate viral reservoirs and ultimately develop a cure for HIV-1. It has been long accepted that the restriction factor tripartite motif protein 5 isoform alpha (TRIM5α) restricts HIV-1 infection in a species-specific manner, with rhesus macaque TRIM5α strongly restricting HIV-1, and human TRIM5α having a minimal restriction capacity. However, several recent studies underscore human TRIM5α as a cell-dependent HIV-1 restriction factor. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on human TRIM5α and propose a novel conceptualization of TRIM5α as a restriction factor with a varied portfolio of antiviral functions, including mediating HIV-1 degradation through autophagy- and proteasome-mediated mechanisms, and acting as a viral sensor and effector of antiviral signaling. We have also expanded on the protective antiviral roles of autophagy and outline the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulation to intervene in chronic HIV-1 infection.
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Colomer-Lluch M, Ruiz A, Moris A, Prado JG. Restriction Factors: From Intrinsic Viral Restriction to Shaping Cellular Immunity Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2876. [PMID: 30574147 PMCID: PMC6291751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the viral replication cycle, some restriction factors also act as innate sensors triggering innate responses against infections. Accumulating evidence suggests an additional role for restriction factors in promoting antiviral cellular immunity to combat viruses. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding on how restriction factors, particularly APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, Tetherin, and TRIM5α have the cell-autonomous potential to induce cellular resistance against HIV-1 while promoting antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses. Also, we provide an overview of how these restriction factors may connect with protein degradation pathways to modulate anti-HIV-1 cellular immune responses, and we summarize the potential of restriction factors-based therapeutics. This review brings a global perspective on the influence of restrictions factors in intrinsic, innate, and also adaptive antiviral immunity opening up novel research avenues for therapeutic strategies in the fields of drug discovery, gene therapy, and vaccines to control viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Colomer-Lluch
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alba Ruiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Julia G Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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5
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Retroviral restriction: nature's own solution. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 29:609-614. [PMID: 27749368 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review will discuss recent advances in the development of anti-HIV therapies inspired by studies of the mechanisms of host restriction factor-mediated resistance to HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Manipulating the interplay between host cell restriction factors and viral accessory factors that overcome them can potentially be therapeutically useful. Preliminarily successful therapies - some of which are entering clinical trials - either inhibit the ability of virus to evade restriction factor-mediated immunity, or promote intracellular levels of restriction factors. These aims are achieved by multiple means, which are discussed. SUMMARY Many restriction factors appear to provide potentially useful targets for anti-HIV therapies, so time and interest should be invested in investigating ways to successfully therapeutically manipulate restriction factor-mediated immunity.
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Jimenez-Moyano E, Ruiz A, Kløverpris HN, Rodriguez-Plata MT, Peña R, Blondeau C, Selwood DL, Izquierdo-Useros N, Moris A, Clotet B, Goulder P, Towers GJ, Prado JG. Nonhuman TRIM5 Variants Enhance Recognition of HIV-1-Infected Cells by CD8+ T Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:8552-62. [PMID: 27440884 PMCID: PMC5021395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00819-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tripartite motif-containing protein 5 (TRIM5) restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a species-specific manner by uncoating viral particles while activating early innate responses. Although the contribution of TRIM5 proteins to cellular immunity has not yet been studied, their interactions with the incoming viral capsid and the cellular proteasome led us to hypothesize a role for them. Here, we investigate whether the expression of two nonhuman TRIM5 orthologs, rhesus TRIM5α (RhT5) and TRIM-cyclophilin A (TCyp), both of which are potent restrictors of HIV-1, could enhance immune recognition of infected cells by CD8(+) T cells. We illustrate how TRIM5 restriction improves CD8(+) T-cell-mediated HIV-1 inhibition. Moreover, when TRIM5 activity was blocked by the nonimmunosuppressive analog of cyclosporine (CsA), sarcosine-3(4-methylbenzoate)-CsA (SmBz-CsA), we found a significant reduction in CD107a/MIP-1β expression in HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells. This finding underscores the direct link between TRIM5 restriction and activation of CD8(+) T-cell responses. Interestingly, cells expressing RhT5 induced stronger CD8(+) T-cell responses through the specific recognition of the HIV-1 capsid by the immune system. The underlying mechanism of this process may involve TRIM5-specific capsid recruitment to cellular proteasomes and increase peptide availability for loading and presentation of HLA class I antigens. In summary, we identified a novel function for nonhuman TRIM5 variants in cellular immunity. We hypothesize that TRIM5 can couple innate viral sensing and CD8(+) T-cell activation to increase species barriers against retrovirus infection. IMPORTANCE New therapeutics to tackle HIV-1 infection should aim to combine rapid innate viral sensing and cellular immune recognition. Such strategies could prevent seeding of the viral reservoir and the immune damage that occurs during acute infection. The nonhuman TRIM5 variants, rhesus TRIM5α (RhT5) and TRIM-cyclophilin A (TCyp), are attractive candidates owing to their potency in sensing HIV-1 and blocking its activity. Here, we show that expression of RhT5 and TCyp in HIV-1-infected cells improves CD8(+) T-cell-mediated inhibition through the direct activation of HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. We found that the potency in CD8(+) activation was stronger for RhT5 variants and capsid-specific CD8(+) T cells in a mechanism that relies on TRIM5-dependent particle recruitment to cellular proteasomes. This novel mechanism couples innate viral sensing with cellular immunity in a single protein and could be exploited to develop innovative therapeutics for control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Ruiz
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Henrik N Kløverpris
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB and HIV, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Ruth Peña
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Caroline Blondeau
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L Selwood
- The Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Arnaud Moris
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 6, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia G Prado
- AIDS Research Institute, IrsiCaixa, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Sun NN, Li C, Zhou L, Peng Y, Zhang B, Qiu XM, Jiang ZM, Xu J. Lentivirus-mediated angiopoietin-2 gene silencing decreases TNF-α induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelium cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:491-497. [PMID: 27701905 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced apoptosis of alveolar epithelium cells (AECs). METHODS TNF-α was used to induce human alveolar epithelial HPAEpiC cells, and Ang-2 siRNA vector was transfected to the HPAEpiC cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used. TUNEL staining was applied to observe apoptosis, and annexin V-FITC-PI staining was used to calculate apoptosis rate. RESULTS mRNA and protein expressions of Ang-2, activated Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 in HPAEpiC cells were up-regulated, but the expression level of Bcl-2 decreased (P < 0.05). After transfection of Ang-2 siRNA, mRNA and protein expressions of Ang-2, activated Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 in HPAEpiC cells were down-regulated, but the expression level of Bcl-2 increased (P < 0.05). The number of apoptotic cells increased after TNF-α treatment; however, the number decreased after Ang-2 siRNA transfection. Annexin V-FITC-PI staining verified that the total number of apoptotic cells was elevated with TNF-α treatment, but declined after transfection of Ang-2 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS The expression level of Ang-2 increased during TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Inhibiting Ang-2 expression may suppress the early stages of cell apoptosis and the degree of TNF-α-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Sun
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Ming Qiu
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Jiang
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Department of Critical-Care Medicine, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China
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Crespo H, Bertolotti L, Proffiti M, Cascio P, Cerruti F, Acutis PL, de Andrés D, Reina R, Rosati S. Low proviral small ruminant lentivirus load as biomarker of natural restriction in goats. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:152-162. [PMID: 27527777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) globally affect welfare and production of sheep and goats and are mainly controlled through elimination of infected animals, independently of the viral kinetics within the single animal. Control programs are based on highly sensitive serological tests, however the existence of low antibody responders leads to the permanent presence of seronegative infected animals in the flock, thus perpetuating the infection. On the other hand, long-term non-progressors show a detectable antibody response not indicative of a shedding animal, suggesting immune contention of infection. In this study, we analyse two goat populations within the same herd, harbouring low or high proviral SRLV loads respectively, both showing a robust antibody response. In vivo findings were confirmed in vitro since fibroblastic cell lines obtained from one high and one low proviral load representative goats, showed respectively a high and a faint production of virus upon infection with reference and field circulating SRLV strains. Differences in virus production were relieved when strain CAEV-Co was used for experimental infection. We analysed LTR promoter activity, proviral load, entry step and production of virus and viral proteins. Intriguingly, proteasomal activity was higher in fibroblasts from low proviral load animals and proteasome inhibition increased viral production in both cell lines, suggesting the implication of active proteasome-dependent restriction factors. Among them, we analysed relative expression and sequences of TRIM5α, APOBEC3 (Z1, Z2, Z3 and Z2-Z3) and BST-2 (Tetherin) and found a global antiviral status in low proviral carriers that may confer protection against viral shedding and disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crespo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Margherita Proffiti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Paolo Cascio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Fulvia Cerruti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gob, de Navarra, Avda. Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, L.go P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Li W, Yap MW, Voss V, Stoye JP. Expression levels of Fv1: effects on retroviral restriction specificities. Retrovirology 2016; 13:42. [PMID: 27342974 PMCID: PMC4921018 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mouse protein Fv1 is a factor that can confer resistance to retroviral infection. The two major Fv1 alleles from laboratory mice, Fv1 (n) and Fv1 (b) , restrict infection by different murine leukaemia viruses (MLVs). Fv1(n) restricts B-tropic MLV, but not N-tropic MLV or NB-tropic MLV. In cells expressing Fv1(b) at natural levels, only N-MLV is restricted, however restriction of NB-MLV and partial restriction of B-MLV were observed when recombinant Fv1(b) was expressed from an MLV promoter in Fv1 null Mus dunni tail fibroblast cells. To investigate the relationship between expression level and restriction specificity we have developed new retroviral delivery vectors which allow inducible expression of Fv1, and yet allow sufficient production of fluorescent reporter proteins for analysis in our FACS-based restriction assay. RESULTS We demonstrated that at concentrations close to the endogenous expression level, Fv1(b) specifically restricts only N-MLV, but restriction of NB-MLV, and to a lesser extent B-MLV, could be gained by increasing the protein level of Fv1(b). By contrast, we found that even when Fv1(n) is expressed at very high levels, no significant inhibition of N-MLV or NB-MLV could be observed. Study of Fv1 mutants using this assay led to the identification of determinants for N/B tropism at an expression level close to that of endogenous Fv1(n) and Fv1(b). We also compared the recently described restriction activities of wild mice Fv1 proteins directed against non-MLV retroviruses when expressed at different levels. Fv1 from M. spretus restricted N-MLV, B-MLV and equine infectious anaemia virus equally even at low concentrations, while Fv1 from M. macedonicus showed even stronger restriction against equine infectious anaemia virus than to N-MLV. Restriction of feline foamy virus by Fv1 of M. caroli occurred at levels equivalent to MLV restriction. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that for some but not all Fv1 proteins, gain of restriction activities could be achieved by increasing the expression level of Fv1. However such a concentration dependent effect is not seen with most Fv1s and cannot explain the recently reported activities against non-MLVs. It will be interesting to examine whether overexpression of other capsid binding restriction factors such as TRIM5α or Mx2 result in novel restriction specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Li
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Melvyn W Yap
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Vicky Voss
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jonathan P Stoye
- Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK. .,Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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10
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Nalla AK, Trobridge GD. Prospects for Foamy Viral Vector Anti-HIV Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2016; 4:E8. [PMID: 28536375 PMCID: PMC5344253 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell gene therapy approaches for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection have been explored in clinical trials and several anti-HIV genes delivered by retroviral vectors were shown to block HIV replication. However, gammaretroviral and lentiviral based retroviral vectors have limitations for delivery of anti-HIV genes into hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Foamy virus vectors have several advantages including efficient delivery of transgenes into HSC in large animal models, and a potentially safer integration profile. This review focuses on novel anti-HIV transgenes and the potential of foamy virus vectors for HSC gene therapy of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Nalla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
| | - Grant D Trobridge
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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11
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Ross CT, Roodgar M, Smith DG. Evolutionary distance of amino acid sequence orthologs across macaque subspecies: identifying candidate genes for SIV resistance in Chinese rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123624. [PMID: 25884674 PMCID: PMC4401517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We use the Reciprocal Smallest Distance (RSD) algorithm to identify amino acid sequence orthologs in the Chinese and Indian rhesus macaque draft sequences and estimate the evolutionary distance between such orthologs. We then use GOanna to map gene function annotations and human gene identifiers to the rhesus macaque amino acid sequences. We conclude methodologically by cross-tabulating a list of amino acid orthologs with large divergence scores with a list of genes known to be involved in SIV or HIV pathogenesis. We find that many of the amino acid sequences with large evolutionary divergence scores, as calculated by the RSD algorithm, have been shown to be related to HIV pathogenesis in previous laboratory studies. Four of the strongest candidate genes for SIVmac resistance in Chinese rhesus macaques identified in this study are CDK9, CXCL12, TRIM21, and TRIM32. Additionally, ANKRD30A, CTSZ, GORASP2, GTF2H1, IL13RA1, MUC16, NMDAR1, Notch1, NT5M, PDCD5, RAD50, and TM9SF2 were identified as possible candidates, among others. We failed to find many laboratory experiments contrasting the effects of Indian and Chinese orthologs at these sites on SIVmac pathogenesis, but future comparative studies might hold fertile ground for research into the biological mechanisms underlying innate resistance to SIVmac in Chinese rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody T. Ross
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
| | - Morteza Roodgar
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
- Graduate Group of Comparative Pathology, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
| | - David Glenn Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis. Davis, United States of America
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McEwan WA, James LC. TRIM21-Dependent Intracellular Antibody Neutralization of Virus Infection. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 129:167-87. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chan E, Towers GJ, Qasim W. Gene therapy strategies to exploit TRIM derived restriction factors against HIV-1. Viruses 2014; 6:243-63. [PMID: 24424502 PMCID: PMC3917441 DOI: 10.3390/v6010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Restriction factors are a collection of antiviral proteins that form an important aspect of the innate immune system. Their constitutive expression allows immediate response to viral infection, ahead of other innate or adaptive immune responses. We review the molecular mechanism of restriction for four categories of restriction factors; TRIM5, tetherin, APOBEC3G and SAMHD1 and go on to consider how the TRIM5 and TRIMCyp proteins in particular, show promise for exploitation using gene therapy strategies. Such approaches could form an important alternative to current anti-HIV-1 drug regimens, especially if combined with strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs. Autologous CD4+ T cells or their haematopoietic stem cell precursors engineered to express TRIMCyp restriction factors, and provided in a single therapeutic intervention could then be used to restore functional immunity with a pool of cells protected against HIV. We consider the challenges ahead and consider how early clinical phase testing may best be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Chan
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Greg J Towers
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Waseem Qasim
- Centre for Gene Therapy, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Liu Z, Pan Q, Ding S, Qian J, Xu F, Zhou J, Cen S, Guo F, Liang C. The Interferon-Inducible MxB Protein Inhibits HIV-1 Infection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 14:398-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sanz-Ramos M, Stoye JP. Capsid-binding retrovirus restriction factors: discovery, restriction specificity and implications for the development of novel therapeutics. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2587-2598. [PMID: 24026671 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.058180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of drugs against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection has been highly successful, and numerous combinational treatments are currently available. However, the risk of the emergence of resistance and the toxic effects associated with prolonged use of antiretroviral therapies have emphasized the need to consider alternative approaches. One possible area of investigation is provided by the properties of restriction factors, cellular proteins that protect organisms against retroviral infection. Many show potent viral inhibition. Here, we describe the discovery, properties and possible therapeutic uses of the group of restriction factors known to interact with the capsid core of incoming retroviruses. This group comprises Fv1, TRIM5α and TRIMCypA: proteins that all act shortly after virus entry into the target cell and block virus replication at different stages prior to integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome. They have different origins and specificities, but share general structural features required for restriction, with an N-terminal multimerization domain and a C-terminal capsid-binding domain. Their overall efficacy makes it reasonable to ask whether they might provide a framework for developing novel antiretroviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sanz-Ramos
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Jonathan P Stoye
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.,Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Compton AA, Malik HS, Emerman M. Host gene evolution traces the evolutionary history of ancient primate lentiviruses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120496. [PMID: 23938749 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) have infected primate species long before human immunodeficiency virus has infected humans. Dozens of species-specific lentiviruses are found in African primate species, including two strains that have repeatedly jumped into human populations within the past century. Traditional phylogenetic approaches have grossly underestimated the age of these primate lentiviruses. Instead, here we review how selective pressures imposed by these viruses have fundamentally altered the evolutionary trajectory of hosts genes and, even in cases where there now remains no trace of the viruses themselves, these evolutionary signatures can reveal the types of viruses that were once present. Examination of selection by ancient viruses on the adaptive evolution of host genes has been used to derive minimum age estimates for modern primate lentiviruses. This type of data suggests that ancestors of modern SIV existed in simian primates more than 10 Ma. Moreover, examples of host resistance and viral adaptation have implications not only for estimating the age and host range of ancient primate lentiviruses, but also the pathogenic potential of their modern counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Compton
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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