MicroRNA 142-3p attenuates spread of replicating retroviral vector in hematopoietic lineage-derived cells while maintaining an antiviral immune response

Therapeutic activity of retroviral replicating vector-mediated prodrug activator gene therapy for pancreatic cancer

Toca 511, a retroviral replicating vector (RRV) encoding the yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD) prodrug activator gene, which mediates conversion of the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) to the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is currently being evaluated in Phase II/III clinical trials for glioma, and showing highly promising evidence of therapeutic activity. Here we evaluated RRV-mediated prodrug activator gene therapy as a new therapeutic approach for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). RRV spread rapidly and conferred significant cytotoxicity with prodrug in a panel of PDAC cells. Efficient intratumoral replication and complete inhibition of tumor growth upon 5-FC administration were observed in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent subcutaneous PDAC models. Biodistribution of RRV was highly restricted in normal tissues, especially in immunocompetent hosts. Tumor growth inhibition by Toca 511 followed by 5-FC was also confirmed in the orthotopic PDAC model. This study provides the first proof-of-concept for application of Toca 511 and Toca FC (extended release 5-FC) to the treatment of human PDAC, and provided support for inclusion of PDAC in a Phase I study evaluating Toca 511 in various systemic malignancies, (NCT02576665), which has recently been initiated.

Efficient Therapeutic Protein Expression Using Retroviral Replicating Vector with 2A Peptide in Cancer Models

Toca 511, a retroviral replicating vector (RRV), uses an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) to express an optimized yeast cytosine deaminase (yCD2), which converts 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil. This configuration is genetically stable in both preclinical mouse models and human clinical trials. However, the use of IRES (∼600 bp) restricts choices of therapeutic transgenes due to limits in RRV genome size. This study replaced IRES with 2A peptides derived from picornaviruses with or without a GSG linker. The data show that GSG-linked 2A (g2A) peptide resulted in higher polyprotein separation efficiency than non-GSG linked 2A peptide. The study also shows that RRV can tolerate insertion of two separate 2A peptides to allow expression of two transgenes without compromising the assembly and function of the virus in addition to insertion of a single 2A peptide to confirm genetic stability with yCD2, green fluorescent protein, and HSV-1 thymidine kinase. In a parallel comparison of the RRV-IRES-yCD2 and RRV-g2A-yCD2 configurations, the study shows the yCD2 protein expressed from RRV-g2A-yCD2 has higher activity, resulting in a higher survival benefit in an intracranial tumor mouse model. These data enable a wider range of potential product candidates that could be developed using the RRV platform.

Exploiting microRNA Specificity and Selectivity: Paving a Sustainable Path Towards Precision Medicine

In his State of the Union address before both chambers of the US Congress, President Barack Obama called for increased investment in US infrastructure and research and announced the launch of a new Precision Medicine Initiative, aiming to accelerate biomedical discovery. Due to their well-established selectivity and specificity, microRNAs can represent a useful tool, both in diagnosis and therapy, in forging the path towards the achievement of precision medicine. This introductory chapter represents a guide for the Reader in examining the functional roles of microRNAs in the most diverse aspects of clinical practice, which will be explored in this third volume of the microRNA trilogy.

Tumor-specific suicide gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma by transcriptionally targeted retroviral replicating vectors

Replicating virus vectors are attractive tools for anticancer gene therapy, but the potential for adverse events due to uncontrolled spread of the vectors has been a major concern. To design a tumor-specific retroviral replicating vector (RRV), we replaced the U3 region of the RRV ACE-GFP with a regulatory sequence consisting of the hepatitis B virus enhancer II (EII) and human α-fetoprotein (AFP) core promoter to produce ACE-GFP-EIIAFP, a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-targeting RRV. Similar to ACE-GFP, ACE-GFP-EIIAFP exhibited robust green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in HCC cells and, most importantly, it exhibited HCC-specific replication and did not replicate in non-HCC tumor cells or normal liver cells. We sequenced the promoter region of ACE-GFP-EIIAFP collected from serial infection cycles to examine the genomic stability of the vector during its replicative spread, and found that the vector could retain the hybrid promoter in the genome for at least six infection cycles. In vitro studies revealed that ACE-CD-EIIAFP and ACE-PNP-EIIAFP, which express the yeast cytosine deaminase and Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase, respectively, exert a highly potent cytotoxic effect on HCC cells in the presence of their respective prodrugs. In vivo, ACE-CD-EIIAFP-mediated suicide gene therapy efficiently suppressed HCC tumor growth and no detectable RRV signal was observed in extratumoral tissues. These results suggest that the tumor-specific, suicide-gene-encoding RRV may fulfill the promise of retroviral gene therapy for cancer.