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Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, Rao L, Duo Y. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:207. [PMID: 37211559 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 172.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens and cancers. Macrophages possess binary M1/M2 macrophage polarization settings, which perform a central role in an array of immune tasks via intrinsic signal cascades and, therefore, must be precisely regulated. Many crucial questions about macrophage signaling and immune modulation are yet to be uncovered. In addition, the clinical importance of tumor-associated macrophages is becoming more widely recognized as significant progress has been made in understanding their biology. Moreover, they are an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, playing a part in the regulation of a wide variety of processes including angiogenesis, extracellular matrix transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, immunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapeutic and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. Herein, we discuss immune regulation in macrophage polarization and signaling, mechanical stresses and modulation, metabolic signaling pathways, mitochondrial and transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation. Furthermore, we have broadly extended the understanding of macrophages in extracellular traps and the essential roles of autophagy and aging in regulating macrophage functions. Moreover, we discussed recent advances in macrophages-mediated immune regulation of autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. Lastly, we discussed targeted macrophage therapy to portray prospective targets for therapeutic strategies in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanze Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Abdullah F U H Saeed
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope National Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital (Nanshan Hospital), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Haizhao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Critic Care Unit, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Yanhong Duo
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
In 2020, nearly 20 million peoples got cancer and nearly 10 million peoples died of cancer, indicating the cancer remains a great threat to human health and life. New therapies are still in urgent demand. We here develop a novel cancer therapy named Ferroptosis ASsassinates Tumor (FAST) by combining iron oxide nanoparticles with cancer-selective knockdown of seven key ferroptosis-resistant genes (FPN, LCN2, FTH1, FSP1, GPX4, SLC7A11, NRF2). We found that FAST had notable anti-tumor activity in a variety of cancer cells but little effect on normal cells. Especially, FAST eradicated three different types of tumors (leukemia, colon cancer, and lung metastatic melanoma) from over 50% of cancer mice, making the mice survive up to 250 days without tumor relapse. FAST also significantly inhibited and prevented the growth of spontaneous breast cancer and improved survival in mice. FAST showed high pan anti-tumor efficacy, high cancer specificity, and in vivo safety. FAST defines a new form of advanced nanomaterials, advanced combinatorial nanomaterials, by combining two kinds of nanomaterials, a chemical nanomaterial (iron oxide nanoparticles) and a biochemical nanomaterial (adeno-associated virus), which successfully turns a general iron nanomaterial into an unprecedented assassin to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Yile Wang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
| | - Jinke Wang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, 210096 Nanjing, China
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Qiao C, Wang H, Guan Q, Wei M, Li Z. Ferroptosis-based nano delivery systems targeted therapy for colorectal cancer: Insights and future perspectives. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:613-629. [PMID: 36382305 PMCID: PMC9640473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited options for patients who develop liver metastasis from colorectal cancer (CRC), the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Emerging evidence has provided insights into iron deficiency and excess in CRC. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death characterized by aberrant iron and lipid metabolism, which play crucial roles in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment options. A better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism of ferroptosis has shed light on the current findings of ferroptosis-based nanodrug targeting strategies, such as driving ferroptosis in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment, emerging combination therapy and against multidrug resistance. Furthermore, this review highlights the challenge and perspective of a ferroptosis-driven nanodrug delivery system for CRC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Qiutong Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Abstract
Although some effective therapies have been available for cancer, it still poses a great threat to human health and life due to its drug resistance and low response in patients. Here, we develop a ferroptosis-based therapy by combining iron nanoparticles and cancer-specific gene interference. The expression of two iron metabolic genes (FPN and LCN2) was selectively knocked down in cancer cells by Cas13a or microRNA controlled by a NF-κB-specific promoter. Cells were simultaneously treated by iron nanoparticles. As a result, a significant ferroptosis was induced in a wide variety of cancer cells. However, the same treatment had little effect on normal cells. By transferring genes with adeno-associated virus and iron nanoparticles, the significant tumor growth inhibition and durable cure were obtained in mice with the therapy. In this work, we thus show a cancer therapy based on gene interference-enhanced ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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Palaz F, Kalkan AK, Can Ö, Demir AN, Tozluyurt A, Özcan A, Ozsoz M. CRISPR-Cas13 System as a Promising and Versatile Tool for Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Research. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:1245-1267. [PMID: 34037380 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in targeted cancer therapy. In precision oncology, molecular profiling of cancer patients enables the use of targeted cancer therapeutics. However, current diagnostic methods for molecular analysis of cancer are costly and require sophisticated equipment. Moreover, targeted cancer therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule drugs may cause off-target effects and they are available for only a minority of cancer driver proteins. Therefore, there is still a need for versatile, efficient, and precise tools for cancer diagnostics and targeted cancer treatment. In recent years, the CRISPR-based genome and transcriptome engineering toolbox has expanded rapidly. Particularly, the RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13 system has unique biochemical properties, making Cas13 a promising tool for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and research. Cas13-based diagnostic methods allow early detection and monitoring of cancer markers from liquid biopsy samples without the need for complex instrumentation. In addition, Cas13 can be used for targeted cancer therapy through degrading and manipulating cancer-associated transcripts with high efficiency and specificity. Moreover, Cas13-mediated programmable RNA manipulation tools offer invaluable opportunities for cancer research, identification of drug-resistance mechanisms, and discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we review and discuss the current use and potential applications of the CRISPR-Cas13 system in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and research. Thus, researchers will gain a deep understanding of CRISPR-Cas13 technologies, which have the potential to be used as next-generation cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahreddin Palaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | | | - Özgür Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Ayça Nur Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar 03100, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tozluyurt
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Ahsen Özcan
- Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Kocaeli 41470, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozsoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Near East University, 10 Mersin, Nicosia, Turkey
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Duan Z, Luo Y. Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:127. [PMID: 33767177 PMCID: PMC7994399 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and small-molecule inhibitors, have achieved certain successes. In this review, we summarize the role of macrophages in current immunotherapies and the advantages of targeting macrophages. To better understand and make better use of this type of cell, their development and differentiation characteristics, categories, typical markers, and functions were collated at the beginning of the review. Therapeutic strategies based on or combined with macrophages have the potential to improve the treatment efficacy of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Duan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Gao J, Luo T, Lin N, Zhang S, Wang J. A New Tool for CRISPR-Cas13a-Based Cancer Gene Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 19:79-92. [PMID: 33102691 PMCID: PMC7554321 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cas13a has already been successfully applied to virus detection. However, as a new gene interference tool, its potential in cancer treatment was not fully explored until now. This study constructed a new Cas13a expression vector, decoy minimal promoter-Cas13a-U6-guide RNA (DMP-Cas13a-U6-gRNA [DCUg]), by controlling the Cas13a and gRNA expression with a nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-specific promoter and U6 promoter, respectively. DCUg could specifically and effectively knock down the expression of reporter genes in the 293T and HepG2 cells. DCUg could also similarly knock down the expression of endogenous oncogenes (TERT, EZH2, and RelA) at both mRNA and protein levels in a human hepatoma cell HepG2, which led to significant apoptosis and growth inhibition. In contrast, the same transfection did not affect the target gene expression, cell apoptosis, and growth of a human normal liver cell HL7702. Finally, DCUg targeting these oncogenes was packaged into adeno-associated virus (AAV) and treated four cells (HepG2, HL7702, WEHI-3, and Hepa1-6) and tumor-bearing mice. As results, the recombinant AAV significantly inhibited the growth of three cancer cells (HepG2, Hepa1-6, and WEHI-3) in vitro and the xenografted Hepa1-6 and WEHI-3 tumors in mice. This study therefore developed a new tool for the CRISPR-Cas13a-based cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Na Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
| | - Jinke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P.R. China
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