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Zhang Z, Zhang S, Wong HT, Li D, Feng B. Targeted Gene Insertion: The Cutting Edge of CRISPR Drug Development with Hemophilia as a Highlight. BioDrugs 2024; 38:369-385. [PMID: 38489061 PMCID: PMC11055778 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable advance in gene editing technology presents unparalleled opportunities for transforming medicine and finding cures for hereditary diseases. Human trials of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9)-based therapeutics have demonstrated promising results in disrupting or deleting target sequences to treat specific diseases. However, the potential of targeted gene insertion approaches, which offer distinct advantages over disruption/deletion methods, remains largely unexplored in human trials due to intricate technical obstacles and safety concerns. This paper reviews the recent advances in preclinical studies demonstrating in vivo targeted gene insertion for therapeutic benefits, targeting somatic solid tissues through systemic delivery. With a specific emphasis on hemophilia as a prominent disease model, we highlight advancements in insertion strategies, including considerations of DNA repair pathways, targeting site selection, and donor design. Furthermore, we discuss the complex challenges and recent breakthroughs that offer valuable insights for progressing towards clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, CUHK-GIBH CAS Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 105A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, CUHK-GIBH CAS Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 105A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Ting Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, CUHK-GIBH CAS Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 105A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, CUHK-GIBH CAS Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 105A, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, Area 39, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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Li Z, Peng B, Chen S, Li J, Hu K, Liao L, Xie Q, Yao M, Liang L, Tomlinson S, Yuan G, He S. Transcriptome sequencing and metabolome analysis reveal the metabolic reprogramming of partial hepatectomy and extended hepatectomy. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:532. [PMID: 37679685 PMCID: PMC10486020 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection remains a critical treatment option for many patients with primary and secondary hepatic neoplasms. Extended hepatectomy (eHx) may be required for some patients with large tumors, which may cause liver failure and death. Partial hepatectomy (pHx) and eHx mouse models were constructed, liver tissues were sampled at 18, 36, and 72 h posthepatectomy. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses were employed to explore the different potential mechanisms in regeneration and injury between pHx and eHx. The results showed that eHx was associated with more severe liver injury and lower survival rates than pHx. Transcriptomics data showed there were 1842, 2129, and 1277 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in eHx and 962, 1305, and 732 DEGs in pHx at 18, 36, and 72 h posthepatectomy, respectively, compared with the those in the sham groups. Compared with pHx, the number of DEGs in the eHx group reached a maximum of 230 at 18 h after surgery and decreased sequentially to 87 and 43 at 36 and 72 h. Metabolomics analysis identified a total of 1399 metabolites, and 48 significant differentially produced metabolites (DPMs) were screened between eHx and pHx. Combined analysis of DEGs and DPMs indicated that cholesterol metabolism and insulin resistance may be two important pathways for liver regeneration and mouse survival postextended hepatectomy. Our results showed the global influence of pHx and eHx on the transcriptome and metabolome in mouse liver, and revealed cholesterol metabolism and insulin resistance pathways might be involved in regeneration post-pHx and -eHx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Li
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shilian Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Jiaping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Lijuan Liao
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Qiuli Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Mei Yao
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Lixing Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Guandou Yuan
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
| | - Songqing He
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, NO 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Immunology and Metabolism for Liver Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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Li B, Rodrigo-Torres D, Pelz C, Innes B, Canaday P, Chai S, Zandstra P, Bader GD, Grompe M. Cell networks in the mouse liver during partial hepatectomy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.16.549116. [PMID: 37503083 PMCID: PMC10370080 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.16.549116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In solid tissues homeostasis and regeneration after injury involve a complex interplay between many different cell types. The mammalian liver harbors numerous epithelial and non-epithelial cells and little is known about the global signaling networks that govern their interactions. To better understand the hepatic cell network, we isolated and purified 10 different cell populations from normal and regenerative mouse livers. Their transcriptomes were analyzed by bulk RNA-seq and a computational platform was used to analyze the cell-cell and ligand-receptor interactions among the 10 populations. Over 50,000 potential cell-cell interactions were found in both the ground state and after partial hepatectomy. Importantly, about half of these differed between the two states, indicating massive changes in the cell network during regeneration. Our study provides the first comprehensive database of potential cell-cell interactions in mammalian liver cell homeostasis and regeneration. With the help of this prediction model, we identified and validated two previously unknown signaling interactions involved in accelerating and delaying liver regeneration. Overall, we provide a novel platform for investigating autocrine/paracrine pathways in tissue regeneration, which can be adapted to other complex multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Rodrigo-Torres
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brendan Innes
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sunghee Chai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Peter Zandstra
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gary D. Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center
- Department of Pediatrics, Papé Family Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Phan HTL, Kim K, Lee H, Seong JK. Progress in and Prospects of Genome Editing Tools for Human Disease Model Development and Therapeutic Applications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:483. [PMID: 36833410 PMCID: PMC9957140 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmable nucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas, are widely accepted because of their diversity and enormous potential for targeted genomic modifications in eukaryotes and other animals. Moreover, rapid advances in genome editing tools have accelerated the ability to produce various genetically modified animal models for studying human diseases. Given the advances in gene editing tools, these animal models are gradually evolving toward mimicking human diseases through the introduction of human pathogenic mutations in their genome rather than the conventional gene knockout. In the present review, we summarize the current progress in and discuss the prospects for developing mouse models of human diseases and their therapeutic applications based on advances in the study of programmable nucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Thi Lam Phan
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology, BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Tiyaboonchai A, Vonada A, Posey J, Pelz C, Wakefield L, Grompe M. Self-cleaving guide RNAs enable pharmacological selection of precise gene editing events in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7391. [PMID: 36450762 PMCID: PMC9712609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of guide RNAs in the CRISPR/Cas9 system typically requires the use of RNA polymerase III promoters, which are not cell-type specific. Flanking the gRNA with self-cleaving ribozyme motifs to create a self-cleaving gRNA overcomes this limitation. Here, we use self-cleaving gRNAs to create drug-selectable gene editing events in specific hepatocyte loci. A recombinant Adeno Associated Virus vector targeting the Albumin locus with a promoterless self-cleaving gRNA to create drug resistance is linked in cis with the therapeutic transgene. Gene expression of both are dependent on homologous recombination into the target locus. In vivo drug selection for the precisely edited hepatocytes allows >30-fold expansion of gene-edited cells and results in therapeutic levels of a human Factor 9 transgene. Importantly, self-cleaving gRNA expression is also achieved after targeting weak hepatocyte genes. We conclude that self-cleaving gRNAs are a powerful system to enable cell-type specific in vivo drug resistance for therapeutic gene editing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Tiyaboonchai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Anne Vonada
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey Posey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Novel Gene-Correction-Based Therapeutic Modalities for Monogenic Liver Disorders. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080392. [PMID: 36004917 PMCID: PMC9404740 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of monogenic liver diseases are autosomal recessive disorders, with few being sex-related or co-dominant. Although orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) is currently the sole therapeutic option for end-stage patients, such an invasive surgical approach is severely restricted by the lack of donors and post-transplant complications, mainly associated with life-long immunosuppressive regimens. Therefore, the last decade has witnessed efforts for innovative cellular or gene-based therapeutic strategies. Gene therapy is a promising approach for treatment of many hereditary disorders, such as monogenic inborn errors. The liver is an organ characterized by unique features, making it an attractive target for in vivo and ex vivo gene transfer. The current genetic approaches for hereditary liver diseases are mediated by viral or non-viral vectors, with promising results generated by gene-editing tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Despite massive progress in experimental gene-correction technologies, limitations in validated approaches for monogenic liver disorders have encouraged researchers to refine promising gene therapy protocols. Herein, we highlighted the most common monogenetic liver disorders, followed by proposed genetic engineering approaches, offered as promising therapeutic modalities.
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Self-inactivating, all-in-one AAV vectors for precision Cas9 genome editing via homology-directed repair in vivo. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6267. [PMID: 34725353 PMCID: PMC8560862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26518-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are important delivery platforms for therapeutic genome editing but are severely constrained by cargo limits. Simultaneous delivery of multiple vectors can limit dose and efficacy and increase safety risks. Here, we describe single-vector, ~4.8-kb AAV platforms that express Nme2Cas9 and either two sgRNAs for segmental deletions, or a single sgRNA with a homology-directed repair (HDR) template. We also use anti-CRISPR proteins to enable production of vectors that self-inactivate via Nme2Cas9 cleavage. We further introduce a nanopore-based sequencing platform that is designed to profile rAAV genomes and serves as a quality control measure for vector homogeneity. We demonstrate that these platforms can effectively treat two disease models [type I hereditary tyrosinemia (HT-I) and mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I)] in mice by HDR-based correction of the disease allele. These results will enable the engineering of single-vector AAVs that can achieve diverse therapeutic genome editing outcomes. Long-term expression of Cas9 following precision genome editing in vivo may lead to undesirable consequences. Here we show that a single-vector, self-inactivating AAV system containing Cas9 nuclease, guide, and DNA donor can use homology-directed repair to correct disease mutations in vivo.
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Liu W, Li L, Jiang J, Wu M, Lin P. Applications and challenges of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing to disease treatment in clinics. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:179-191. [PMID: 34541453 PMCID: PMC8444435 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated systems (Cas) are efficient tools for targeting specific genes for laboratory research, agricultural engineering, biotechnology, and human disease treatment. Cas9, by far the most extensively used gene-editing nuclease, has shown great promise for the treatment of hereditary diseases, viral infection, cancers, and so on. Recent reports have revealed that some other types of CRISPR-Cas systems may also have surprising potential to join the fray as gene-editing tools for various applications. Despite the rapid progress in basic research and clinical tests, some underlying problems present continuous, significant challenges, such as editing efficiency, relative difficulty in delivery, off-target effects, immunogenicity, etc. This article summarizes the applications of CRISPR-Cas from bench to bedside and highlights the current obstacles that may limit the usage of CRISPR-Cas systems as gene-editing toolkits in precision medicine and offer some viewpoints that may help to tackle these challenges and facilitate technical development. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a powerful gene-editing approach, will offer great hopes in clinical treatments for many individuals with currently incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Liu
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Luoxi Li
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202-9037, USA
| | - Ping Lin
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Genome editing in the human liver: Progress and translational considerations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:257-288. [PMID: 34175044 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver-targeted genome editing offers the prospect of life-long therapeutic benefit following a single treatment and is set to rapidly supplant conventional gene addition approaches. Combining progress in liver-targeted gene delivery with genome editing technology, makes this not only feasible but realistically achievable in the near term. However, important challenges remain to be addressed. These include achieving therapeutic levels of editing, particularly in vivo, avoidance of off-target effects on the genome and the potential impact of pre-existing immunity to bacteria-derived nucleases, when used to improve editing rates. In this chapter, we outline the unique features of the liver that make it an attractive target for genome editing, the impact of liver biology on therapeutic efficacy, and disease specific challenges, including whether the approach targets a cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous disease. We also discuss strategies that have been used successfully to achieve genome editing outcomes in the liver and address translational considerations as genome editing technology moves into the clinic.
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Flotte TR. CRISPR Keeps Things Fresh: Next-Generation Tools for Gene Editing. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:235-236. [PMID: 33750218 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.29152.trf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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