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Rosário-Ferreira N, Preto AJ, Melo R, Moreira IS, Brito RMM. The Central Role of Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) in Influenza Biology and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1511. [PMID: 32098424 PMCID: PMC7073157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a contagious viral disease, which targets the human respiratory tract and spreads throughout the world each year. Every year, influenza infects around 10% of the world population and between 290,000 and 650,000 people die from it according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and have a negative sense eight-segment single-stranded RNA genome that encodes 11 different proteins. The only control over influenza seasonal epidemic outbreaks around the world are vaccines, annually updated according to viral strains in circulation, but, because of high rates of mutation and recurrent genetic assortment, new viral strains of influenza are constantly emerging, increasing the likelihood of pandemics. Vaccination effectiveness is limited, calling for new preventive and therapeutic approaches and a better understanding of the virus-host interactions. In particular, grasping the role of influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and related known interactions in the host cell is pivotal to better understand the mechanisms of virus infection and replication, and thus propose more effective antiviral approaches. In this review, we assess the structure of NS1, its dynamics, and multiple functions and interactions, to highlight the central role of this protein in viral biology and its potential use as an effective therapeutic target to tackle seasonal and pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nícia Rosário-Ferreira
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - António J. Preto
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Rita Melo
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Irina S. Moreira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology. University of Coimbra, UC Biotech Building, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui M. M. Brito
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bhat S, Bhatia S, Sood R, Bhatnagar H, Pateriya A, Venkatesh G. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Nucleoprotein of Avian Influenza Virus. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2013; 32:413-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mab.2013.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bhat
- Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Sandeep Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Richa Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Himanshu Bhatnagar
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Atul Pateriya
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G. Venkatesh
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anand Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Rahim MN, Selman M, Sauder PJ, Forbes NE, Stecho W, Xu W, Lebar M, Brown EG, Coombs KM. Generation and characterization of a new panel of broadly reactive anti-NS1 mAbs for detection of influenza A virus. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:593-605. [PMID: 23223621 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) non-structural protein 1 (NS1) has multiple functions, is essential for virus replication and may be a good target for IAV diagnosis. To generate broadly cross-reactive NS1-specific mAbs, mice were immunized with A/Hong Kong/1/1968 (H3N2) 6×His-tagged NS1 and hybridomas were screened with glutathione S-transferase-conjugated NS1 of A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1). mAbs were isotyped and numerous IgG-type clones were characterized further. Most clones specifically recognized NS1 from various H1N1 and H3N2 IAV types by both immunoblot and immunofluorescence microscopy in mouse M1, canine Madin-Darby canine kidney and human A549 cells. mAb epitopes were mapped by overlapping peptides and selective reactivity to the newly described viral NS3 protein. These mAbs detected NS1 in both the cytoplasm and nucleus by immunostaining, and some detected NS1 as early as 5 h post-infection, suggesting their potential diagnostic use for tracking productive IAV replication and characterizing NS1 structure and function. It was also demonstrated that the newly identified NS3 protein is localized in the cytoplasm to high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Niaz Rahim
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J6, Canada
| | - Mohammed Selman
- Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Patricia J Sauder
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Nicole E Forbes
- Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - William Stecho
- Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Wanhong Xu
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J6, Canada
| | - Mark Lebar
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J6, Canada
| | - Earl G Brown
- Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kevin M Coombs
- Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Room 513, John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.,Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Room 799, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J6, Canada
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