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Rocío Hernández A, Bogdanova E, Campos Pacheco JE, Kocherbitov V, Ekström M, Pilkington G, Valetti S. Disordered mesoporous silica particles: an emerging platform to deliver proteins to the lungs. Drug Deliv 2024; 31:2381340. [PMID: 39041383 PMCID: PMC11268259 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2024.2381340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary delivery and formulation of biologics are among the more complex and growing scientific topics in drug delivery. We herein developed a dry powder formulation using disordered mesoporous silica particles (MSP) as the sole excipient and lysozyme, the most abundant antimicrobial proteins in the airways, as model protein. The MSP had the optimal size for lung deposition (2.43 ± 0.13 µm). A maximum lysozyme loading capacity (0.35 mg/mg) was achieved in 150 mM PBS, which was seven times greater than that in water. After washing and freeze-drying, we obtained a dry powder consisting of spherical, non-aggregated particles, free from residual buffer, or unabsorbed lysozyme. The presence of lysozyme was confirmed by TGA and FT-IR, while N2 adsorption/desorption and SAXS analysis indicate that the protein is confined within the internal mesoporous structure. The dry powder exhibited excellent aerodynamic performance (fine particle fraction <5 µm of 70.32%). Lysozyme was released in simulated lung fluid in a sustained kinetics and maintaining high enzymatic activity (71-91%), whereas LYS-MSP were shown to degrade into aggregated nanoparticulate microstructures, reaching almost complete dissolution (93%) within 24 h. MSPs were nontoxic to in vitro lung epithelium. The study demonstrates disordered MSP as viable carriers to successfully deliver protein to the lungs, with high deposition and retained activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Rocío Hernández
- Biofilms – Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö, Sweden
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Bogdanova
- Biofilms – Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö, Sweden
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jesus E. Campos Pacheco
- Biofilms – Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö, Sweden
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vitaly Kocherbitov
- Biofilms – Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö, Sweden
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sabrina Valetti
- Biofilms – Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö, Sweden
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Campos Pacheco JE, Yalovenko T, Riaz A, Kotov N, Davids C, Persson A, Falkman P, Feiler A, Godaly G, Johnson CM, Ekström M, Pilkington GA, Valetti S. Inhalable porous particles as dual micro-nano carriers demonstrating efficient lung drug delivery for treatment of tuberculosis. J Control Release 2024; 369:231-250. [PMID: 38479444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Inhalation therapy treating severe infectious disease is among the more complex and emerging topics in controlled drug release. Micron-sized carriers are needed to deposit drugs into the lower airways, while nano-sized carriers are of preference for cell targeting. Here, we present a novel and versatile strategy using micron-sized spherical particles with an excellent aerodynamic profile that dissolve in the lung fluid to ultimately generate nanoparticles enabling to enhance both extra- and intra-cellular drug delivery (i.e., dual micro-nano inhalation strategy). The spherical particles are synthesised through the condensation of nano-sized amorphous silicon dioxide resulting in high surface area, disordered mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) with monodispersed size of 2.43 μm. Clofazimine (CLZ), a drug shown to be effective against multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, was encapsulated in the MSPs obtaining a dry powder formulation with high respirable fraction (F.P.F. <5 μm of 50%) without the need of additional excipients. DSC, XRPD, and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption indicate that the drug was fully amorphous when confined in the nano-sized pores (9-10 nm) of the MSPs (shelf-life of 20 months at 4 °C). Once deposited in the lung, the CLZ-MSPs exhibited a dual action. Firstly, the nanoconfinement within the MSPs enabled a drastic dissolution enhancement of CLZ in simulated lung fluid (i.e., 16-fold higher than the free drug), increasing mycobacterial killing than CLZ alone (p = 0.0262) and reaching concentrations above the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against biofilms of M. tuberculosis (i.e., targeting extracellular bacteria). The released CLZ permeated but was highly retained in a Calu-3 respiratory epithelium model, suggesting a high local drug concentration within the lung tissue minimizing risk for systemic side effects. Secondly, the micron-sized drug carriers spontaneously dissolve in simulated lung fluid into nano-sized drug carriers (shown by Nano-FTIR), delivering high CLZ cargo inside macrophages and drastically decreasing the mycobacterial burden inside macrophages (i.e., targeting intracellular bacteria). Safety studies showed neither measurable toxicity on macrophages nor Calu-3 cells, nor impaired epithelial integrity. The dissolved MSPs also did not show haemolytic effect on human erythrocytes. In a nutshell, this study presents a low-cost, stable and non-invasive dried powder formulation based on a dual micro-nano carrier to efficiently deliver drug to the lungs overcoming technological and practical challenges for global healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús E Campos Pacheco
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tetiana Yalovenko
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Azra Riaz
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikolay Kotov
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Davids
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institution of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alva Persson
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Falkman
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Adam Feiler
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Nanologica AB (publ), Forskargatan 20G, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Godaly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institution of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Magnus Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Georgia A Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Nanologica AB (publ), Forskargatan 20G, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
| | - Sabrina Valetti
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
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3
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Gerde P, Sjöberg CO, Bäckroos H, Englund J, Wangheim M, Litorp H. Regional lung targeting with a fluticasone/salmeterol aerosol using a bolus breath hold method of the PreciseInhale® system: A first evaluation in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106742. [PMID: 38460609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In development of inhaled drugs- and formulations the measured concentration in the systemic circulation is often used as a surrogate for local dosimetry in the lungs. To further elucidate regional differences in the fate of drugs in the lungs, different aerodynamic sizes of aerosols have been used to target major airway regions. An alternative approach to achieve regional targeting of aerosols, is to use a defined aerosol bolus together with a bolus breath hold strategy. A small volume of test aerosol is intercalated and stopped at different penetration depths, to achieve increased drug deposition at chosen lung locations. Drug permeation from the lung regions is then investigated by repeatedly sampling venous blood from the systemic circulation. The PreciseInhale® (PI) exposure platform was developed to allow generation of aerosols from different sources, including clinical inhalers, into a holding chamber, for subsequent use with alternative exposure modules in vitro and in vivo. In the current first-in-human study was investigated the feasibility of a new clinical exposure module added to the PI system. By extracting aerosol puffs from a medical inhaler for subsequent delivery to volunteers, it was possible to administer whole lung exposures, as well as regional targeting exposures. METHODS Aerosols containing 250 µg/25 µg fluticasone propionate (FP)/salmeterol xinafoate (SMX) were automatically actuated and extracted from the pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler (pMDI) Evohaler Seretide forte into the PI system's holding chamber, then administered to the healthy volunteers using controlled flowrate and volume exposure cycles. Two main comparisons were made by measuring the systemic PK response: I. One label dose directly from the inhaler to the subject was compared to the same dose extracted from the pMDI into the PI system and then administered to the subject. II A small aerosol bolus at a penetration level in the central airways was compared to a small aerosol bolus at a penetration level in the peripheral lung. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS When one inhaler dose was administered via the PI system, the absorbed dose, expressed as AUC24, was approximately twice as high and the CV was less than half, compared to direct inhalation from the same pMDI. Bolus breath hold targeting of drugs from the same aerosol mixture to the peripheral lung and the central airways showed a difference in their appearance in the systemic circulation. Normalized to the same deposited dose, SMX had a 57 % higher Cmax in the peripheral lung compared to the central airways. However, from 6 to 24 h after dosing the systemic concentrations of SMX from both regions were quite similar. FP had parallel concentrations curves with a 23 % higher AUC24 in the peripheral lung with no noticeable elevation around Cmax. The permeability of these two substances from similar sized aerosols was indeed higher in the thinner air/blood barriers of the peripheral lung compared to the central airways, but differences as measured on the venous side of the circulation were not dramatic. In conclusion, the PI system provided better control of actuation, aspiration, and dispensation of aerosols from the clinical inhaler and thereby delivered higher quality read outs of pharmacokinetic parameters such as tmax, Cmax, and AUC. Improved performance, using PI system, can likely also be employed for studying regional selectivity of other responses in the lungs, for use in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences AB, Novum, Hälsovägen 7, Huddinge SE-141 57, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden.
| | - Carl-Olof Sjöberg
- Inhalation Sciences AB, Novum, Hälsovägen 7, Huddinge SE-141 57, Sweden; Flexura AB, Vitmåravägen 50, Upplands Väsby SE-194 60, Sweden
| | - Helen Bäckroos
- Inhalation Sciences AB, Novum, Hälsovägen 7, Huddinge SE-141 57, Sweden
| | - Joakim Englund
- Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, Uppsala SE-752 37, Sweden
| | - Marit Wangheim
- Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, Uppsala SE-752 37, Sweden
| | - Helena Litorp
- Clinical Trial Consultants AB, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 10B, Uppsala SE-752 37, Sweden; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rinderknecht CH, Ning M, Wu C, Wilson MS, Gampe C. Designing inhaled small molecule drugs for severe respiratory diseases: an overview of the challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:493-506. [PMID: 38407117 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2319049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhaled drugs offer advantages for the treatment of respiratory diseases over oral drugs by delivering the drug directly to the lung, thus improving the therapeutic index. There is an unmet medical need for novel therapies for lung diseases, exacerbated by a multitude of challenges for the design of inhaled small molecule drugs. AREAS COVERED The authors review the challenges and opportunities for the design of inhaled drugs for respiratory diseases with a focus on new target discovery, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicological evaluation of drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION Inhaled drug discovery is facing multiple unique challenges. Novel biological targets are scarce, as is the guidance for medicinal chemistry teams to design compounds with inhalation-compatible features. It is exceedingly difficult to establish a PK/PD relationship given the complexity of pulmonary PK and the impact of physical properties of the drug substance on PK. PK, PD and toxicology studies are technically challenging and require large amounts of drug substance. Despite the current challenges, the authors foresee that the design of inhaled drugs will be facilitated in the future by our increasing understanding of pathobiology, emerging medicinal chemistry guidelines, advances in drug formulation, PBPK models, and in vitro toxicology assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miaoran Ning
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, gRED, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Connie Wu
- Development Sciences Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Wilson
- Discovery Immunology, gRED, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christian Gampe
- Discovery Chemistry, gRED, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hickey AJ, Maloney SE, Kuehl PJ, Phillips JE, Wolff RK. Practical Considerations in Dose Extrapolation from Animals to Humans. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:77-89. [PMID: 38237032 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2023.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal studies are an important component of drug product development and the regulatory review process since modern practices have been in place, for almost a century. A variety of experimental systems are available to generate aerosols for delivery to animals in both liquid and solid forms. The extrapolation of deposited dose in the lungs from laboratory animals to humans is challenging because of genetic, anatomical, physiological, pharmacological, and other biological differences between species. Inhaled drug delivery extrapolation requires scrutiny as the aerodynamic behavior, and its role in lung deposition is influenced not only by the properties of the drug aerosol but also by the anatomy and pulmonary function of the species in which it is being evaluated. Sources of variability between species include the formulation, delivery system, and species-specific biological factors. It is important to acknowledge the underlying variables that contribute to estimates of dose scaling between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hickey
- Department of Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara E Maloney
- Department of Technology Advancement and Commercialization, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Phillip J Kuehl
- Division: Scientific Core Laboratories; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jonathan E Phillips
- Amgen, Inc., Inflammation Discovery Research, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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Hellfritzsch M, Christensen D, Foged C, Scherließ R, Thakur A. Reconstituted dry powder formulations of ZnO-adjuvanted ovalbumin induce equivalent antigen specific antibodies but lower T cell responses than ovalbumin adjuvanted with Alhydrogel® or cationic adjuvant formulation 01 (CAF®01). Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123581. [PMID: 37931728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Most licensed human vaccines are based on liquid dosage forms but have poor storage stability and require continuous and expensive cold-chain storage. In contrast, the use of solid vaccine dosage forms produced by for example spray drying, extends shelf life and eliminates the need for a cold chain. Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanoparticles display immunomodulatory properties, but their adjuvant effect as a dry powder formulation is unknown. Here, we show that reconstituted dry powder formulations of ZnO particles containing the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) induce antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell and humoral responses. By systematically varying the ratio between ZnO and mannitol during spray drying, we manufactured dry powder formulations of OVA-containing ZnO particles that displayed: (i) a spherical or wrinkled surface morphology, (ii) an aerodynamic diameter and particle size distribution optimal for deep lung deposition, and (iii) aerosolization properties suitable for lung delivery. Reconstituted dry powder formulations of ZnO particles were well-tolerated by Calu-3 lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, almost equivalent OVA-specific serum antibody responses were stimulated by reconstituted ZnO particles, OVA adjuvanted with Alhydrogel®, and OVA adjuvanted with the cationic adjuvant formulation 01 (CAF®01). However, reconstituted dry powder ZnO particles and OVA adjuvanted with Alhydrogel® induced significantly lower OVA-specific CD8+CD44+ T-cell responses in the spleen than OVA adjuvanted with CAF®01. Similarly, reconstituted dry powder ZnO particles activated significantly lower percentages of follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells in the draining lymph nodes than OVA adjuvanted with CAF®01. Overall, our results show that reconstituted dry powder formulations of ZnO nanoparticles can induce antigen-specific antibodies and can be used in vaccines to enhance antigen-specific humoral immune responses against subunit protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hellfritzsch
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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7
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Rizzi A, Amari G, Pivetti F, Delcanale M, Amadei F, Pappani A, Fornasari L, Villetti G, Marchini G, Pisano AR, Pitozzi V, Pittelli MG, Trevisani M, Salvadori M, Cenacchi V, Fioni A, Puccini P, Civelli M, Patacchini R, Baker-Glenn C, Van de Poël H, Blackaby W, Nash K, Armani E. Optimization of M 3 Antagonist-PDE4 Inhibitor (MAPI) Dual Pharmacology Molecules for the Treatment of COPD. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11476-11497. [PMID: 37561958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the inhaled treatment of pulmonary diseases, the optimization process of the previously reported MAPI compound 92a is herein described. The project was focused on overcoming the chemical stability issue and achieving a balanced bronchodilator/anti-inflammatory profile in rats in order to be confident in a clinical effect without having to overdose at one of the biological targets. The chemical strategy was based on fine-tuning of the substitution pattern in the muscarinic and PDE4 structural portions of the dual pharmacology compounds, also making use of the analysis of a proprietary crystal structure in the PDE4 catalytic site. Compound 10f was identified as a chemically stable, potent, and in vivo balanced MAPI lead compound, as assessed in bronchoconstriction and inflammation assays in rats after intratracheal administration. After the in-depth investigation of the pharmacological and solid-state profile, 10f proved to be safe and suitable for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rizzi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Amari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Fausto Pivetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Delcanale
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Amadei
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Alice Pappani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Fornasari
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gino Villetti
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Gessica Marchini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Pisano
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Vanessa Pitozzi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Trevisani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Michela Salvadori
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioni
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Civelli
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Patacchini
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Charles Baker-Glenn
- Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Hervé Van de Poël
- Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Wesley Blackaby
- Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Nash
- Charles River Discovery Research Services UK Ltd., Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Armani
- Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
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8
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Heida R, Hagedoorn P, van Meel MC, Prins JER, Simonis FS, Akkerman R, Huckriede ALW, Frijlink HW, de Boer AH, Hinrichs WLJ. Performance Testing of a Homemade Aerosol Generator for Pulmonary Administration of Dry Powder Formulations to Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1847. [PMID: 37514034 PMCID: PMC10385055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in the development of dry powder formulations for inhalation is the poor reproducibility of their administration to small laboratory animals. The currently used devices for the pulmonary administration of dry powder formulations to small rodents often function sub-optimally as they use the same puff of air for both powder dispersion and aerosol delivery. As a result, either the air volume and flow rate are too low for complete powder deagglomeration or they are too high for effective aerosol delivery to the lungs of the animal. Therefore, novel and better devices are desired. We here present an aerosol generator designed to administer a pre-generated aerosol to the lungs of mice. By mapping the complex relationship between the airflow rate, delivery time and emitted dose, we were able to control the amount of powder being delivered from the aerosol generator. The emitted aerosol had a size range favorable for lung deposition and could be measured reproducibly. Nevertheless, in vivo fluorescent imaging still revealed considerable differences between the mice in terms of the dose deposited and the distribution of powder over the lungs, suggesting that a certain biological variation in lung deposition is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Heida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Hagedoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melle C van Meel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurrie E R Prins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederike S Simonis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke L W Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne H de Boer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Stolfa I, Page C. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and lung diseases. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 98:55-81. [PMID: 37524492 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDE) have long been known as regulators of cAMP and cGMP, second messengers involved in various signaling pathways and expressed in a variety of cell types implicated in respiratory diseases such as airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells making them a key target for the treatment of lung diseases as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension (PH). The first reported PDE inhibitor was the xanthine, theophylline, described as a non-specific PDE inhibitor and whilst this drug is effective, it also has a range of unwanted side effects. In an attempt to improve the therapeutic window of xanthines, a number of selective PDE inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of respiratory diseases with only the selective PDE 4 inhibitor, roflumilast, being approved for the treatment of severe COPD. However, roflumilast also has a very narrow therapeutic window due to a number of important doses limiting side effects, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. However, there continues to be research carried out in this field to identify improved selective PDE inhibitors, both by targeting other PDE subtypes (e.g., PDE 7 found in a number of inflammatory and immune cells) and through development of selective PDE inhibitors for pulmonary administration to reduce systemic exposure and improve the side effect profile. This approach has been exemplified by the development of ensifentrine, a dual PDE 3-PDE 4 inhibitor, an inhaled drug that has recently completed two successful Phase III clinical trials in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Stolfa
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Xu Y, Harinck L, Lokras AG, Gerde P, Selg E, Sjöberg CO, Franzyk H, Thakur A, Foged C. Leucine improves the aerosol performance of dry powder inhaler formulations of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121758. [PMID: 35483619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thermostable dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations with high aerosol performance are attractive inhalable solid dosage forms for local treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. We recently demonstrated that lipidoid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) loaded with small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mediate efficient intracellular siRNA delivery and reduce inflammation in vivo. Here, we show that mixtures of the stabilizing excipients trehalose (Tre) and dextran (Dex), in combination with the shell-forming dispersion enhancer leucine (Leu), stabilize TNF-α siRNA-loaded LPNs during spray drying into nanocomposite microparticles (DPI formulations), and result in DPI formulations with high aerosol performance. At low Leu content (0 to 10%, w/w), the DPI formulations were amorphous, and exhibited poor aerosol performance. When the Leu content was increased from 20 to 60% (w/w), the surface content of Leu increased from 39.2 to 68.1 mol%, and the flowability was significantly improved. Microscopy analyses suggest that the improved powder dispersibility is the result of a wrinkled surface morphology, which reduces the surface area available for interparticle interactions. Increasing the Leu content further (above 10%, w/w) did not influence the aerosol performance, and the aerosol yield was maximal at 30-40% Leu (w/w). Formulations containing 40% Leu and a Tre:Dex ratio of 10:90 (w/w) displayed a high fine particle fraction and aerosol properties suitable for inhalation. The chemical integrity of TNF-α siRNA was preserved in the solid state, and biodistribution studies in mice showed that pulmonary administration of DPI formulations with high aerosol performance resulted in homogenous deep lung deposition. Our results demonstrate that at optimal ratios, ternary excipient mixtures of Leu, Tre and Dex protect TNF-α siRNA-loaded LPNs during spray drying. Hence, this study shows that microparticles with an amorphous Tre/Dex matrix and a crystalline Leu shell are required for stabilizing the nanocomposite LPNs in the solid state, and for ensuring aerosol properties suitable for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Laure Harinck
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Abhijeet G Lokras
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Solna, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Selg
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Carl-Olof Sjöberg
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Hälsovägen 7, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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11
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Kwon M, Park JB, Kwon M, Song J, Yeo CS, Bae SH. Pharmacokinetics of 2-phenoxyethanol and its major metabolite, phenoxyacetic acid, after dermal and inhaled routes of exposure: application to development PBPK model in rats. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2019-2036. [PMID: 33844041 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenoxyethanol (PE), ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, is widely used as a preservative in cosmetic products as well as in non-cosmetics. Since PE has been used in many types of products, it can be absorbed via dermal or inhaled route for systemic exposures. In this study, the pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of PE and its major metabolite, phenoxyacetic acid (PAA), after dermal (30 mg and 100 mg) and inhaled administration (77 mg) of PE in rats were performed. PE was administered daily for 4 days and blood samples were collected at day 1 and day 4 for PK analysis. PE was rapidly absorbed and extensively metabolized to form PAA. After multiple dosing, the exposures of PE and PAA were decreased presumably due to the induction of metabolizing enzymes of PE and PAA. In dermal mass balance study using [14C]-phenoxyethanol ([14C]PE) as a microtracer, most of the PE and its derivatives were excreted in urine (73.03%) and rarely found in feces (0.66%). Based on these PK results, a whole-body physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of PE and PAA after dermal application and inhalation in rats was successfully developed. Most of parameters were obtained from the literatures and experiments, and intrinsic clearance at steady-state (CLint,ss) were optimized based on the observed multiple PK data. With the developed model, systemic exposures of PE and PAA after dermal application and inhalation were simulated following no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 500 mg/kg/day for dermal application and that of 12.7 mg/kg/day for inhalation provided by the Environmental Protection Agency. The area under the concentration-time curve at steady state (AUCss) in kidney and liver (and lung for inhalations), which are known target organs of exhibiting toxicity of PE, as well as AUCss in plasma of PE and PAA were obtained from the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihye Kwon
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul, Nowon-ro 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Bae Park
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul, Nowon-ro 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Miwha Kwon
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul, Nowon-ro 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinho Song
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul, Nowon-ro 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Su Yeo
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul, Nowon-ro 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hyeon Bae
- Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Seoul, Nowon-ro 75, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Korea. .,Q-Fitter Inc., 56-24 Banpo-daero 39-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06578, Korea.
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12
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Sécher T, Bodier-Montagutelli E, Guillon A, Heuzé-Vourc'h N. Correlation and clinical relevance of animal models for inhaled pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 167:148-169. [PMID: 32645479 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical studies are fundamental for the development of inhaled drugs, as for any drug product, and for successful translation to clinical practice. They include in silico, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies and are intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of the inhaled drug beneficial and detrimental effects. To date, animal models cannot be circumvented during drug development programs, acting as surrogates of humans to predict inhaled drug response, fate and toxicity. Herein, we review the animal models used during the different development stages of inhaled pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals, highlighting their strengths and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sécher
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - E Bodier-Montagutelli
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Pharmacy Department, Tours, France
| | - A Guillon
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Critical Care Department, Tours, France
| | - N Heuzé-Vourc'h
- INSERM, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, U1100, Tours, France; University of Tours, Tours, France.
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13
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Melillo N, Grandoni S, Cesari N, Brogin G, Puccini P, Magni P. Inter-compound and Intra-compound Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Physiological Model for Pulmonary Absorption of Inhaled Compounds. AAPS J 2020; 22:116. [PMID: 32862303 PMCID: PMC7456635 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, global sensitivity analysis (GSA) has gained interest in physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling and simulation from pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and academia. With the case study of an in-house PBPK model for inhaled compounds in rats, the aim of this work is to show how GSA can contribute in PBPK model development and daily use. We identified two types of GSA that differ in the aims and, thus, in the parameter variability: inter-compound and intra-compound GSA. The inter-compound GSA aims to understand which are the parameters that mostly influence the variability of the metrics of interest in the whole space of the drugs' properties, and thus, it is useful during the model development. On the other hand, the intra-compound GSA aims to highlight how much the uncertainty associated with the parameters of a given drug impacts the uncertainty in the model prediction and so, it is useful during routine PBPK use. In this work, inter-compound GSA highlighted that dissolution- and formulation-related parameters were mostly important for the prediction of the fraction absorbed, while the permeability is the most important parameter for lung AUC and MRT. Intra-compound GSA highlighted that, for all the considered compounds, the permeability was one of the most important parameters for lung AUC, MRT and plasma MRT, while the extraction ratio and the dose for the plasma AUC. GSA is a crucial instrument for the quality assessment of model-based inference; for this reason, we suggest its use during both PBPK model development and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Melillo
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Grandoni
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Cesari
- Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Brogin
- Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry and Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A., Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Mathematical Modelling and Synthetic Biology, Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 5, I-27100, Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Wu L, Rodríguez-Rodríguez C, Cun D, Yang M, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO. Quantitative comparison of three widely-used pulmonary administration methods in vivo with radiolabeled inhalable nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:108-115. [PMID: 32437751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary formulations have been attracting much attention because of their direct effects on respiratory diseases, but also their non-invasive administration for the treatment of systemic diseases. When developing such formulations, they are typically first investigated in mice. As there are various pulmonary administration methods, the researcher has to decide on the best quantitative method for their preclinical investigations among candidate methods, both for total delivery and distribution within the lung lobes. In this study, we investigated the deposition and distribution of siRNA loaded PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) in the different lung lobes via three widely used pulmonary administration methods: intratracheal instillation, intratracheal spraying and intranasal instillation. The NPs were radiolabeled with 111In, administered and a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT) whole body scan performed. Quantitative image volume of interest (VOI) analysis of all inhalation related organs was performed, plus sub-organ examinations using dissection and gamma counting. Intratracheal instillation and intratracheal spraying deposited >95% and >85% of radiolabeled NPs in the lung, respectively. However, the lung lobe distribution of the NPs was inhomogeneous. Intranasal instillation deposited only ~28% of the dose in the lungs, with even larger inhomogeneity and individual variation between animals. Furthermore, there was a high deposition of the NPs in the stomach. Intratracheal instillation and intratracheal spraying deposit a large number of NPs in the lungs, and are thus useful to test therapeutic effects in preclinical animal studies. However, the inhomogeneous distribution of formulation between lung lobes needs to be considered in the experimental design. Intranasal instillation should not be used as a means of pulmonary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wu
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Mingshi Yang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road No. 103, 110016 Shenyang, China; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Marenghi G, Clementino AR, Fioni A, Buttini F, Sonvico F. Pulmonary delivery of a p38 α/β MAP kinase inhibitor: bioanalytical method validation and biodistribution in rat plasma and respiratory tissues. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 149:105341. [PMID: 32305320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PF-03715455, an inhaled p38 α/β mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor (MAPK), has being identified as an agent with potential therapeutic action on lung diseases such as COPD and severe asthma. However, little is known about this MAPKs local and systemic pharmacokinetics after pulmonary delivery. Consequently, the aim of the present work was to develop and validate a method of extraction and quantification of PF-03715455 in rat plasma and lung tissues and to determine the drug biodistribution in plasma and respiratory tissues after intratracheal administration of the drug solution in rats. The method was validated in rat plasma samples and resulted selective and linear in the concentration range of 0.08-100 ng/ml. Then a partial validation was carried out on samples obtained by the extraction and quantification of PF-03715455 from rat lung homogenate in order to ascertain method applicability on lung tissue samples. The intratracheal administration of drug in solution to rats evidenced a rapid elimination from the plasma, while on the contrary a prolonged residence time in lung tissue was evidenced. In conclusion, a linear, accurate, precise and reproducible method has been developed and validated according to FDA and EMA guidelines to quantify plasmatic and tissue-associated concentrations of PF-03715455 in order to investigate this compound in pharmacokinetics pre-clinical studies in rats. The administration of drug solution evidenced a prolonged permanence of the drug in the lungs that could be related to a slow absorption/poor permeability of the drug across airways epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adryana Rocha Clementino
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Buttini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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16
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Ehrmann S, Schmid O, Darquenne C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Sznitman J, Yang L, Barosova H, Vecellio L, Mitchell J, Heuze-Vourc’h N. Innovative preclinical models for pulmonary drug delivery research. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:463-478. [PMID: 32057260 PMCID: PMC8083945 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1730807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Pulmonary drug delivery is a complex field of research combining physics which drive aerosol transport and deposition and biology which underpins efficacy and toxicity of inhaled drugs. A myriad of preclinical methods, ranging from in-silico to in-vitro, ex-vivo and in-vivo, can be implemented.Areas covered: The present review covers in-silico mathematical and computational fluid dynamics modelization of aerosol deposition, cascade impactor technology to estimated drug delivery and deposition, advanced in-vitro cell culture methods and associated aerosol exposure, lung-on-chip technology, ex-vivo modeling, in-vivo inhaled drug delivery, lung imaging, and longitudinal pharmacokinetic analysis.Expert opinion: No single preclinical model can be advocated; all methods are fundamentally complementary and should be implemented based on benefits and drawbacks to answer specific scientific questions. The overall best scientific strategy depends, among others, on the product under investigations, inhalation device design, disease of interest, clinical patient population, previous knowledge. Preclinical testing is not to be separated from clinical evaluation, as small proof-of-concept clinical studies or conversely large-scale clinical big data may inform preclinical testing. The extend of expertise required for such translational research is unlikely to be found in one single laboratory calling for the setup of multinational large-scale research consortiums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ehrmann
- CHRU Tours, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, CIC INSERM 1415, CRICS-TriggerSep network, Tours France
- INSERM, Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires, U1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0623A, La Jolla, CA 92093-0623, United States
| | | | - Josue Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Julius Silver building, Office 246, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Lin Yang
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hana Barosova
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- INSERM, Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires, U1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jolyon Mitchell
- Jolyon Mitchell Inhaler Consulting Services Inc., 1154 St. Anthony Road, London, Ontario, Canada, N6H 2R1
| | - Nathalie Heuze-Vourc’h
- INSERM, Centre d’étude des pathologies respiratoires, U1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces represent important routes of entry into the human body for the majority of pathogens, and they constitute unique sites for targeted vaccine delivery. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are emerging technologies for delivering and improving the efficacy of mucosal vaccines. Recent studies have provided new insights into formulation and delivery aspects of importance for the design of safe and efficacious mucosal subunit vaccines based on nanoparticles. These include novel nanomaterials, their physicochemical properties and formulation approaches, nanoparticle interaction with immune cells in the mucosa, and mucosal immunization and delivery strategies. Here, we present recent progress in the application of nanoparticle-based approaches for mucosal vaccine delivery and discuss future research challenges and opportunities in the field.
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18
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Tomar J, Tonnis WF, Patil HP, de boer AH, Hagedoorn P, Vanbever R, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WL. Pulmonary immunization: deposition site is of minor relevance for influenza vaccination but deep lung deposition is crucial for hepatitis B vaccination. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1231-1240. [PMID: 31867168 PMCID: PMC6900555 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination via the pulmonary route could be an attractive alternative to parenteral administration. Research towards the best site of antigen deposition within the lungs to induce optimal immune responses has conflicting results which might be dependent on the type of vaccine and/or its physical state. Therefore, in this study, we explored whether deep lung deposition is crucial for two different vaccines, i.e., influenza and hepatitis B vaccine. In view of this, influenza subunit vaccine and hepatitis B surface antigen were labeled with a fluorescent dye and then spray-dried. Imaging data showed that after pulmonary administration to mice the powders were deposited in the trachea/central airways when a commercially available insufflator was used while deep lung deposition was achieved when an in-house built aerosol generator was used. Immunogenicity studies revealed that comparable immune responses were induced upon trachea/central airways or deep lung targeting of dry influenza vaccine formulations. However, for hepatitis B vaccine, no immune responses were induced by trachea/central airways deposition whereas they were considerable after deep lung deposition. Thus, we conclude that deep lung targeting is not a critical parameter for the efficacy of pulmonary administered influenza vaccine whereas for hepatitis B vaccine it is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter F. Tonnis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Harshad P. Patil
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Anne H. de boer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Hagedoorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Henderik W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L.J. Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 050 363 2398.
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19
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Gerde P, Nowenwik M, Sjöberg CO, Selg E. Adapting the Aerogen Mesh Nebulizer for Dried Aerosol Exposures Using the PreciseInhale Platform. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 33:116-126. [PMID: 31613690 PMCID: PMC7133437 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many substances used in inhalation research are water soluble and can be administered as nebulized solutions. Typical examples are therapeutic, small-molecular agents, or macromolecules. Another category is a number of water-soluble agents used for airway diagnostics or disease modeling. Mesh nebulizers have facilitated well-controlled liquid aerosol exposures. Meanwhile, a benchtop inhalation platform, PreciseInhale, was developed for providing small-scale, well-controlled aerosol exposures in preclinical configurations. The purpose of the current research was to adapt the Aerogen mesh nebulizer to work within the PreciseInhale system for both cell culture and rodent exposures. Methods: The wet aerosols produced with the Aerogen Pro nebulizer were dried out in an aerosol holding chamber by supplying dry carrier air, which was provided by passing the incoming ambient air through a column with silica gel. The nebulizer was installed in an aerosol holding chamber between an upstream flow-rate pneumotach and a downstream aerosol monitor. By pulsing, the nebulizer output was reduced to 1%–10% of continuous operation to better match the exposure ventilation requirements. Additional drying was obtained by mantling the holding chamber with dried paper. Results and Conclusions: The nebulizer output was reduced to 3–30 μL/min and dried out before reaching the in vitro or in vivo exposure modules. Using solute concentrations in the range of 0.5%–2% (w/w), dried aerosols were produced with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 1.5–2.0 μm, compared to the 4–5 μm droplets emitted by the nebulizer. Controlling the Aerogen nebulizer under a reduced output scheme within the PreciseInhale platform gave two major advantages: (i) by reducing aerosol output to better match exposure flow rates of single rodents, increased airway deposition yields were obtained in a range of 1%–10% relative to the nebulized amount of test substance and (ii) shrinking aerosol particle sizes through drying improved the peripheral lung deposition of test aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Gerde
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Huddinge, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Intitutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ewa Selg
- Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Huddinge, Sweden
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20
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Sciuscio D, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC, Vanscheeuwijck P. Respirable aerosol exposures of nicotine dry powder formulations to in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo pre-clinical models demonstrate consistency of pharmacokinetic profiles. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:248-257. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1662526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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21
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Formulation of RNA interference-based drugs for pulmonary delivery: challenges and opportunities. Ther Deliv 2019; 9:731-749. [PMID: 30277138 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With recent advances in the field of RNAi-based therapeutics, it is possible to make any target gene 'druggable', at least in principle. The present review focuses on aspects critical for pulmonary delivery of formulations of nucleic acid-based drugs. The first part introduces the therapeutic potential of RNAi-based drugs for the treatment of lung diseases. Subsequently, we discuss opportunities for formulation-enabled pulmonary delivery of RNAi drugs in light of key physicochemical properties and physiological barriers. In the following section, an overview is included of methodologies for imparting inhalable characteristics to nucleic acid formulations. Finally, we review one of the bottlenecks in the early preclinical testing of inhalable nucleic acid-based formulations, in other words, devices suitable for pulmonary administration of powder-based formulations in rodents.
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Lexmond AJ, Keir S, Terakosolphan W, Page CP, Forbes B. A novel method for studying airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic guinea pigs in vivo using the PreciseInhale system for delivery of dry powder aerosols. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:760-769. [PMID: 29468423 PMCID: PMC5937854 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled adenosine receptor agonists induce bronchoconstriction and inflammation in asthma and are used as bronchial challenge agents for the diagnosis of asthma and in respiratory drug development. Recently developed dry powder aerosols of adenosine have several advantages over nebulised adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP) as bronchial challenge agents. However, reverse translation of this bronchial challenge technique to pre-clinical drug development is limited by the difficulty of administering powder aerosols to animals. The aim of the current study was to develop methods for delivering powder aerosols of adenosine receptor agonists to sensitised guinea pigs (as a model of allergic asthma) and evaluate their effect as challenge agents for the measurement of airway responsiveness. The PreciseInhale system delivered micronised AMP and adenosine powders, with mass median aerodynamic diameters of 1.81 and 3.21 μm and deposition fractions of 31 and 48% in the lungs, respectively. Bronchoconstrictor responses in passively sensitised, anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing guinea pigs were compared to responses to nebulised and intravenously administered AMP and adenosine. AMP- and adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction following all routes of administration with the magnitude of response ranking intravenous > dry powder > nebulisation, probably reflecting differences in exposure to the adenosine agonists delivered by the different routes. In conclusion, the PreciseInhale system delivered AMP and adenosine dry powder aerosols accurately into the lungs, suggesting this method can be used to investigate drug effects on airway responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lexmond
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK. .,Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - S Keir
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - W Terakosolphan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - C P Page
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - B Forbes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, SE1 9NH, UK
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