Polymorphism ofIGF1RIs Associated with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in a Korean Population

Comparisons of +3179G/A insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor gene distribution between two inflammatory arthritides and healthy adults

Objectives

This study aims to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the +3179G/A insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) locus were associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) genetic susceptibility and also explore age and sex distribution of the rs2229765 in healthy adults.

Patients and methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2012 and October 2014. Seventy patients with RA (7 males, 63 females; mean age: 54±1 years; range, 32 to 78 years) and 56 with AS (44 males, 12 females; mean age: 38±9 years; range, 22 to 57 years) were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The genotype and allele frequencies of the rs2229765 polymorphism in both patient groups were compared to those in 308 healthy donors (141 males, 167 females; mean age: 35±19 years; range, 18 to 75 years) who were further subjected to analysis of sex- and age-related genetic variation.

Results

We identified the homozygous genotype AA (22.9% vs. 14.1%; odds ratio [OR]=2.33, p=0.034) and A-allele (47.9% vs. 37.5%; OR=1.53, p=0.032) associated with increased risk for RA, but not AS. The same genotype AA was non-significantly more common in healthy males than females, and the frequency of the A-allele was markedly higher in younger males (46% vs. 40%; p=0.039). The overall percentage of healthy carriers of the AA gene variant was 18%.

Conclusion

We primarily present an inverse effect of the +3179G/A IGF-1R polymorphism on disease susceptibility to RA and AS, confirming the distinctly different immune pathways involved in the pathogenesis of both inflammatory arthritides. In addition, we could also show trends regarding age- and sex-specific patterns of the rs2229765 genotype distribution in the general population.

+3179G/A Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Polymorphism: A Novel Susceptibility Contributor in Anti-Ro/SSA Positive Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome: Potential Clinical and Pathogenetic Implications

Background: Alterations of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway along with genetic variations of the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) gene have been linked to the development of systemic autoimmunity, possibly through apoptosis induction. This study aims to investigate whether genetic variations of the IGF1R contribute to Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) pathogenesis and explores potential functional implications. Methods: DNA extracted from whole peripheral blood derived from 277 primary SS patients, complicated or not by lymphoma, and 337 Healthy controls (HC) was genotyped for the rs2229765 IGF1R polymorphism using the RFLP-PCR assay. Gene expression of IGF1R and IGF1 isoforms, caspases 1, 4, and 5, and inflammasome components NLRP3, ASC, IL1β, IL18, IL33, IGFBP3, and IGFBP6 were quantitated by RT-PCR in total RNA extracted from minor salivary gland biopsies (MSGs) of 50 SS patients and 13 sicca controls (SCs). In addition, IGF1R immunohistochemical (IHC) expression was assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded MSG tissue sections derived from 10 SS patients and 5 SCs. Results: The prevalence of the A/A genotype of the rs2229765 IGF1R polymorphism was significantly higher in the anti-Ro/SSA positive SS population compared to healthy controls (24.8% vs. 10.7%, p = 0.001). Moreover, IGF1Rs at both mRNA and protein levels were reduced in SS-derived MSGs compared to SCs and were negatively associated with caspase 1 transcripts. The latter were positively correlated with NLRP3, ASC, and IL1β at the salivary gland tissue level. IGF1R expression in peripheral blood was negatively correlated with ESR and IgG serum levels and positively correlated with urine-specific gravity values. Conclusions: The rs2229765 IGF1R variant confers increased susceptibility for seropositive primary SS. Dampened IGF1R mRNA and protein expression in salivary gland tissues could be related to increased apoptosis and subsequently to the activation of inflammasome pathways.

IGF Bioregulation System in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodular Disease: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND/AIM

The insulin-like growth factor bioregulation system is implicated in cancer biology. Herein, we aim to review the evidence on the expression of the insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2), their receptors (IGF-Rs) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in thyroid tissue and their possible association with benign and malignant thyroid nodular diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We systematically reviewed Pubmed and Scopus databases up to May 2020. A total of 375 articles were retrieved and analyzed.

RESULTS

Among 375 articles, 45 were included in this systematic review study. IGF1 was investigated in 31 studies, IGF2 in 1, IGF1 receptor in 15 and IGF-binding proteins in 13 articles. IGF1 expression in humans was dependent on the number and compound of benign nodules as well as the method of measurement. In differentiated thyroid carcinoma, a positive correlation between IGF1 and immunohistological stage was documented in some studies while in others only a positive trend was observed. IGF-1R and IGFBPs expression was higher in malignant rather than benign lesions. There was only a positive trend for increased IGF2 expression in malignancy, while IGFBPs were in most studies statistically increased in various cancer types compared to benign nodular disease.

CONCLUSION

The present data demonstrate that in most studies there is statistically positive expression of IGF-1 and less of IGF-2 in thyroid cancer compared to normal thyroid tissue.

Genetic and proteomic biomarkers of head-and-neck cancer: A systematic review

Development of human genetic and proteomic research has increased the interest in alternative head-and-neck cancer (HNC) detection methods. The aim of this article, the second of two-part series, was to review the scientific literature about novel HNC genetic and proteomic biomarkers. A comprehensive review of the current literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses guidelines by accessing the NCBI PubMed database. Authors conducted the search of articles in English language published from 2004 to 2015. A total of 50 relevant studies were included in the review. Thirty of them concerned proteomic and twenty genetic alterations in HNC. The present systematic review discovered 242 genes and 44 proteins associated with HNC. Due to inconsistent and sparse results, novel biomarkers cannot be firmly established. Prognostic capacity of genetic markers was not evaluated. Proteins (14-3-3γ, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, and PA28γ) were described as most valuable for prognostic observation of HNC. A strict methodological protocol for molecular studies must be established.

IGSF3 mutation identified in patient with severe COPD alters cell function and motility

Cigarette smoking (CS) and genetic susceptibility determine the risk for development, progression, and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). We posited that an incidental balanced reciprocal chromosomal translocation was linked to a patient's risk of severe COPD. We determined that 46,XX,t(1;4)(p13.1;q34.3) caused a breakpoint in the immunoglobulin superfamily member 3 (IGSF3) gene, with markedly decreased expression. Examination of COPDGene cohort identified 14 IGSF3 SNPs, of which rs1414272 and rs12066192 were directly and rs6703791 inversely associated with COPD severity, including COPD exacerbations. We confirmed that IGSF3 is a tetraspanin-interacting protein that colocalized with CD9 and integrin B1 in tetraspanin-enriched domains. IGSF3-deficient patient-derived lymphoblastoids exhibited multiple alterations in gene expression, especially in the unfolded protein response and ceramide pathways. IGSF3-deficient lymphoblastoids had high ceramide and sphingosine-1 phosphate but low glycosphingolipids and ganglioside levels, and they were less apoptotic and more adherent, with marked changes in multiple TNFRSF molecules. Similarly, IGSF3 knockdown increased ceramide in lung structural cells, rendering them more adherent, with impaired wound repair and weakened barrier function. These findings suggest that, by maintaining sphingolipid and membrane receptor homeostasis, IGSF3 is required for cell mobility-mediated lung injury repair. IGSF3 deficiency may increase susceptibility to CS-induced lung injury in COPD.

A Possible Link of Genetic Variations in ER/IGF1R Pathway and Risk of Melanoma

The mechanism of gender disparity in cutaneous melanoma incidence remains unclear. Steroid hormones including estrogens have long been implicated in the course of melanoma, but the conclusion is controversial. Estrogen receptors (ERs) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) show extensive crosstalk in cancer development, but how the ER/IGF1R network impacts melanoma is currently unclear. Here we studied the melanoma associations of selected SNPs from the ER/IGF1R network. Part of the International Genes, Environment, and Melanoma (GEM) cohort was used as a discovery set, and the Gene Environment Association Studies Initiative (GENEVA) dataset served as a validation set. Based on the associations with other malignant disease conditions, thirteen single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in ESR1, ESR2, IGF1, and IGF1R were selected for candidate gene association analyses. The rs1520220 in IGF1 and rs2229765 in IGF1R variants were significantly associated with melanoma risk in the GEM dataset after Benjamini-Hochberg multiple comparison correction, although they were not validated in the GENEVA set. The discrepancy may be caused by the multiple melanoma characteristics in the GEM patients. Further analysis of gender disparity was carried out for IGF1 and IGF1R SNPs in the GEM dataset. The GG phenotype in IGF1 rs1520220 (recessive model) presented an increased risk of melanoma (OR = 8.11, 95% CI: 2.20, 52.5, p = 0.006) in men but a significant opposite effect in women (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.018, 0.86, p = 0.045). The AA genotype in IGF1R rs2229765 (recessive model) showed a significant protective effect in men (OR = 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.64, p = 0.008) and no effect in women. Results from the current study are warranted for further validation.

Long noncoding RNA PVT1 enhances the viability and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells by functioning as ceRNA of microRNA-30a through mediating expression of insulin like growth factor 1 receptor

OBJECTIVE

Invasion and metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) significantly affects prognosis and quality of life of patients. Herein, we explored the binding relationship of long noncoding RNA PVT1 as ceRNA to microRNA-30a (miR-30a), and their effect on the development of PTC through regulating insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R).

METHODS

PTC and adjacent normal tissues were collected, where the qRT-PCR and western blot assay were employed to evaluate the expression levels of PVT1, miR-30a and IGF1R. The correlation between PVT1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics of PTC patients was observed. PTC cell lines with the most/least significant difference from normal thyroid cells were selected and treated with siRNA PVT1 or overexpression PVT1 plasmids, miR-30a mimics or miR-30a inhibitors. Nucleus and cytoplasm segmentation was used to identify subcellular fractionation of PVT1. The binding relationship of PVT1 to miR-30a and the targeting relationship of miR-30a to IGF1R were confirmed by using bioinformatic prediction program, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA-pull down. Cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis, invasion and migration capacities were assessed by MTT, flow cytometry, Transwell assay and scratch test, respectively. Western blot assay was employed to examine protein expression of IGF1R, apoptosis-related factors (caspase-3, cleaved capase-3) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factors (E-cadherin, Vimentin).

RESULTS

In the PTC tissues and cells, PVT1 and IGF1R were highly expressed and miR-30a was poorly expressed. PVT1 exerted its effects on PTC mainly in the cytoplasm. The PVT1 expression was correlated with TNM staging, LNM and tumor infiltration of PTC. The competitive binding of PVT1 to miR-30a enhanced expression of IGF1R. In the in vitro experiments, BCPAP and TPC-1 cells were selected. When subjected to siRNA PVT1 or miR-30a mimics, BCPAP and TPC-1 cells exhibited inhibited proliferation, cell cycle progression, invasion, migration, EMT (increased E-cadherin and reduced Vimentin) and promoted apoptosis (reduced caspase-3 and increased cleaved capase-3), and moreover, the expression of IGF1R was reduced.

CONCLUSION

This study provides evidence that long noncoding RNA PVT1 enhances the expression of IGF1R through competitive binding to miR-30a, whereby PVT1 facilitates the development of PTC.

Association between single nucleotide variants of vascular endothelial growth factor A and the risk of thyroid carcinoma and nodular goiter in a Han Chinese population

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether genetic variants in the vascular endothelial growth factor A gene (VEGFA) were risk factors for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) or nodular goiter (NG) in Han Chinese. A total of 2,319 subjects (861 PTC patients, 562 NG patients, and 896 healthy controls) were included. Five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs: rs3024997, rs3025040, rs833070, rs25648, and rs10434) in VEGFA were genotyped. SNP rs3025040 T allele was associated with a decreased risk of NG (P<0.05). SNP rs3024997 was associated with an increased risk of PTC (P<0.05) and NG (P<0.001) when an over-dominant model (AA+GG vs. AG) was considered. PTC patients carry the less frequent TT genotype (compared to the CC genotype) (P <0.05) of SNP rs3025040. Likewise, NG patients have the less frequent TC genotype compared to the CC (P <0.05). No significant association of SNPs rs833070, rs25648, and rs10434 with PTC or NG was observed. Haplotypes AT (rs3024997 and rs3025040) and GTA (rs10434, rs3025040, and rs3024997) showed a lower risk for NG (P <0.01 and P <0.05, respectively), while haplotypes GTT (rs833070, rs3025040, and rs3024997) and GGGT (rs833070, rs10434, rs3024997, and rs3025040) predicted the risk of progression to NG (both P <0.05). Haplotype AGAC (rs833070, rs10434, rs3024997, and rs3025040) conferred protection for PTC (P <0.05). In summary, this study indicated for the first time that SNPs rs3024997 and rs3025040 in VEGFA were significantly associated with PTC and/or NG. Haplotypes of the VEGFA may influence the risk of PTC and NG.

A Comprehensive Meta-analysis of Case-Control Association Studies to Evaluate Polymorphisms Associated with the Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Linkage analyses and association studies suggested that inherited genetic variations play a role in the development of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).

METHODS

We combined the results from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) performed by our group and from published studies on DTC. With a first approach, we evaluated whether a SNP published as associated with the risk of DTC could replicate in our GWAS (using FDR as adjustment for multiple comparisons). With the second approach, meta-analyses were performed between literature and GWAS when both sources suggested an association, increasing the statistical power of the analysis.

RESULTS

rs1799814 (CYP1A1), rs1121980 (FTO), and 3 SNPs within 9q22 (rs965513, rs7048394, and rs894673) replicated the associations described in the literature. In addition, the meta-analyses between literature and GWAS revealed 10 more SNPs within 9q22, six within FTO, two within SOD1, and single variations within HUS1, WDR3, UGT2B7, ALOX12, TICAM1, ATG16L1, HDAC4, PIK3CA, SULF1, IL11RA, VEGFA, and 1p31.3, 2q35, 8p12, and 14q13.

CONCLUSION

This analysis confirmed several published risk loci that could be involved in DTC predisposition.

IMPACT

These findings provide evidence for the role of germline variants in DTC etiology and are consistent with a polygenic model of the disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 700-13. ©2016 AACR.

Association between exonic polymorphism (rs629849, Gly1619Arg) of IGF2R gene and obesity in Korean population

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to obesity. A previous study suggested that insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) may affect obesity and that IGFs regulate cellular signals by receptors that include the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R). In this research, the rs3743262 and rs2229765 SNPs of IGF1R gene and rs629849 and rs1805075 SNPs of IG-F2R gene were genotyped in 120 overweight and obese patients with a BMI≥23 kg/m2 (Body Mass Index) and 123 healthy controls with a BMI of 18.5–23.0 kg/m2. Genotyping of each SNP was performed by direct sequencing. Among tested SNPs in IGF1R and IGF2R genes, rs629849 SNP of IGF2R gene showed significant association with obesity (OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.02–3.40, P=0.044 in codominant1 model; OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.10–3.57, P=0.020 in dominant model; OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.13–3.31, P=0.013 in log-additive model). And allele distribution between the control group and overweight/obese group also showed significant difference (OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.14–3.28, P=0.015). In conclusion, these results indicate that rs629849 SNP of IGF2R might be contributed to development of obesity in the Korean population.