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Fricke-Galindo I, Martínez-Morales A, Chávez-Galán L, Ocaña-Guzmán R, Buendía-Roldán I, Pérez-Rubio G, Hernández-Zenteno RDJ, Verónica-Aguilar A, Alarcón-Dionet A, Aguilar-Duran H, Gutiérrez-Pérez IA, Zaragoza-García O, Alanis-Ponce J, Camarena A, Bautista-Becerril B, Nava-Quiroz KJ, Mejía M, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Falfán-Valencia R. IFNAR2 relevance in the clinical outcome of individuals with severe COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949413. [PMID: 35967349 PMCID: PMC9374460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of cytokines with antiviral, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and immunomodulatory activities. Type I IFNs amplify and propagate the antiviral response by interacting with their receptors, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. In COVID-19, the IFNAR2 (interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2) gene has been associated with the severity of the disease, but the soluble receptor (sIFNAR2) levels have not been investigated. We aimed to evaluate the association of IFNAR2 variants (rs2236757, rs1051393, rs3153, rs2834158, and rs2229207) with COVID-19 mortality and to assess if there was a relation between the genetic variants and/or the clinical outcome, with the levels of sIFNAR2 in plasma samples from hospitalized individuals with severe COVID-19. We included 1,202 subjects with severe COVID-19. The genetic variants were determined by employing Taqman® assays. The levels of sIFNAR2 were determined with ELISA in plasma samples from a subgroup of 351 individuals. The rs2236757, rs3153, rs1051393, and rs2834158 variants were associated with mortality risk among patients with severe COVID-19. Higher levels of sIFNAR2 were observed in survivors of COVID-19 compared to the group of non-survivors, which was not related to the studied IFNAR2 genetic variants. IFNAR2, both gene, and soluble protein, are relevant in the clinical outcome of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fricke-Galindo
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Morales
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ranferi Ocaña-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldán
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Abigail Verónica-Aguilar
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aimé Alarcón-Dionet
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hiram Aguilar-Duran
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Zaragoza-García
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | - Jesús Alanis-Ponce
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel Camarena
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brandon Bautista-Becerril
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayra Mejía
- Interstitial Pulmonary Diseases and Rheumatology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ramcés Falfán-Valencia,
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Aliaga-Gaspar P, Hurtado-Guerrero I, Ciano-Petersen NL, Urbaneja P, Brichette-Mieg I, Reyes V, Rodriguez-Bada JL, Alvarez-Lafuente R, Arroyo R, Quintana E, Ramió-Torrentà L, Alonso A, Leyva L, Fernández O, Oliver-Martos B. Soluble Receptor Isoform of IFN-Beta (sIFNAR2) in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Their Association With the Clinical Response to IFN-Beta Treatment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778204. [PMID: 34975865 PMCID: PMC8716373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interferon beta receptor 2 subunit (IFNAR2) can be produced as a transmembrane protein, but also as a soluble form (sIFNAR2) generated by alternative splicing or proteolytic cleavage, which has both agonist and antagonist activities for IFN-β. However, its role regarding the clinical response to IFN-β for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is unknown. We aim to evaluate the in vitro short-term effects and after 6 and 12 months of IFN-β therapy on sIFNAR2 production and their association with the clinical response in MS patients. Methods Ninety-four RRMS patients were included and evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 months from treatment onset. A subset of 41 patients were classified as responders and non-responders to IFN-β therapy. sIFNAR2 serum levels were measured by ELISA. mRNA expression for IFNAR1, IFNAR2 splice variants, MxA and proteases were assessed by RT-PCR. The short-term effect was evaluated in PBMC from RRMS patients after IFN-β stimulation in vitro. Results Protein and mRNA levels of sIFNAR2 increased after IFN-β treatment. According to the clinical response, only non-responders increased sIFNAR2 significantly at both protein and mRNA levels. sIFNAR2 gene expression correlated with the transmembrane isoform expression and was 2.3-fold higher. While MxA gene expression increased significantly after treatment, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 only slightly increased. After short-term IFN-β in vitro induction of PBMC, 6/7 patients increased the sIFNAR2 expression. Conclusions IFN-β administration induces the production of sIFNAR2 in RRMS and higher levels might be associated to the reduction of therapeutic response. Thus, levels of sIFNAR2 could be monitored to optimize an effective response to IFN-β therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Aliaga-Gaspar
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isaac Hurtado-Guerrero
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen Biocentre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Lundahl Ciano-Petersen
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Urbaneja
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Brichette-Mieg
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Virginia Reyes
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rodriguez-Bada
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Roberto Alvarez-Lafuente
- Grupo de Investigación de Factores Ambientales en Enfermedades Degenerativas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Quintana
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluis Ramió-Torrentà
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernández
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Begoña Oliver-Martos, ; Oscar Fernández,
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) Neurociencias, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Red Andaluza de Investigación Clínica y Traslacional en Neurología (Neuro-Reca), Málaga, Spain
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Begoña Oliver-Martos, ; Oscar Fernández,
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de Weerd NA, Vivian JP, Lim SS, Huang SUS, Hertzog PJ. Structural integrity with functional plasticity: what type I IFN receptor polymorphisms reveal. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 108:909-924. [PMID: 33448473 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr0420-152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I IFNs activate an array of signaling pathways, which are initiated after IFNs bind their cognate receptors, IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR)1 and IFNAR2. These signals contribute to many aspects of human health including defense against pathogens, cancer immunosurveillance, and regulation of inflammation. How these cytokines interact with their receptors influences the quality of these signals. As such, the integrity of receptor structure is pivotal to maintaining human health and the response to immune stimuli. This review brings together genome wide association studies and clinical reports describing the association of nonsynonymous IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 polymorphisms with clinical disease, including altered susceptibility to viral and bacterial pathogens, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and adverse reactions to live-attenuated vaccines. We describe the amino acid substitutions or truncations induced by these polymorphisms and, using the knowledge of IFNAR conformational changes, IFNAR-IFN interfaces and overall structure-function relationship of the signaling complexes, we hypothesize the effect of these polymorphisms on receptor structure. That these predicted changes to IFNAR structure are associated with clinical manifestations of human disease, highlights the importance of IFNAR structural integrity to maintaining functional quality of these receptor-mediated responses. Type I IFNs are pivotal to innate immune responses and ultimately, to human health. Understanding the consequences of altered structure on the actions of these clinically significant cell receptors provides important information on the roles of IFNARs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A de Weerd
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie U-Shane Huang
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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McCormack R, Hunte R, Podack ER, Plano GV, Shembade N. An Essential Role for Perforin-2 in Type I IFN Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2242-2256. [PMID: 32161097 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs play a complex role in determining the fate of microbial pathogens and may also be deleterious to the host during bacterial and viral infections. Upon ligand binding, a receptor proximal complex consisting of IFN-α and -β receptors 1 and 2 (IFNAR1, IFNAR2, respectively), tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), Jak1, and STAT2 are assembled and promote the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2. However, how the IFNARs proximal complex is assembled upon binding to IFN is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the membrane-associated pore-forming protein Perforin-2 (P2) is critical for LPS-induced endotoxic shock in wild-type mice. Type I IFN-mediated JAK-STAT signaling is severely impaired, and activation of MAPKs and PI3K signaling pathways are delayed in P2-deficient mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and human HeLa cells upon IFN stimulation. The P2 N-glycosylated extracellular membrane attack complex/perforin domain and the P2 domain independently associate with the extracellular regions of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, respectively, in resting MEFs. In addition, the P2 cytoplasmic tail domain mediated the constitutive interaction between STAT2 and IFNAR2 in resting MEFs, an interaction that is dependent on the association of the extracellular regions of P2 and IFNAR2. Finally, the constitutive association of P2 with both receptors and STAT2 is critical for the receptor proximal complex assembly and reciprocal transphosphorylation of Jak1 and Tyk2 as well as the phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 and STAT2 upon IFN-β stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McCormack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Richard Hunte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Noula Shembade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136 .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
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Órpez-Zafra T, Pavía J, Hurtado-Guerrero I, Pinto-Medel MJ, Rodriguez Bada JL, Urbaneja P, Suardíaz M, Villar LM, Comabella M, Montalban X, Alvarez-Cermeño JC, Leyva L, Fernández Ó, Oliver-Martos B. Decreased soluble IFN-β receptor (sIFNAR2) in multiple sclerosis patients: A potential serum diagnostic biomarker. Mult Scler 2016; 23:937-945. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516667564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: The soluble isoform of the interferon-β (IFN-β) receptor (sIFNAR2) could modulate the activity of both endogenous and systemically administered IFN-β. Previously, we described lower serum sIFNAR2 levels in untreated multiple sclerosis (MS) than in healthy controls (HCs). Objective: To assess sIFNAR2 levels in a new cohort of MS patients and HCs, as well as in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and with other inflammatory neurological disorders (OIND) and to assess its ability as a diagnostic biomarker. Methods: The cross-sectional study included 148 MS (84 treatment naive and 64 treated), 87 CIS, 42 OIND, and 96 HCs. Longitudinal study included 94 MS pretreatment and after 1 year of therapy with IFN-β, glatiramer acetate (GA), or natalizumab. sIFNAR2 serum levels were measured by a quantitative ELISA developed and validated in our laboratory. Results: Naive MS and CIS patients showed significantly lower sIFNAR2 levels than HCs and OIND patients. The sensitivity and specificity to discriminate between MS and OIND, for a sIFNAR2 cutoff value of 122.02 ng/mL, were 70.1%, and 79.4%, respectively. sIFNAR2 increased significantly in IFN-β-treated patients during the first year of therapy in contrast to GA- and natalizumab-treated patients who showed non-significant changes. Conclusion: The results suggest that sIFNAR2 could be a potential diagnostic biomarker for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Órpez-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jose Pavía
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isaac Hurtado-Guerrero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Maria J Pinto-Medel
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Jose Luis Rodriguez Bada
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Urbaneja
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Suardíaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Luisa M Villar
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Manuel Comabella
- Department de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Xavier Montalban
- Department de Neurología-Neuroinmunología, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Jose C Alvarez-Cermeño
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Laura Leyva
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain/Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM)
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