1
|
Jin B, Cao D, Yang N, Wang L, Li R, Liu X, Gong P. Early High-dose Continuous Veno-venous Hemofiltration Alleviates the Alterations of CD4+ T Lymphocyte Subsets in Septic Patients Combined with Acute Kidney Injury. Artif Organs 2022; 46:1415-1424. [PMID: 35132659 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine whether early high-dose continuous venous-venous hemofiltration (CVVH) alleviates the alterations in CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in septic patients combined with acute kidney injury. METHODS Enrolled septic patients combined with acute kidney injury were randomized into CVVH (n = 50) and conventional treatment (non-CVVH, n = 53) groups. Healthy volunteers (n = 21) were enrolled. CVVH was initiated within 12 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission with the doses of 35 ~ 60 mL/kg/h and maintained for at least 72 h. Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg were measured by flow cytometry on days 1, 3 and 7 of ICU admission. Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were calculated. RESULTS Th1 percentages and Th1/Th2 ratios were lower, and Th2, Th17 and Treg percentages and Th17/Treg ratios were higher in septic patients compared to healthy volunteers. CVVH significantly increased Th1 percentages and Th1/Th2 ratios, and significantly decreased Th2, Th17 and Treg percentages and Th17/Treg ratios compared to non-CVVH. Th1 percentages and Th1/Th2 ratios were negatively correlated with SOFA scores, while Th2, Th17 and Treg percentages and Th17/Treg ratios were positively correlated with SOFA scores. Patients with CVVH had significantly lower SOFA scores on day 7 of ICU admission and a shorter ICU stay compared to those with non-CVVH. CONCLUSIONS Septic patients combined with acute kidney injury exhibit different alterations of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets. Early high-dose CVVH alleviates the alterations, which may be one of factors associated with improved sepsis severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jin
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China.,Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Da Cao
- Department of Emergency, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruifang Li
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu D, Cao S, Zhou Y, Xiong Y. Recent advances in endotoxin tolerance. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:56-70. [PMID: 30246452 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is defined as a reduced capacity of a cell to respond endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) challenge after an initial encounter with endotoxin in advance. The body becomes tolerant to subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of endotoxin and cytokines release and cell/tissue damage induced by inflammatory reaction are significantly reduced in the state of endotoxin tolerance. The main characteristics of endotoxin tolerance are downregulation of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Therefore, endotoxin tolerance is often regarded as the regulatory mechanism of the host against excessive inflammation. Endotoxin tolerance is a complex pathophysiological process and involved in multiple cellular signal pathways, receptor alterations, and biological molecules. However, the exact mechanism remains elusive up to date. To better understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance, it is crucial to investigate the comprehensive cellular signal pathways, signaling proteins, cell surface molecules, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and other mediators. Endotoxin tolerance plays an important role in reducing the mortality of sepsis, endotoxin shock, and other endotoxin-related diseases. Recent reports indicated that endotoxin tolerance is also related to other diseases such as cystic fibrosis, acute coronary syndrome, liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent advances in endotoxin tolerance mainly based on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by outline the current state of the knowledge of the involvement of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways, negative regulate factor, microRNAs, apoptosis, chromatin modification, and gene reprogramming of immune cells in endotoxin tolerance. We hope to provide a new idea and scientific basis for the rational treatment of endotoxin-related diseases such as endotoxemia, sepsis, and endotoxin shock clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yejiang Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luan YY, Jia M, Zhang H, Zhu FJ, Dong N, Feng YW, Wu M, Tong YL, Yao YM. The potential mechanism of extracellular high mobility group box-1 protein mediated p53 expression in immune dysfunction of T lymphocytes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112959-112971. [PMID: 29348880 PMCID: PMC5762565 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the activity of p53 protein in Jurkat cells treated with high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), thereafter we investigated the mechanism of extracellular HMGB1 mediated p53 expression in immune dysfunction of T lymphocytes. mRNA expression of p53, mdm2, and p21 was determined by Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The apoptotic rate of Jurkat cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Expressions of bcl-2, bax, caspase-3, phosphorylated (p) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, ERK1/2, p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38 MAPK, and p-c-jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 and JNK1/2 were simultaneously determined by Western blotting. After treatment with HMGB1 (100 ng/ml or 1000 ng/ml), the proliferative activity of Jurkat cells was significantly decreased, and a low and medium concentration of HMGB1 induced an up-regulation of p53 mRNA, p-p53 and p53 protein expression. Meanwhile, levels of mdm2 and p21 were elevated by incubated with HMGB1 (100 ng/ml) for 24 or 48 hours. Moreover, the proliferation of Jurkat cells in response to HMGB1 (100 ng/ml) in the vector group was significantly depressed. The bax and caspase-3 levels in p53 shRNA-expressed cells treated with HMGB1 (100 ng/ml) was markedly decreased, whereas expression of bcl-2 was obviously enhanced. Among ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 signaling, only p38 MAPK pathway could be significantly activated by treatment with HMGB1, and the specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK was used, p53 and p-p53 expression induced by HMGB1 were significantly down-regulated. Taken together, our data strongly indicated that HMGB1 might enhance p53 expression, which was associated with both the proliferative activity as well as apoptosis of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Luan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 181st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Guilin 541002, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 181st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Guilin 541002, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 181st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Guilin 541002, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Wen Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lin Tong
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 181st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Guilin 541002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The 181st Hospital of Chinese PLA, Guilin 541002, People's Republic of China.,Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518035, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Huang L, Wang S, Yao Y, Zhang Z. Astragaloside IV attenuates inflammatory reaction via activating immune function of regulatory T-cells inhibited by HMGB1 in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3217-3225. [PMID: 27564970 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1216133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a highly abundant protein that can promote the pathogenesis of inflammatory. Some experiments have demonstrated a vital role for HMGB1 to modulate the immune function of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Astragaloside IV (AST IV), an extract from Astragalus membranaceus Moench (Leguminosae), has been shown to exert potent cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. It is still unclear whether AST IV has a latent effect on the proinflammatory ability of HMGB1 with subsequent activation of Tregs in vivo. OBJECTIVE This research explores the antagonism of different doses of AST IV on the immunologic function of Tregs mediated by HMGB1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse models (BALB/c) were constructed by which normal saline or AST IV was administered i.p. at 2, 4 and 6 days after the administration i.p. of 20 μg recombinate HMGB1. Spleen was used to procure Treg and CD4 + CD25- T-cells which were co-cultured with Treg. Cell phenotypes of Tregs(Foxp3) were examined, and the cytokine levels in supernatants and the proliferation of T-cells were assayed. Gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS (1) The expression levels of Foxp3 in Treg on post-stimulus days (PSD) 1-7 were significantly decreased in the HMGB1 group in comparison to those in the control group mice (p < 0.01). The Foxp3 expression was markedly increased in a dose-dependent manner in the AST group as compared with those in the HMGB1 group (p < 0.0 1-0.05). The same results were found in the contents of cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) released into supernatants by Treg. (2) When CD4 + CD25- T-cells were co-cultured with Treg stimulated by HMGB1, the cell proliferation and the levels of cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) in supernatant were markedly increased as compared with those in the HMGB1 group. The level of IL-4 was markedly decreased as compared with that in the HMGB1 group. The same results were found when CD4 + CD25- T-cells were co-cultured with Treg in the NS group. Compared with those in the NS group, the contrary results were shown in a dose-dependent manner in the AST group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results showed that AST IV has a therapeutic effect on inflammation promoted by HMGB1, and it should be studied as a new drug for the treatment of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Li
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- b Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit , Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Yongming Yao
- c Trauma Research Center, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luan YY, Yin CF, Qin QH, Dong N, Zhu XM, Sheng ZY, Zhang QH, Yao YM. Effect of Regulatory T Cells on Promoting Apoptosis of T Lymphocyte and Its Regulatory Mechanism in Sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:969-80. [PMID: 26309018 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With both in vivo and in vitro experiments, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of regulatory T cell (Treg) on promoting T-lymphocyte apoptosis and its regulatory mechanism through transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) signaling in mice. A murine model of polymicrobial sepsis was reproduced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); PC61 and anti-TGF-β antibodies were used to decrease counts of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs and inhibit TGF-β activity, respectively. Splenic CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs and CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells were isolated. Phenotypes, including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), forkhead/winged helix transcription factor p3 (Foxp3), and TGFβ1(m+), as well as the apoptotic rate of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cell, were analyzed by flow cytometry. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine mRNA expression of TGF-β1, and the expressions of Smad2/Smad3, Bcl-2 superfamily members of Bcl-2/Bim, cytochrome C, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspases in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells were simultaneously determined. After treatment with PC61 or anti-TGF-β antibody, CTLA-4, Foxp3, and TGFβ1(m+) expressions of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs were markedly decreased in comparison to that of the CLP group and the apoptosis rate of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells was significantly positively correlated with the expression of TGF-β1. Meanwhile, levels of P-Smad2/P-Smad3, proapoptotic protein Bim, cytochrome C, and activity of caspase-3, -8, -9 were downregulated, whereas the mitochondrial membrane potential and antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 expression were restored. Taken together, our data indicated that the TGF-β1 signal could be partly involved in the apoptosis of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells promoted by CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs, therefore inhibition of TGF-β1 expression may provide a novel strategy for the improvement of host immunosuppression following sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-yi Luan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-fen Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-hua Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-mei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-yong Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-hong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Trauma Research Center , First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen K, Zhou QX, Shan HW, Li WF, Lin ZF. Prognostic value of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs as a valuable biomarker for patients with sepsis in ICU. World J Emerg Med 2015; 6:40-3. [PMID: 25802565 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common complication of infections, burns, traumas, surgeries, poisonings, and post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The present study aimed to investigate prognostic value of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral blood of patients with sepsis. METHODS Periphery blood from 28 patients diagnosed with sepsis was collected on day 1 and 7 after hospitalization in the ICU of Shanghai Changzheng Hospital between December 2013 to April 2014. The blood was used for analyses of Treg ratio using flow cytometry and for analyses of blood routine test, C-reactive protein (CRP), bilirubin, procalcitonin (PCT), and coagulation. APACHE II and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were also investigated. The results were compared between two outcome groups of survival or death to evaluate prognostic value for sepsis. RESULTS The patients had an average age of 60.36±15.03 years, APACHE II score 16.68±7.00, and SOFA score 7.18±3.78. Among the 28 patients, 12 had severe trauma (42.9%), 10 had septic shock (35.7%), and 9 (32.2%) died. The median ratio of Tregs was 2.10% (0.80%, 3.10%) in the survival group vs. 1.80% (1.15%, 3.65%) in the death group (Z=-0.148, P=0.883) on day 1; however it was significantly changed to 0.90% (0.30%, 2.80%) vs. 5.70% (2.60%, 8.30%) (Z=-2.905, P=0.004). CONCLUSION With better prospects for clinical application, dynamic monitoring of Tregs ratio in peripheral blood has potential value in predicting prognosis of sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Emergency Department, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical Univercity, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qiu-Xiang Zhou
- Emergency Department, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical Univercity, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shan
- Emergency Department, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical Univercity, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Wen-Fang Li
- Emergency Department, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical Univercity, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhao-Fen Lin
- Emergency Department, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical Univercity, Shanghai 200003, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao HQ, Li WM, Lu ZQ, Sheng ZY, Yao YM. The growing spectrum of anti-inflammatory interleukins and their potential roles in the development of sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:242-51. [PMID: 25517926 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, recognized as a deadly immunological disorder, is one of the major causes of death in intensive care units globally. Traditionally, sepsis was characterized by an excessive systemic proinflammatory response to invasive microbial pathogens. However, failures of highly sophisticated trials directed toward the uncontrolled inflammatory reaction have led to an appeal by experts for reevaluation of the present approach toward sepsis. With accumulated evidence, a principal role for immunosuppression in severe sepsis has been evaluated. Different pathways of negative regulation in the pathophysiological process of sepsis have been investigated. Significant among these regulatory elements are the anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the past few years, several interleukins (ILs) have been identified and characterized, among which IL-35 and IL-37 represent newly identified ones in the spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we focus on regulatory cytokines of the IL family (including the old members: IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, and newly discovered ones: IL-35 and IL-37) to address current knowledge regarding their structural and functional characteristics as well as their roles in the development of sepsis. Although the exact roles for these cytokines are pending further elucidation, the current advances in our understanding of mechanisms that regulate the immune responses during severe sepsis may lead to the identification of new diagnostic or treatment targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-qiang Zhao
- 1 Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luan YY, Dong N, Xie M, Xiao XZ, Yao YM. The significance and regulatory mechanisms of innate immune cells in the development of sepsis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:2-15. [PMID: 24006870 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis with subsequent multiple organ dysfunction is a pronounced systemic inflammatory response to concealed or known infection and is a leading cause of death in intensive care units. The survival rate of severe sepsis and septic shock has not markedly improved in recent decades despite a great number of receptors and molecules involved in its pathogenesis have been found and taken as therapeutic targets. It is essential to thoroughly understand the host cell-mediated immunity involved in the development of sepsis and sepsis-related organ injury. Recent studies indicate that innate immune cells (such as neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, and natural killer T cells) play pivotal roles in the maintenance of peripheral homeostasis and regulation of immune responses during sepsis. Therefore, an understanding of the biological significance and pathophysiological roles of different cell populations might gain novel insights into the immunoregulatory mechanisms of sepsis. In this review, we focus on major immune cells that may play potential roles in the contribution of new therapeutic approaches for sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Yi Luan
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|