1
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Luxen M, Zwiers PJ, Jongman RM, Moser J, Pultar M, Skalicky S, Diendorfer AB, Hackl M, van Meurs M, Molema G. Sepsis induces heterogeneous transcription of coagulation- and inflammation-associated genes in renal microvasculature. Thromb Res 2024; 237:112-128. [PMID: 38579513 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis patients increases patient mortality. Endothelial cells are important players in the pathophysiology of sepsis-associated AKI (SA-AKI), yet knowledge regarding their spatiotemporal involvement in coagulation disbalance and leukocyte recruitment is lacking. This study investigated the identity and kinetics of responses of different microvascular compartments in kidney cortex in response to SA-AKI. METHODS Laser microdissected arterioles, glomeruli, peritubular capillaries, and postcapillary venules from kidneys of mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were analyzed using RNA sequencing. Differential expression and pathway enrichment analyses identified genes involved in coagulation and inflammation. A selection of these genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR in microvascular compartments of renal biopsies from patients with SA-AKI. The role of two identified genes in lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial coagulation and inflammatory activation were determined in vitro in HUVEC using siRNA-based gene silencing. RESULTS CLP-sepsis in mice induced altered expression of approximately 400 genes in the renal microvasculature, with microvascular compartments exhibiting unique spatiotemporal responses. In mice, changes in gene expression related to coagulation and inflammation were most extensive in glomeruli at early and intermediate time points, with high induction of Plat, Serpine1, Thbd, Icam1, Stat3, and Ifitm3. In human SA-AKI, PROCR and STAT3 were induced in postcapillary venules, while SERPINE1 expression was diminished. IFITM3 was increased in arterioles and glomeruli. In vitro studies revealed that STAT3 and IFITM3 partly control endothelial coagulation and inflammatory activation. CONCLUSION Renal microvascular compartments in mice and humans exhibited heterogeneous changes in coagulation- and inflammation-related gene expression in response to SA-AKI. Additional research should aim at understanding the functional consequences of the here described heterogeneous microvascular responses to establish the usefulness of identified genes as therapeutic targets in SA-AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Luxen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Zwiers
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne M Jongman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jill Moser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Grietje Molema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Munawar WASWA, Elias MH, Addnan FH, Hassandarvish P, AbuBakar S, Roslan N. Gene expression profiling of host lipid metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: a systematic review and integrated bioinformatics analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:124. [PMID: 38263024 PMCID: PMC10807267 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-08983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred due to the dispersion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Severe symptoms can be observed in COVID-19 patients with lipid-related comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes. Yet, the extensive molecular mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 causes dysregulation of lipid metabolism remain unknown. METHODS Here, an advanced search of articles was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science databases using terms from Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) like SARS-CoV-2, lipid metabolism and transcriptomic as the keywords. From 428 retrieved studies, only clinical studies using next-generation sequencing as a gene expression method in COVID-19 patients were accepted. Study design, study population, sample type, the method for gene expression and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted from the five included studies. The DEGs obtained from the studies were pooled and analyzed using the bioinformatics software package, DAVID, to determine the enriched pathways. The DEGs involved in lipid metabolic pathways were selected and further analyzed using STRING and Cytoscape through visualization by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network complex. RESULTS The analysis identified nine remarkable clusters from the PPI complex, where cluster 1 showed the highest molecular interaction score. Three potential candidate genes (PPARG, IFITM3 and APOBEC3G) were pointed out from the integrated bioinformatics analysis in this systematic review and were chosen due to their significant role in regulating lipid metabolism. These candidate genes were significantly involved in enriched lipid metabolic pathways, mainly in regulating lipid homeostasis affecting the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, specifically in mechanisms of viral entry and viral replication in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings in this systematic review highlight the affected lipid-metabolic pathways along with the affected genes upon SARS-CoV-2 invasion, which could be a potential target for new therapeutic strategies study in the future.
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Grants
- FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/USIM/02/2; USIM/FRGS/FPSK/KPT/50321 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/USIM/02/2; USIM/FRGS/FPSK/KPT/50321 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/USIM/02/2; USIM/FRGS/FPSK/KPT/50321 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/USIM/02/2; USIM/FRGS/FPSK/KPT/50321 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/USIM/02/2; USIM/FRGS/FPSK/KPT/50321 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/USIM/02/2; USIM/FRGS/FPSK/KPT/50321 Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- PPPI/FPSK/0121/USIM/16121 USIM Internal Grant Scheme, USIM
- PPPI/FPSK/0121/USIM/16121 USIM Internal Grant Scheme, USIM
- PPPI/FPSK/0121/USIM/16121 USIM Internal Grant Scheme, USIM
- PPPI/FPSK/0121/USIM/16121 USIM Internal Grant Scheme, USIM
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjanu Hikmah Elias
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Faizul Helmi Addnan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nuruliza Roslan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia.
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3
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Wang Q, Fang Z, Xiao Y, Wang H, Zhang P, Lu W, Zhang H, Zhou X. Lactiplantibacillus pentoses CCFM1227 Produces Desaminotyrosine to Protect against Influenza Virus H1N1 Infection through the Type I Interferon in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:3659. [PMID: 37630849 PMCID: PMC10458433 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-derived desaminotyrosine (DAT) protects the host from influenza by modulating the type I interferon (IFN) response. The aim of this study was to investigate the antivirus effects of a DAT-producing bacteria strain. A comparative genomics analysis and UHPLC Q-Exactive MS were used to search for potential strains and confirm their ability to produce DAT, respectively. The anti-influenza functions of the DAT producer were evaluated using an antibiotic-treated mouse model by orally administering the specific strain before viral infection. The results showed the Lactiplantibacillus pentosus CCFM1227 contained the phy gene and produced DAT by degrading phloretin. In vivo, L. pentosus CCFM1227 re-inoculation increased the DAT level in feces, and protected from influenza through inhibiting viral replication and alleviating lung immunopathology. Furthermore, CCFM1227-derived DAT was positively correlated with the IFN-β level in the lung. The transcriptome results showed that CCFM1227 activated gene expression in the context of the defense response to the virus, and the response to interferon-beta. Moreover, CCFM1227 treatment upregulated the expression of MHC-I family genes, which regulate the adaptive immune response. In conclusion, L. pentosus CCFM1227 exerted antiviral effects by producing DAT in the gut, and this may provide a potential solution for creating effective antiviral probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhifeng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Pinghu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.W.); (Z.F.); (Y.X.); (W.L.); (H.Z.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Yangzhou Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215021, China
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Karolyi M, Gruebl A, Omid S, Saak M, Pawelka E, Hoepler W, Kelani H, Kuran A, Laferl H, Ott C, Pereyra D, Santol J, Seitz T, Traugott M, Assinger A, Wenisch C, Zoufaly A. Tocilizumab vs. baricitinib in hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients: results from a real-world cohort. Infection 2023; 51:851-858. [PMID: 36083403 PMCID: PMC9461450 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01915-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tocilizumab and baricitinib are recommended treatment options for hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen support. Literature about its efficacy and safety in a head-to-head comparison is scarce. METHODS Hospitalized COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen were treated with tocilizumab or baricitinib additionally to dexamethasone. Tocilizumab was available from February till the 19th of September 2021 and baricitinib from 21st of September. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome parameters were progression to mechanical ventilation (MV), length-of-stay (LOS) and potential side effects. RESULTS 159 patients (tocilizumab 68, baricitinib 91) with a mean age of 60.5 years, 64% male were included in the study. Tocilizumab patients were admitted 1 day earlier, were in a higher WHO category at the time of inclusion and had a higher CRP level on admission and treatment initiation. Patients receiving Tocilizumab were treated with remdesivir more often and only patients in the baricitinib group were treated with monoclonal antibodies. Other characteristics did not differ significantly. In-hospital mortality (18% vs. 11%, p = 0.229), progression to MV (19% vs. 11%, p = 0.173) and LOS (13 vs. 12 days, p = 0.114) did not differ between groups. Side effects were equally distributed between groups, except ALAT elevation which was significantly more often observed in the tocilizumab group (43% vs. 25%, p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS In-hospital mortality, progression to MV and LOS were not significantly different in patients treated with tocilizumab or baricitinib additionally to standard of care. Both drugs seem equally effective but further head-to-head trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Karolyi
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Gruebl
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Omid
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Saak
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erich Pawelka
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Hoepler
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hasan Kelani
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Avelino Kuran
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Laferl
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Ott
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Pereyra
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Santol
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surgery, HPB Center, Viennese Health Network, Klinik Favoriten and Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tamara Seitz
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marianna Traugott
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wenisch
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Zoufaly
- Department for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Kundratstraße 3, 1100, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Yang J, Li Y, Bhalla A, Maienschein-Cline M, Fukuchi KI. A novel co-culture model for investigation of the effects of LPS-induced macrophage-derived cytokines on brain endothelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288497. [PMID: 37440496 PMCID: PMC10343049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to study effects of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators associated with systemic inflammation on brain endothelial cells, we have established a co-culture system consisting of bEnd.3 cells and LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells and performed its cytokine profiling. The cytokine profile of the co-culture model was compared to that of mice treated with intraperitoneal LPS injection. We found that, among cytokines profiled, eight cytokines/chemokines were similarly upregulated in both in vivo mouse and in vitro co-culture model. In contrast to the co-culture model, the cytokine profile of a common mono-culture system consisting of only LPS-activated bEnd.3 cells had little similarity to that of the in vivo mouse model. These results indicate that the co-culture of bEnd.3 cells with LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells is a better model than the common mono-culture of LPS-activated bEnd.3 cells to investigate the molecular mechanism in endothelial cells, by which systemic inflammation induces neuroinflammation. Moreover, fibrinogen adherence both to bEnd.3 cells in the co-culture and to brain blood vessels in a LPS-treated animal model of Alzheimer's disease increased. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to utilize bEnd.3 cells co-cultured with LPS-activated Raw 264.7 cells as an in vitro model to investigate the consequence of macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators on brain endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Yinchuan Li
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ambuj Bhalla
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ken-ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, United states of America
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Gholami M, Sakhaee F, Mirzaei Gheinari F, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Ghazanfari Jajin M, Zamani MS, Ahmadi I, Anvari E, Fateh A. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein 3 rs34481144 C/T Genotype and Clinical Parameters Related to Progression of COVID-19. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:2345062. [PMID: 37323564 PMCID: PMC10266908 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2345062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has associated the interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 gene (IFITM3) with the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), although the findings are contradictory. This study aimed to determine the relationship between IFITM3 gene rs34481144 polymorphism and clinical parameters with COVID-19 mortality. The tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to analyze IFITM3 rs34481144 polymorphism in 1,149 deceased and 1,342 recovered patients. The clinical parameters were extracted from the patients' medical records. In this study, the frequency of IFITM3 rs34481144 CT genotypes (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.23-1.76, P < 0.0001) in both sexes was significantly higher in deceased patients than in recovered patients. Moreover, IFITM3 rs34481144 TT genotypes (OR 3.38, 95% CI 1.05-10.87, P < 0.0001) in women were significantly associated with COVID-19 mortality. The multivariable logistic regression model results indicated that mean age (P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.005), alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein (P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (P = 0.010), creatinine (P < 0.001), uric acid (P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (P = 0.004), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (P < 0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.001), and real-time PCR Ct values (P < 0.001) were linked with increased COVID-19 death rates. In conclusion, IFITM3 rs34481144 gene polymorphism was linked to the mortality of COVID-19, with the rs34481144-T allele being especially important for mortality. Further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Gholami
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Iraj Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Science, Ilam, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Guo H, Zhao T. Multiple mutations of IFITM3 are associated with COVID-19 susceptibilityregulation function of IFITM3 in COVID-19. J Infect 2023; 86:614-616. [PMID: 36841343 PMCID: PMC9951032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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